HANDBOUNI AT THE UNINERSITY I TORONTO PRl Digitized by tine Internet Arciiive in 2007 with funding from IVIicrosoft Corporation http://www.archive.org/details/cromwelliansettlOOprenuoft THE CROMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT OF IRELAND _^^ •' ''J ' ^K xMKAu •?i/l By JOHN P. PRENDERGAST BARRISTER-AT-LAW IRE LAND. \8b)3HS', ?. I 24 Arms of ttie common woaUh. on the Proclamation o. the Lord Deputy and Council of 14th October. 1653, rogula.ins the Transplantatiou (From a copy »t Kilkenny Custle). THIRD EDITION MELLIFONT PRESS, LTD KILDARE HOUSE, WESTMORELAND STREET, DUBLIN IQ22 w CCp.Z PREFACE It is just tive years since the publication of the Croni- wellian Settlement of Ireland. In that interval I have had the advantage, as a preparation for the present ■edition, of spending a considerable part of each year in the study, under a Public Commission, of the great body of historical papers called The Carte Collection, preserved at the Bodleian Library, Oxford. The Ormonde Papers, which form the most impor- tant part of the Carte Collection, comprise the papers, public and private, connected with the government of Ireland during the Duke of Ormonde's enga^ement in public affairs — an engagement which commenced at the outbreak of the Irish Kebellion in 1611, and con- tinued almost to his death, in 1688, with the exception of the ten years of " Usurped Power," between 1650 and 1660, when he w^as in exile with the King. The documents concerning Ireland during the Common- wealth period are, accordingly, few. But from the Kestoration of the monarchy, Ormonde was the states- man to whom the King, his countrymen, and every- body looked for guidance in their difficulties in V Vi I'ltEFACE. Ireland, and to liim in effect was its government com- mitted as Lord Lieutenant, during the greater part of his life. He was made referee of the Commissioners of the Court of Claims by the Act of Settlement in cases of difficulty. From him, also, as Lord Lieutenant, all redress was to be sought in the first instance. Hence there abound among Lord Ormonde's papers, petitions presented to him by the former pro- prietors, anxious, after seven years of weary exile in Connaught, or beyond sea, to behold the smoke of their own chimneys,^ and to sit again at their own hearths, then in the possession of the Adventurers and Soldiers. In these petitions they set forth their " services and sufferings," and often detail Avhat happened to them during the Commonwealth government ; and by these they pray to be restored to their former lands, or to be admitted to inhabit again the towns where they formerly owned dwellings. The information thus supplied is often a very in- teresting part of the subject of this work, but w^as necessarily wanting in the former edition. Thus the account of Lord Trimleston's transplantation from his castle near Trim, in the county of Meath, to Monivea, in the county of Galway,as there given, is drawn from the (!)rder Books of the Commissioners for Ireland. No notice is taken in these orders of the fate of the ^ " I shall long infinitely to see the smoke of my own chimney." Bramhall, Bishop of Derry, to Ormonde, 7 March, 164S-9. "Carte Papers," vol. xxiv., p. 45. PREFACE. Vll foi'iner iiroprietor of Monivea. But among the Carte Papers is foiind. the petition of Patrick French, by Avliich it appears that lie was removed with liis family from Ids ancient residence at Monivea, to an assign- ment on the Clanricard estate, and that he had lost this assignment by the Marchioness of Clanricard "s restoration to her jointure lands by the King's order. Yet he could not get back into possession of Monivea (though Lord Trimleston, by the Act for the Settle- ment of Ireland, passed in 16G2, was one of the thirty- six nominees, who were, without further proof, to be restored to their former estates) ; for the Adven- turer in- soldier in possession was not to quit until he should be offered a reprise of lands as good as he had got,' which Avere not readily forthcoming. And by the Act of Ex])lanation, passed in KH)."), the Nominees were tint to be restored, until all deficient Adventurers and soldiers were supplied, as it was by this latter Act- declared that '' the interest of His Majesty's Protestant subjects were his greatest care, and to be first [»rovided for,"^ Avhich rendered his restoration impossible, as these deficiencies were more than enough to exhaust all the land applicable to reprisals. Lord Trimleston, conse<|uently, died in possession of Moiiiv^^a in l(l7(i. as will be seen by tlie inscription over liis tomb; and Patrick French onlv recovered his 1 Thq King's Declaration of 30th December, 1660, for the Settlement of Ireland, clause xxv., embodied in 14th and 15th Chas. II. (A.D. 1662), chap. 2. 2 17 & IS Chas. II. (A.D. 1605), chap. 2, sects. 5 and 6. viii PREFACE. proi:)erty by purcha^iLig it in 1078, from Lord Ti-iiii- l(^ston's son and successor, who, probably, m like manner bought back a remnant of the Trimleston estate, from the Adventurer or soldier to whom it had been assigned. In the former edition the clearing of the towns of their ancient inhabitants is given as derived from Cromwellian sources. But there is no learning from them what became of the banished people. From the petitions, however, of the banished merchants of Waterford, presented to Ormonde after the Restora- tion, preserved among the Carte Papers, it appears that, on being driven from Waterford bv (ieneral Ireton, on its capture in 1050, they retired to (?>.stend, St. Malos, Nantz, Cadiz, and some even to Mexico; and traded, and acquired capital, and reliev't'd as many Eoyalists as came in their way. They prayed, therefore, to be allowed to return with their stocks, and to exercise in their native city the skill they had acquired during eleven years' trading abroad. From facts such as these, derived from the Carte Papers, I have selected the clearing of the towns of Kilkenny, Waterford, and Galway, as examples, to convey a fuller and clearer view of the dealing of the Commissioners of Parliament, with the cities and walled towns of Ireland, than it was possible for me to do in the former edition. In that edition, "'the Irish massacre,'' as it has been generallv called. Avas treated as an historical PliKFACE. IX falsehood. As the dissent from this view, of a no less eminent historian than Professor Goklwin Smith, of the University of Oxford, has been lately ex- pressed.^ I have given some grounds, not before stated, for so treating it. Curry^ and Carev^ have discussed the question at length: and their collec- tion of proofs is convincing to sliow how erroneous is the charge. And Lingard, an independent in- quirer, comes to a like conclusion. If Mr. Goldwin Smith has critically examined this subject, there can, of course, be no objection made to his expressing his opinion in the strongest manner. But even supposing his conclusion to be right, he still connnits a great injustice by using such terms as that '' the Catholics had begun the war by a great massacre of Protes- tants": for he thus includes in the charge three- fourths of the inhabitants of Ireland of that religion who were entirely free from it, even by the admission of their enemies, as the scene was confined to Ulster. And if the Irish of Ulster, being Catholics, and by 1 Professor Goldwin Smith says, in his '' Cromwell," " The Catholics had begun it [the war] bj' a great massacre of the Protestants, on the reality of which it seems to me idle to cast a doubt, though assuredly, if such deeds could ever be pardoned, they might be pardoned in a people so deeply wronged, so brutalized by ojopression as the Catholics of Ire- land theli were." " Three English Statesmen," 1867. 2 " Historical and Critical Pieview of the Civil Wars in Ire- land, cV'C." By John Curry, M.D. 2 vols. 8vo. London: 1786. 3 " Yindicite Hibernicse, or Ii eland Vindicated, Arc, par- ticularly in the legendary tales of the Conspiracy and pre- tended Massacre in 1641." By M. Carey. Svo. Philadelphia : 1819. X I'KEFACPL liis own statement ''deeply wr()ntrafford"s Map of the lands intended to be planted in the baronies of Upper and Lower Ormond, in the county of Tipperary, made in or about the year 1037. These great maps — for they PREFACE. XI comprised Counanght — were the first, it is believed, drawn to scale in Ireland, the size bein^ 40 perches in an inch, and 21 feet to a perch. They were all burned in the j^reat tire of l.^)th April, 1711, which destroyed the Council Office in Essex-street; and the <;reat value of the transcript is, th.at it is authenti- cated by the certificate of the office]- enti-usted with its custody, as made on 22nd June, 1710. T have never s'een or heard of any other, and it was a (|nes- tion whether the maps were ever made. It was the late Thomas Sadleir, of P>allinderry TTousc, in the parish of Terryglass. in the North Riding of Tipperary, that lent me his transci-ipt in the year 1851, to have a copy of it made. Various were the accounts given of Debenturers and Deben- tures in different neighbourhoods, but they all proved worthless. My hopes were once high raised by the late George Laugford, attorney, of Nenagh, familiarly known as the "Long Vacation," for his tallness, the length of his legs and arms, and his easy air. He told uiv of a set of cabin holders not far from Nenagh, that were said to represent Delientnrers. that had got their lands for helping on Ireton's cannon to the siege of Limerick, in 1651. But nothing was known ot all this on the s])ot. In his own villa, in the neigh- bourhood of Nenagh, he showed a Cromwellian sword (as he said) left behind by some officer of Ireton's, and kept as a relic ever since. At anotlier house, they produced " Langley's iron hand," made for an officer of that name, to replace one lost by him XU PREFACE. at tho stormiiin' of Olonmol, iiiuloT from wf '11, in IfiHO. P.iit, like I lie sword, tlioro was no aiitliciitioatioii of this curious object. The best hopes 1 ever had of a T)el)eiiture were those jiiveii me hy the late Sir Montagu Chapmau, Bart., of Killua Castle, in the county of Westmeath. I happened to meet him in the year 1851 on the Midland Great Western Eail- way; and after conversing on Cromwellian snbjects, T told him how I had searched in vain for a Crom- wellian Debenture. " Well !" safd he, " you shall not be long before you see one. I have a whole sheaf of them ; and the next time I go to Killua I will go to my deed chest, and. bring them up to you." That very year he sailed to Australia, to visit an estate he possessed there, and the ship that carried him was never more heard of. On renewing my application, many year-s afterwards, to his brother, the present Sir Benjamin Chapman, he informed me that Sir Montagu was mistaken; the slieaf he spoke of were assignments of Debentures, on small pieces of paper made by soldiers to their officer, similar to those mentioned at p. 224, n. 3. In 1856, being appointed Turnpikes Abolition Commissioner, and made keeper for the time of the Mullingar Eoad Debentures, I never looked at them without wishing I might thus come on some ("rom- wellian Debentures. But I had long given up all hopel The very year, however, of publishing the Cromwellian Settlement (1865), I unexpectedly re- ceived the inestimable document from Mr. Joseph PREFACE. Xlll Hanly, to T^hom I am indebted for so much valuable information. It will be seen (p. 201), that the soldiers or their representatives held 21,615 Debentures in their hands, at the King's restoration in 1660; and it is to be presumed, that on getting a confirmation of their lands in the Court of Claims, 1660-1670, they were called in, and cancelled. But there is no provision to that effect in the Act of Settlement. They were obliged, however, to prove their title to the lands they had in possession, on the 7th May, 1659, and must necessarily produce the Debentures and the assignments; and there can be little doubt that the Debentures were taken from the claimant to prevent any double claims, and the assignments handed back, and thus would be explained the cause of the abundance of these latter documents, and the rarity of Debentures. The Debenture represented in this volume, it will be seen, was given for arrears before 1649; and the lateness of its date — 26 May, 1658 — shows that it belonged to that body of Forty-nine men who were excluded, by the Act of Settlement, from the benefit of receiving lands for their arrears, as betrayers of the King's Munster Garrisons to Cromwell,^ which would account for its remaining in possession of the officer. The Lists of the Adventurers for the Land and Sea Forces are now for the first time published, contain - * 14th & 15th Chas. IL (A.D. 1662), chap. 2, sect. 195. B XIV PREFACE. ing the names, designations, and subscriptions of the 1,360 Adventurers. The subject of Soldiers' arrears is treated more at length, and an explanation given of the many different classes of them. And there will be found a fuller account of Debentures and their issue. There are few, indeed, of the matters treated of in the former edition but will be found to have received fresh eluci- dation, and to be illustrated by new and additional instances in the present. JOHN P. PRENDBRGAST. Sandymount, Dublin, 1st of May, 1870. PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION Of all possessions in a country, Land is the most desirable. It is the most fixed. It yields its returns in the form of rent with the least amount of labour or forethought to the owner. But, in addition to all these advantages, the possession of it confers such power, that the balance of power in a state rests with the class that has the balance of Land. The laws of most of the states of Europe since the days of the Northern invasions have been made by the landowners. They represent the Conquerors, and have been enabled to prescribe to the mass of the people on what conditions they shall live on the land, or whether indeed they shall live there at all. The term " Settlement," of such great import in the history of Ireland in the Seventeenth century, means nothing else than the settlement of the balance of land according to the will of the strongest; for force, not reason, is the source of law. And by the term Cromwellian Settlement is to be understood the history of the dealings of the Commonwealth of XV Xvi PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION. England with the lands and habitations of the people of Ireland after their conquest of the country in the year 1652. As their object was rather to extinguish a nation than to suppress a religion, they seized the lands of the Irish, and transferred them (and with them all the power of the state) to an overwhelming flood ^f -new English settlers, iilled "With the intensest national and religious hatred of the Irish. Two other settlements followed, which may be called the Eestoration Settlement, and the Kevolution Settlement. The one was a counter revolution, by which some of the Royalist English of Ireland and a few of the native Irish were restored to their estates under the Acts of Settlement and Explanation.^ The other (or Revolution Settlement) followed the victory of William III. at the Battle of the Boyne. By it the lands lately restored to the Royalist English and few native Irish were again seized by the Parliament of England, and distributed among the conquering 1 Such was the national hatred of the Royalists of England to the Irish (who fought, and lost country and everything for the King), that even in their common exile abroad they rejoiced at Cromwell's proceedings in stripping the Irish of their lands : — " We are at a dead calm [writes Sir Edward Hyde, after- wards Earl of Clarendon, from Paris, in 1654] for all manner of intelligence. Cromwell, no doubt, is very busy. Nathaniel Fiennes is made Chancellor of Ireland ; and they doubt not to plant that kingdom without opposition. And truly, if we can get it again, we shall find difficulties removed which a virtuous Prince and more quiet times could never have com- passed." Sir Edward Hyde to Mr. Betius, Paris, 29th May, 1654. — Clarendon's " State Tracts," vol. iii., p. 244. Folio. Clarendon Press, Oxford. PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION. XVll nation. At the Court for the Sale of Estates forfeited on account of the war of 1690, the lands could be purchased only by Englishmen. No Irishman, high or low, could purchase an acre of them, or occupy more than the site for a cabin ; for to the condition of labourers it was intended that the relics of the nation should be reduced.^ The Penal Laws, which lasted nearly in full force till the breaking out of the first American war, were nothing but the complement of the Forfeited Estates Act. Their main purpose was, on the one hand, to prevent the Irish from ever enlarging their landed interest beyond the low state to which it had been reduced after the sales by the Forfeited Estates Court — for which reason they were forbid to purchase land; and, on the other hand, to contrive by all political ways, and particularly by denying them the power to make settlements of their property by deed or will, and by making their lands divisible equally among their sons at their death, to crumble and break in pieces the remnant that had escaped confisca- tion, and thereby to deprive them of all power and consideration in the state.'' It will thus be seen that 1 They could be purchased by Protestants {i.e. English) only, 1st Anne, st. 1, c. 26, sect. 8, English Statute. Two acres was the utmost an Irishman could take a lease of. — lb. sect. 10. 2 " As to the intention of the Act,* it is plain the legislature had a double view ; first, to disable Papists from enlarging *8th Anne, c. 3, A.D. 1710. XVlll PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION. these three Settlements are only parts of one whole, and that the Cromwellian Settlement is the founda- tion of the present settlement in Ireland. The term Settlement being understood in this sense, the present sketch is conversant directly with the measures taken by the Parliament of England in dealing with the land. The history of the Irish Rebellion of 1641, the personal character of Cromwell and the chief actors, the account of the war from 1649 to 1653, are no further touched upon than has been thought necessary to the main purpose of the sketch. But it will be seen from the Introduction, and in treating the details of the Cromwellian Settlement, how large a share of the history of Ireland is involved in the Land question. From the days of the first invasion, the King and Council of England intended to make English landed proprietors in Ireland the rulers of Ireland, as William the Conqueror had made the French of Nor- mandy landlords and rulers of the English. Though the English were interrupted in this scheme for the government of Ireland by the wars of Edward I. for the subjection of the Scotch, by the wars of Edward III. and his successors for the crown of their landed interest, so as they should soon moulder away in their hands : the second view was to encourage them to become converts by throwing some temporal invitation in their way." Vicars against Carroll, in the Exchequer, 10th February, 1728. " Several Special Cases on the Laws against the further Growth of Popery in Ireland. By Gorges Edmond Howard, Esq.," p. 37. 8vo. Dublin: 1775. PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION. XIX France, and finally by the civil wars of England, called the " Wars of the Koses," the design was never abandoned. And when Henry VIII., disencumbered of foreign war and domestic treason, had time to destroy the house of Kildare, he projected the clear- ing of Ireland to the Shannon, and colonizing it with English. But the new conquest of Ireland only really began in the reigns of his three children, Edward VI., Queen Mary, and Queen Elizabeth, when the conquest of the lands of the Irish for the purpose of new colonizing or planting them with English was resumed, after an interval of more than three hundred years. During this interval the English Pale, or that part of Ireland subject to the regular jurisdiction of the King of England and his laws, had been gradually contracting — partly by the English of Ireland throw- ing off the feudal system, and partly by reconquests effected by the Irish, until in the reign of Henry VI. the Pale was nearly limited by the line of the Liffey and the Boyne. Beyond the Pale the English and the Irish dwelt intermixed. And in all the plans for re- storing the regular administration of the King's laws in Ireland, previous to the reign of Edward VI., it was always proposed that the English of Ireland should be brought back to their ancient military dis- cipline, and should conquer from the Irish the lands in their possession, in order that they might be given to English under grants on feudal conditions by the King. But the English of Ireland clearly foresaw that the XX PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION. effect of the complete conquest of the Irish would be to give the Government of Ireland to the English of England. Their armed retainers, called Gallow- glasses and Kerne, would be put down, as there would no longer remain the pretence of defending the land from the King's Irish enemies. With the regular administration of English law would come back ward- ships, marriages, reliefs, escheats, and forfeitures, which they were only too happy to have thrown off in the days of Edward II. ; and the final result would be to bring over new colonists from England, who would be rivals to supplant them in the favour of the Government, and in all the offices of the State. The English of Ireland, consequently, were secretly indis- posed to effect the reconquest, and it was not until they were subdued that the second conquest began. The first blow to the English of Irish birth was the limiting the power of the Parliament. In the reign of Henry VII., Sir Edward Ponyings forced from the Irish Parliament a statute wJiereby the Pri^'y Council of England were made virtually controllers of the Parliament of Ireland; for thenceforth it could originate no statutes, and could pass only such as had been first approved by the Pri\'7 Council of England. The Parliament had in fact long become devoted to the Earls of Kildare, who had thereby grown too powerful for the Kings of England. The next and final blow to the power of the English of Ireland was the fall of the House of Kildare, when Silken Thomas, Earl of Kildare, and his five uncles, were executed PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION. XXI at Tyburn for treason, at the end of Henry VIII. 's reign. The head of the ancient English of Ireland had now fallen; their Parliament had been already deprived of its power; the main obstacles to the de- signs of England were removed ; and in the following reigns the reconquest of Ireland by plantation began. At first it was the native Irish that were stripped, as the O'Moores, the O'Connors, and the O'Neils. The Earl of Desmond's great territories, extending over Limerick and Kerry, Cork and Waterford, were next confiscated and planted. Finally, in James I.'s reign, the native Irish, not only of Ulster, but of Leitrim, and wherever else they continued possessed of their original territories, were dispossessed of portions of their lands, varying from one-third to three-fourths, to form plantations of new English. During the reign of Queen Elizabeth, the old English of Ireland, though they agreed in point of religion with the native Irish, always adhered to the English in any rebellion of the Irish, as in a national quarrel. In James I.'s reign, as all the planters were of the new religion, the old English found themselves sup- planted by them in all the offices of the State, as the Irish found themselves supplanted by them in their native homes. It is needless here to recapitulate the long-continued injuries and insults by which the ancient English of Ireland were forced into the same ranks with the Irish in defence of the King's cause in 1641. Chief among them were the attempts to seize their estates under XXll PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION. the plea of defective title, in order to plant them with new English. It was thus Lord Strafford got Connaught and parts of Tipperary and Limerick into his power, with the intention of forming a new plan- tation at the expense of the Bourkes and other old English. One of the old English, in 1644, thus graphically expresses their feelings: — "^'Was it not the usual taunt of the late Lord Strafford and all his fawning sycophants, in their private conversations with those of the Pale, that they were the most refrac- tory men of the whole kingdom, and that it was more necessary (that is, for their own crooked ends) that they should be planted and supplanted than any others; and that where plantations might not reach, Defective Titles should extend?" He had known many an oflftcer and gentleman, he adds, who had left a hand at Kinsale in fighting in defence of the Crown of England, when the Spaniards and the Earl of Tyrone were defeated by Lord Mountjoy, to be after- wards deprived of his pension for having refused to take the oath of supremacy and allegiance in the Pro- testant form, though, as one of them answered, on being questioned before the State for matter of recusancy (as they termed it), " It was not asked of me the day of Kinsale what religion I was of."^ The Scotch and English, however, having rebelled 1 " Queries propounded by the Protestant Party concerning the Peace now treated of in Ireland, and the Answers thereto made on behalf of the Irish Nation," pp. 11, 12. Small 4to. Paris : 1644. PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION. XXlll against the Kiug in 1639 (for the march of the Scottish rebels to the border in that year was on the invitation of the leaders of the popular party in Eng- land, though they themselves did not openly take the field till 1642) ,1 the Irish rose in his favour. They were finally subdued, in 1652, by Cromwell and the arms of the Commonwealth; and then took place a scene not witnessed in Europe since the conquest of Spain by the Vandals. Indeed, it is injustice to the Vandals to equal them with the English in 1652; for the Vandals came as strangers and conquerors in an age of force and barbarism, nor did they banish the people, though they seized and divided their lands by lot ;^ but the English, in 1652, were of the same nation a'3 half of the chief families in Ireland, and had at that time had the island under their sway for five hundred years. The captains and men of war of the Irish, amount- ing to 40,000 men and upwards, they banished into Spain, where they took service under that king; others of them, with a crowd of orphan boys and girls, were transported to serve the English planters in the West Indies; and the remnant of the nation, not 1 To obtain a clear account of the leading causes and prin- cipal events of this era in England in a short compass, with all the evidence to support his view, I know nothing equal to " The Britannic Constitution," by Roger Acherley, Esq., of the Middle Temple (chap, ix., " Breaches of the Constitu- tion in the Reign of Charles I.") Folio. London: 1727. 2 See Robertson's "History of the Emperor Charles V.,' Appendix to Introduction. XXIV PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION. banished or transported, were to be transplanted into Connaught, while the conquering army divided the ancient inheritances of the native and naturalized Irish amongst them by lot. This scene, never before described, is the subject of the present sketch. By what accident it became jny,.„§iiidy may deserve mention. I had for about ten years belonged to the Leinster Circuit, travelling through the counties of Wicklow, Wexford, Waterford, Kilkenny, and Tipperary, when, in the year 1846, I received a commission from Eng- land to make some pedigree researches concerning an Anglo-Norman family of the county of Tipperary. Furnished with an old pedigree, which had been given to one of its members by the Ulster King at Arms, when quitting Ireland, as an exile, after the battle of the Boyne, I visited the ancient seat of the family. It lay twelve miles south of Clonmel, on the right bank of the Suir, under a range of hills that there l)ars the course of that river from north to south, and sends it thirty miles eastward to issue below Water- ford, as one of '' the Three Sisters,"^ to the sea. Here I found an old ruined castle, and beside it a still more ruined chapel, and desecrated graveyard — those un- mistakeable monuments of an overthrown people and religion. This baronial castle was the head of many a later and dependent tower and demesne, allotments of the original territory amongst the posterity of the 1 The Nore, the Barrow, and the Suir. PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION. XXV first settler. The principal castle was bnilt, probably, in the reign of King John, and guarded the pass over the hills between the counties of Tipperary and Water- ford. It was the head of the barony, and, as appeared by the Inquisitions, the dependent castles were bound each to send so many reaping hooks in harvest, so many garraus to plough in spring and autumn, and to render so many pottles of honey at Easter, and a poundage hog, and so many wax candles at Christ- mas. Among the many broken tombstones of the family, there lay within the walls of the roofless chapel a large one fractured across the centre. It recorded the name and virtues of a captain in the army, who, as far as could be deciphered, had re- ceived the public thanks; but the stone was gapped, and, the next word being '^ borough,'' I was conjec- turing that he had been a Member of Parliament. One of the crowd who watched the attempt to decipher the inscription sent a boy for the fragment, which marked a potato ridge in the adjoining con- acre field. It filled the gap, and the inscription now showed that he had '' received the public thanks [of the ffreat Duke of Marllhorough for his distin- guished services at the siege of Aire, in Flanders, in 1710." The prospect of the mountain, the river, and the plain, together with the scene of ruin all around, so characteristic of the country, excited my interest; and the pedigrees (for in the neighbourhood I dis- covered another) were now studied with care. The XXVi PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION. family, it seems, had come over from Pembrokeshire with Strongbow, and by an alliance with the De Bir- minghams had obtained large possessions both in Tipperary and in Waterf ord (counties which the chain of hills here divides) ; so large, indeed, that the country people, endued with an imagination that supplies a tradition for everything, call the family, whose memory they tenaciously preserve, the Clan a Gothag, or Clan of the Smoke ; for they say that the founder of the family, the first invader, halted on the summit of the pass, from whence could be seen the Suir flowing north and south on one side, and the Blackwater in the same direction on the other; and, lighting a fire, he said that he would follow and con- quer with the smoke. It was a calm summer day, and the smoke rose, and spread both ways. There they remained, possessed of lands in Tip- perary and Waterf ord, from the days of King John. In the year 1650, Cromwell, leaving his winter quarters in Youghal at an unusually early season of the year for campaigning in Ireland (the 29th of January), crossed the Suir at Cahir, nine miles to the north of this castle; and sending a detachment to- wards it, it was surrendered, but was yielded back on condition of the defences being taken down. A few soldiers were left to see this done. The rest of the detachment had not proceeded far before they heard confused noises behind ; and they hurried back, think- ing that the tenants of the castle were murdering their comrades. But it was only the noise of a pack PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION. XXVll of buck-hoimds, kept in the bawn, or fortified curti- lage. So they brought off the owner and his hounds to Cromwell, then on his march to the siege to Kilkenny, who was thus afforded some good sport. And the dogs would seem to have proved very respectable mediators with Cromwell for their master; for he so ingratiated himself with Cromwell (according to the account given in the pedigree) by this strange hunt- ing bout, that the stern general promised him his favour. Be this as it may, among the few letters of the Lord Protector there does remain one in favour of a gentleman of the same name "of the County of Tipperary,'' requesting that he might be spared from transplantation . His estate, however, passed to the Adventurers. Whole families of his kinsmen, as I afterwards found, were transplanted from the neighbouring castles into Connaught. Thence some of them petitioned to be allowed to come back, merely to get in their last harvest ; but they were refused ; they were only suffered to send some servants. Soon afterwards they sold their assignments in Connaught for a trifle, to the officers of transplantation, and fled in horror and aversion from the scene, and embarked for Spain. At the Restoration, the heir, who had served under the King's ensigns abroad, returned; and, expecting to be restored to his estate, complained to the Council that he found the Adventurer in possession of the family estate cutting down all the timber, endeavouring, evidently, to niake the most of KXViii PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION. his time, in case he should lose the lands by this new revolution. As the timber on all forfeited lands was, by Cromwell's Acts, reserved to the State, the Coun- cil had issued a proclamation, on the Kestoration, to prevent the cutting do'wn of trees. The affidavit of the heir still remains, informing the Council that, when he showed the Adventurer the proclamation, he and his men answered him, '' that they did not value the said proclamation, and that they would not leave standing a tree, of all the wood but one, whereon he, tills deponent, should hang." Deprived of their estates, which were never re- stored, different branches of the family became tenants under the Adventurers of the lands they had once owned as lords. Some of them, still adhering to the Crown, forfeited their leases after the battle of the Boyne, and became exiles. Others held on. One of the family — the grandfather of him whose pedigree I was commissioned to investigate — happened to be conducting agent for one of the candidates at the election at Clonmel for the county of Tipperary caused by the accession of George III. He tendered his vote. '' You know you married a Papist,-' said the opposing agent, and thus denied his right. The other challenged him for the insult. They retired at once to the Green of Clonmel, behind the Courthouse, where the man insulted on account of his wife's religion was shot dead, the other with difficulty escaping, on a horse, from the excited crowd across the Biver Suir, which runs by the Green. I did not PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION. XXIX understand, until later, that if a Protestant married an Irishwoman, and she did not conform to English religion within one year of the marriage, he sank to the Helot-like condition of his wife's people; he was deprived of all rights; he became "a constructive Papist " ; and '' a Protestant of this class was, in the eye of the law, a more odious Papist (to use the words of the Court) than a real and actual Papist by pro- fession and principle."^ On my return to Dublin, I had recourse to the Kecords, to trace the pedigree. The KoUs of Chan- cery begin only in the reign of Edward II., almost all the earlier ones having been burnt by a fire that destroyed St. Mary's Abbey, where they were then deposited. Many early links, however, were obtained from the Tower of London, whither appeals in Writs of Right by members of the family, and in one case of Wager of Battle, carried from Ireland to Westminster in the reign of Edward I., had been preserved. From Edward II. to the 34th of Henry VIII. compara- tively little information was to be obtained, as in that interval the regular administration of English law was suspended, except in the Pale; and the English in the provinces ruled their differences by March Law, the Irish by Brehon Law, and some of the towns (as for instance. Gal way) by the Civil Law. ^ The case of Rives against Roderic, in the Exchequer, Hilary Term, 1729. Howard's " Cases on the Laws against the further Growth of Popery in Ireland," p. 60. 8vo. Dublin : 1775. c XXX PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION, But after the fall of the House of Kildare, the Feudal Law was resumed, and Inquisitions taken upon the death of every landowner ''found," or re- corded in Chancery, his death; what estates he died seised of; who was his heir, and whether under age, and unmarried; for in that case the King became entitled to the guardianship and marriage of the heir, and to the rents of the estate during the minority, without account. Thus, from 1540 to 1640 nothing was easier than to trace the chain. But here these documents ended, and a gap ensued, which it was long difficult to bridge. The Statutes, after a similar gap, began in 1(1(12 with the Act of Settlement. After some study it jn-oved unintelligible. It was founded on transactions of which there was no explanation. The histories of Ireland afforded next to nothing. The search for information had been for some time abandoned as nearly hopeless, when I remembered that in the King's Inn's Library there were pamphlets amounting to thousands, but not catalogued. Each day, after court, a certain number were gone through, until at length the whole was examined. Between 1G41 and 1650, there were plenty of pamphlets about Ireland; but they concerned the War; and it was not such I wanted. I had come to perceive the importance of the history of the Landed Settlement of Ireland, and I desired those that concerned the period from 1650 to 1660. I only found the following, viz. : — " The Great Case of Transplantation in Inland Dis- cussed," in the year 1655, with an answer by Colonel PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION. XXXI Lawrence, and a reply by Vincent Gookin (the author of the " Case ") ; and Colonel Lawrence's " Interest of England in the Well Planting of Ireland with English People Discussed,'" in 1656. My interest was now redoubled, for I had begun to form some conception of the Settlement. I went back to the Eolls Office to ask Mr. Hatchell, so long Deputy Keeper, if he knew anything of the History of the Settlement; and if not, who did? He answered, he knew nothing of it, ''but perhaps Groves might." He was an old clergyman, who had been one of the Kecord Commission of 1810. Mr. Groves knew noth- ing, but said Mr. Shaw Mason might — he had been Secretai^ to the Commission; but Mr. Mason knew no more than Mr. Groves. I now thought of searching the Eecord Commis- sioners' Keports, and found that there were several volumes of Entry Books of the very date required, 1650-1659, in the custody of the Clerk of the Privy Council, preserved in the heavily embattled Tower which forms the most striking feature of the Castle of Dublin. They were only accessible at that day through the order of the Lord Lieutenant or Chief Secretary for Ireland. I obtained at length, in the month of September, 1848, an order. It may be easily imagined with what interest I followed the porter up the winding standing stone staircase of this gloomy tower, once the prison of the Castle, and was ushered into a small central space that seemed dark, XXXll PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION. even after the dark stairs we had just left. As the eye became accustomed to the spot, it appeared that the doors of five cells made in the prodigious hick- ness of the Tower walls opened on the central space. From one of them Hugh Eoe O'Donel is said to have escaped, by getting down the privy of his cell to the Poddle Eiver that runs round the base of the Tower. The place was covered with the dust of twenty years ; but, opening a couple of volumes of the Statutes — one as a clean spot to place my coat upon, the other to sit on — I took up my seat in the cell, exactly opposite to the one just mentioned, as it looked to the south over the Castle garden, and had better light. In this Tower, I found a series of Order Books of the Commissioners of the Parliament of the Common- wealth of England for the Affairs of Ireland, together with Domestic Correspondence and Books of Estab- lishments from 1G50 to 1659.^ They were marked on the back by the letter A over a number. ^ Here I found the records of a nation's woes. The first page I happened to open presented the following : — 1 Under the late Record Act Sir Bernard Burke has been appointed Keeper of the State Papers in this Tower, and the whole presents under his care a complete contrast to what is here described. The Books of the Commissioners for the Affairs of Ireland have been all rebound. 2 See the Catalogue of these Books, among the papers con- tained in the Council Office, in the volume of Reports from the Record Commissioners from 1816 to 1826, Appendix, p. 227. PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION. XXXill " Forasmuch as the within Mrs. Mary Wolverston, by reason of the bad weather that hath happened, was disabled to travel with her provisions and carriages into Connaught by the tyme limited in the within passe, these are therefore to desire all whom it may concern to permit the said Mary, and the within named persons her servants, with such corne and other necessary provisions as she or they shall have with them, quietly to pass into Connaught aforesaid to their habitations, she and they behaving themselves as becometh.i " Thomas Herbert, Clerk of the Council. ''Dated the Uth October, 1654." I felt that I had at last reached the haven I had been so long seeking. There I sat, extracting, for many weeks, until I began to know the voices of many of the corporals that came with the guard to relieve the sentry in the Castle yard below, and every drum and bugle call of the regiment quartered in the Ship- street barracks. At length, between the labour of copying, and excitement at the astonishing drama performing as it were before my eyes, my heart by some strange movements warned me it was necessary to retire for a time. But I again and again returned at intervals, sometimes of months, sometimes of years. Other dejjositories were ransacked. I got free range of the Exchequer, full of interesting historical documents, 1 A (5). The Wolverstons were at this time owners oi the noble demesne called Stillorgan Park, three miles south of Dublin, derived through the Cruise family, who were possessed of it in the beginning of the 13th century. {" His- tory of the Covmty of Dublin, by John D' Alton, Esq., Barrister at Law," p. 840. 8vo. Dublin: 1838.) It subse- quently got the name of Carysfort Park, from becoming the property of the Earls of Carysfort. XXXIV PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION. and containing the Minute and Order Books of Crom well's Court of Claims. I had access to the Kecords of the late Auditor and Surveyor-General's offices in the Custom House Buildings, in the custody of W. H. Hardinge, Esq., whose works on the Official Maps and Surveys of the 1641 and 1688 Forfeitures, now publishing in the "Transactions of the Koyal Irish Academy," will become, for their extent and accuracy, the basis of much authentic history. Some of the Order Books of the Council are to be found here ; and the correspondence of the Eevenue Commissioners of the fifteen precincts into which Ireland was divided by the Commissioners of the Commonwealth abound in curious details. Every circuit I visited, through the kind permission of the late Marquis of Ormond, the muniment room of Kilkenny Castle, containing a series of private and public historical documents, some coseval with the first Conquest — a pleasure enhanced by a friendship with their accomplished keeper, the Eev. James Graves, Honorary Secretary to the Kil- kenny Archaeological Society.^ This depository is still surprisingly rich, though three Irish carloads of papers concerning the Cromwelliau and Eestoration eras were carried away by Carte, to enable him to write the " History of the Life of James Duke of Ormond,-' — papers which are to be found 1 Author, jointly with J. G. A. Prim, of the " History of the Cathedral of St. Canice, Kilkenny." 4to. Dublin: Hodges and Smith, 1857. Mr. Graves is now editing, under the sanction of the Master of the Rolls, a Council Roll of 18th Richard II., A.D., 1395, preserved in Kilkenny Castle. PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION. XXXV iu tlie Great Carte collection in the Bodleian Library at Oxford. These were visited, as also the British Museum and State Paper Office, which, however, did not yield much. I must add the Library of Charles Haliday, Esq., at his Lucullan villa, Monkstown Park, rich in all the rarest literature relating to Ireland, with a collection of pamphlets and fugitive pieces from the earliest time to the present, probably unequalled/ over the door of which might be written, ''The Books of Charles Haliday and his friends."^ As the materials grew, so grew the difficulty of selecting and framing an account. Other occupations also interfered. It seemed as if I had now gone through every depository. I had got a tolerably clear view of that great work, the Transplantation of a Nation, which the Commissioners of the Parliament found it such a labour to execute. But to express the despondency I felt at 1 Plutarch, after describing the elegance of Liicullus's villas, praises him for the libraries he had collected, and the number of volumes he had caused to be copied from him in elegant hands. His libraries were open to all. The Greeks repaired at pleasure to the galleries and porticos, as to the retreat of the Muses, and there spent whole days in conversation on matters of learning, delighted to retire to such a scene from business and from care. Lucullus often joined these learned men in their walks, and gave them his advice about the affairs of their country ; so that his house was in fact an asylum and senate house to all the Greeks that visited Rome. " Life of Lucullus." 2 Rabelais inscribed in all his books the following : — " Francisci Rabeljesi, medici, koI twv avrov (piKwv." Not- withstanding kis devotion to commerce, there arc to be found valuable papers from Mr. Haliday on the early history of XXXVl • PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION. attempting to describe it, I might almost use the lan- guage of the Commissioners themselves in effecting it — ''The children were now come to the birth, and much was expected and desired, but there was no strength to bring forth." ^ In the beginning of the year, 1864, however, the Earl of Charlemont intrusted me with the care of the noble collection of books, coins, and papers in Char- lemont House, Dublin, formed by his grandfather, James, first Earl of Charlemont, a man no less distin- guished in arts than for patriotism — the General in Chief of the Irish Volunteers. The library was a rich one (particularly in early English and Italian litera- ture) ; but, as I had had constant access t^ so many fine Public Libraries, I had no expectation of meeting with Dublin and its port in the " Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy." His researches into the history of the Danes of Ireland would be a most important addition to the history of the kingdom.* * Charles Haliday died on the 14th of September, 1866. He left his library and all he had to his wife, and directed that his body should be borne by his servants to Old Monkstown Churchyard, and that no stone should ever be placed over his grave. His vrife, mindful of his wishes, sometimes expressed in conversation, though not in his will, that his books might be kept together in some Public Library, gave them, shortly after his death, to the Eoyal Irish Academy, and thus raised a nobler and more enduring memorial of his name and character than any marble monument. The extent and vaUie of the gift may be judged from this, that the Pamphlets number 29,000. There are 21,997, in 2211 volumes in octavo, uniformly bound in one series ; and about 7000 pamphlets, quarto, of very early date, unbound. There are, besides, all the best works in Ireland, and broadsides, ballads, and a mass of rare and curious materials for the student of Irish history, ancient and modern. Also a fine Collection of works on early Danish and Norwegian aifairs. ^ See at p. 103, j^ost. PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION. XXXVU anytEing in print that had not come under my notice. What, then, was my surprise to find twelve thick quarto volumes, in old sheepskin covers, comprising the Lon- don weekly newspapers between 1641 and 1659, the same substantially in form as those of the present day. Each paper has a leading article (those of the year 1650, for instance, have ''Young Tarquin," for their sub- ject, sometimes called "the Scotch King," nicknames for Charles II., to render him odious to the English), proceedings in Parliament and the Law Courts, and correspondence from Paris, Sweden, Rome, &c., and Ireland — the letters from Ireland supplying some of those living touches that such contemporary accounts alone can give. It was plain that all the information that could be hoped for had now been obtained ; and if not brought forth the subject might sleep for another period as long as the last — some of the information might, per- haps, be buried for ever with the possessor.^ Much of it had been collected with the view of being able some time or other to treat the subject of the Settle- ment of landed property in Ireland, historically con side red, before the body of the Bar; but as neither of the two chairs founded by the Benchers had the law ^ " When a learned man dies," said the Master of the Temple, in his speech at the grave of the great jurisconsult, John Selden, in 1654, in the Temple Church — " when a learned man dies, much learning dies with him " ; adding, " If learning could have kept a man alive, our brother had not died." — Wood's " Athense Oxonienses," vol. ii., " John Selden," p. 134. Folio. London: 1712. XXXVlll PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION. of real property allotted to it, and still wisliiug to interest my own profession in a favourite pursuit, a select audience of them was addressed.^ The interest and appreciation shown by men so well qualified to judge gave assurance that the subject could not be without interest to the public. JOHN P. PKENDERGAST. J, Tower Terrace, Sandymouiit, Dublin, May I, 186 s. 1 This lecture was delivered on the 9th of June, 1864, at the Four Courts, Dublin. The following was the notice issued : — " The Cromwellian Settlement of Ireland. " A lecture, to be based on Acts and Ordinances of the Parliament of the Commonwealth of England, on unpublished Orders and Declarations of the Lord Deputy and Council for the Affairs of Ireland, and on other original sources. To be illustrated by transcript maps of Strafford's Survey, taken in 1637, on occasion of the confiscation of Connaught and part of Tipperary ; also by transcripts of the Down Survey, for setting down the regiments of the Army of the Parliament of England, by troops and companies, in 1654 and 1655 ; by original certificates of Adventurers' allotments, and by con- veyances from the soldiers of whole troops and companies of their debentures to their officers ; likewise by coloured maps, showing, in different tints, the baronies assigned in Con- naught for the new settlements of the ancient nobility, gentry, and farmers of the Irish nation, corresponding in character to their old habitations in the three other provinces from whence they were transplanted ; and showing the division of those three provinces between the Adventurers, for their advances towards putting down the rebellion, and between the officers and soldiers for arrears of pay." CONTENTS ^ I. THE PLANTATION OF lEELAND, FROM THE FIEST INVASION OF THE ENGLISH. UNDER HENRY II., TO THAT EFFECTED BY CROMWELL. PAGE The Gaels or Celts, the ancestors of the Irish, 1 The Roman Rule in Britain, 3 The Saxon Rule in Britain 5 The Norman Conquest of England, 5^ The Irish as first seen by their future Landlords, lO The Irish ruled by the Brehon System until the year 1610, . . 11 The English in Ireland ruled by the burdensome Feudal System, . 17 The Irish denied the use of English Law 21 Killing the Irish no Murder, 22 The Irish forbidden to purchase Land 22 The English of Ireland make the Irish Enemy an excuse for keep- ing up armed Forces, and banish the Ministers of the Feudal System, 25 They secretly prefer the Freedom of Irish Life and Manners, . . 30 Attempts of the Kings of England to make the English renounce Irish Manners, and to bring them back to Feudal Discipline, . 32 Schemes for the Re-conquest of Ireland, 36 Re-conquest by Plantation begins by the Planting of the O'Moore's and O'Connor's Countries in Philip and Mary's reign, ... 39 Confiscation and Plantation of the Earl of Desmond's Territories in Munster, in Queen Elizabeth's reign, 39*' Plantation of Ulster by James I., 41 ~- Plantations in the same reign in the King's County, in Wexford, Leitrim, and Longford, 45 Strafford's projected Plantation of Connaiight in the reign of Charles 1 47 xxxix. xl. CONTENTS. II. THE lElSH REBELLION OF 23rd OCTOBEE, 1641, AJSID THE SUPPOSED MASSACRE OF ENGLISH. PAGE The Irish Rebellion preceded, not by forty years' Peace and Hap- piness in Ireland, as pretended, but by Oppression and Misery, 49-51 Discontents of Scotland and England, 51 The Scots take arms in. 1639, , ib. Strafford raises an Army of SOviO men in Ireland in 1640, to invade Scotland, ^nd the King assembles another at York 52 The Scots, on the Invitation of the popular leaders in Parlia- ment, invade England, 53 The Scottish Army stands by to countenance the Trial and Execu- tion of Lord Strafford, ib. The King, after Strafford's Execution, goes to Edinburgh to collect proofs of the Inviters' Treason, 53 Sends the Queen, with the Crown Jewels, to France and Denmark, to raise forces against the Parliament, 54 Sends the Marquis of Antrim to Ireland to organize Forces there, . 54 Small numbers of Scotch and English in the Escheated Counties of Ulster, at the outbreak of the 23rd of October, 1641, . . 56 Terrors of the Lords Justices at first, 56 In their cruel fury afterwards, they order the slaughter of un- armed men, women, and children, 56-59 The Evidence taken by the Seven Despoiled Ministers, under the King's Commission, and published in March, 1642, makes no mention of a General Massacre 61-63 The Story originated in 1642, to prevent the King from making a peace with the Irish, and using them against the Parliament, . 65-71 III. SCHEME FOR A LAST AND PERMANENT CONQUEST OF IRELAND BY PLANTATION. THROUGH A SOCIETY OF ADVENTURERS. The Adventurers for the Land and Sea Forces, 72 Ihe difBculties of the Irish War, and the terms offered to the Irish, 75 Schemes for the new Planting of Ireland, 81 Departure of the Swordmen for Spain, 86 The Seizing of Widows and Orphans, and the Destitute, to trans- port to Barbadoes and the English Plantations, .... 88 Ireland assigned to the Adventurers and Soldiers, 93 CONTENTS. xli. IV. THE TRANSPLANTATION. PAGE The First Trumpet, 96 The Second and Last Trumpet, with the Doom of the Irish Nation, 101 The Eemonstrance of the Irish, 106 Applications for Dispensations from Transplantation, .... 110 The Troubles of the Commissioners for Ireland 118 The First Aspect of Connaught, 120 The First Year of Transplantation, 122 The Second and following Years of Transplantation 127 Sentences of Death for not Transplanting, 133 An Englishman's Protest against the Transplantation of the Irish, 134 Fury of the Cromwellian Officers against the Author of " The Case of Transplantation Discussed," 140 " The Great Interest of England in the Irish Transplantation Stated," in answer to " The Case of Transplantation Discussed," 143 Penalty for not Transplanting, changed from Death to Trans- portation 145 The Transplanters and their Connaught Assignments, . . . .146 Court for the Claims and Qualifications of the Irish at Athlone, . 155 The Loughrea Commissioners, 158 Court at Mallow for the Claims and Qualifications of the Irish of Cork, Youghal, and Kinsale 164 The Transplantation of Walter Cheevers, 176 The Case of Pierce Viscount Ikerrin, 179 The Sufferings of Maurice Viscount Eoche of Fermoy, . . . .182 Other Sufferers, 185 lYa. THE OFFICERS AND SOLDIERS. The different kinds of Arrears, and the order of their Satisfaction, 187 Debentures, 196 The Civil Survey 201 The Down Survey, 204 The Boxing of the Army for Lands, 206 The Equalizing of Counties and Baronies, 212 The Counties as valued by the Army, 213 Valuation of the Baronies 214 Xlii CONTENTS. PAGE List of the Troops and Companies disbanded in August, 1655, and the Baronies assigned to them, and how Eated, .... 216 The Equalizing of the Lands in the Lot of a Troop or Company, . 220 Sale of Debentures by the Common Soldiers to their Officers, . . 221 Common Soldiers discontented at being forced to Plant in Ireland, 226 Common Soldiers cheated of their Lots of Land by their Officers, . 234 Attempts of the Officers to take Advantage of one another in the Setting out of Lands, .... , 235 V. THE ADVENTURERS, 239 VI. THE RE-INHABITING OF IRELAND. Three Districts or Pales projected, 245 A pure Irish beyond the Shannon, lb. A pure English within the line of the Barrow, 246 A mixed English and Irish in the rest of Ireland lb. Ireland opened to all foreign Protestants: English Puritans also invited back from America, 248 Proceedings of the Adventurers in Replanting 251 Proceedings of the Officers in Replanting, 259 The Officers take the Old Proprietors as Tenants, 266 Of the rive Counties 269 The Towns cleared of Old English for Fresher English to inhabit, . 272 The Clearing of the City of Kilkenny, 285 The Clearing of Waterford 295 The Clearing of Galway, 302 VII. THE THREE BURDENSOME BEASTS. Desolation of Ireland, 307 First Burdensome Beast, The Wolf,' 309 Second Burdensome Beast, The Priest, 311 Third Burdensome Beast, The Tory, 325 CONTENTS. xliii APPENDIX. I. PAGE Petition of Maurice Viscount Eoche of Fermoy 361 II. Transplanters' Certificates, 363 III. Petitions for Dispensations from Transplantation, .... 377 IV. Map of the County of Tipperary as divided between the Adven- turers and Soldiers, and Allotments of the Adventurers in the different Baronies, 386 The Names and Subscriptions of the Adventurers for Lands in Ireland, as also of those who subscribed for the Sea Service, . 403 INDEX OP SUBJECTS, 455 INDEX OF NAMES, .... • 499 ILLUSTEATIONS. Fac-simile of Debenture for the Frontispiece. Copy of this Debenture 196 " A Transplanter's Grave." Mural Tablet above the Grave of Lord Trimlestown, in the Strangers' Eoom, in the Ruined Abbey of Kilconnell, in the County of Galway, 186 A Character or Plan of the Dividing of the Barony of Connello, in the County of Limerick, by the Adventurers 240 MAPS : Map of the Settlement of Ireland by the Act of 26th September, 1653. Map of Connaught, as laid out to receive the Inhabitants from the several Counties of the other Provinces, A.D. 1654. Map of Tipperary, as divided between the Adventurers and Soldiers. References marked thus A (5) are to the Series of Order Books of the Commissioners of the Parliament of the Commonwealth of England for the Affairs of Ireland preserved in the Bermingham Tower of Dublin Castle. THE CROMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT OF IRELAND. CHAPTER I. THE PLAIS'TATIOX OF ICELAND FKQM ?JHE FIRST IK VASION OF Tflh', ENGLISH TJNDFPv KING HFNP.Y II. TO THE SETTuEMKNT EFFECTED BY CROMWELL. " The Irish are one of tho moot aiici<'nb arvtions.'" says Spenser. "th;\t T kiio-vV of at thi.-! end oi the w-jrlcl" ; ?iui come of "as mighty a nice ms the 'Rcrld ever brought. lorih."'^ They helong to that great GaeHc or Celtic race thnt v^gvs ago iuhabited Erii;, Briiain, Gaul, and the northern pc^cc of Spain. Men cf big hearts, and big bodies, ^ the Gavils u-ere !ong the terroi of Home. Bursting over the Alps, chcy sacl.ed the city (B.C. H8B). Camillus paid a ransom for it, anri Mjey re- tired ; and Catuillus got the name of Second founder of Korne. Others of tht-in, following the course of the DanAibe, burst into Greece, and attacked the Temple of Delphi for its treasures 1 " View of the State of Ireland," written by Edraund Sp<3nser, Esq., in Jie your 159o, pp. 26 and 32. Folio. Printed at, Dahlia; 16.33. 2 " Ingente.s animor! inyenti corpore v's Britannic Constitution." Folio. London: 1727. (Cliap. ix., Breaches of the Constitution in the Reign of Charles I.") 54 THE CEOMWELLIAN SETTLEMEXT gather the freshly disbanded army of Strafford. If the Lord Justices should oppose his design, the Castle of Dublin was to be surprised. The Parliament of Ireland was to declare for the king against the Parliament of England, and the whole of Ireland was to be raised in his service. Such is the consistent account of the king's designs given by the Marquis of Antrim himself to Dr. Henry Jones, Bishop of Clogher, and Henry Owen, in the year 1650, to be communicated to Cromwell. They took down in writing all the particulars he gave during an interview with them, for this purpose, of two days' con- tinuance (9th and 11th of May, 1650); and he read it again, signed, and confirmed it on the 22nd of August, 1650. He said he communicated the king's scheme to Lord Gor- manstown and to Lord Slane, and to many in Leinster. And after going into Ulster he recommended the same to many there. "But the fools" (such was his lordship's expression to us, said Jones and Owen), "well liking the business, would not expect our time and manner of order- ing the work, but fell upon it without us, and sooner and otherwise than we should have done, taking to themselves, in their own way, the management of the work, and so spoiled it."i In considering the first stage of this rebellion, and the un- paralleled massacre supposed to be committed by the Irish, it will be necessary to know something of the population and state of Ulster at that period. In 1619, ten years from the date of the Articles of the Plantation of Ulster, an accurate Government survey was made of the state of every family of the Plantation. There were not quite 2,000 families in all (exact, 1,974), and in these 1 The Marquis's statement is given at full length in 2nd Cox's Hibernia Anglicana." Appendix. Paper xlviii. OF IBELAND. 55 6,215 were between sixteen and sixty, fit to bear arms.^ In 1633, on a similar inquiry, 13,092 were the numbers returned as capable of bearing arms.2 in 1635 the Corporation of London was Star-chambered for their neglect in not bringing over English and driving out the Irish, and the city fined £70,000, and their lands seized into the king's hands for this breach of the Articles of 1609.' Besides these Planters, the greater number of whom w^ere Scotch, there were some Eng- lish settlers there before the Plantation. They had come thither in the end of Queen Elizabeth's reign. In the towns there were some traders and families of broken soldiers. Down and Antrim were not counties of King James's Plantation, but were filled with old Scots, who had made a first lodgment there in Henry VHP's time, and were well secured, not only by their numbers, but by a frontier line of more than fifty miles, of great strength. Lough Neagh was the centre, and through it ran the Eiver Bann to the sea, completing the fine. In the six other counties, called the Escheated or Planted Counties, the Planters were surprised by the rising of the Irish under Sir Phelim O'Neill. He seized the forts of Charlemont and Mountjoy. All places of strength in the North were taken, except Derry and Carrickfergus. The Planters' cattle and goods v.'ere seized, the Planters made prisoners of, or forced to fly to Derry or Dublin, or to seek shelter in some 1 Survey of the Plantation of Ulster, by Captain Nicholas Pynnar and others, by virtue of H.M. Commission under the Great Seal of Ireland, dated 28 December, 1618. " Hibernica, Or some Ancient Pieces belonging to Ireland." Part I. Paper ix. 8vo. Dublin: 1770. 2 " State Letters of the Earl of Strafford." Vol. i. Folio. London. 3 The judgments, as delivered by Archbishop Laud and the several members of the Court of Star Chamber, are to be found in the MS', in Trinity College Library, Dublin, F. 3.17. In the Library of St. Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin (commonly called " Archbishop Marsh's Library ") the proceedings from day to day are to be found at length. 56 THE CROMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT few Planters' castles too strong for the rebels to take. So terrified were they, that for the first three days and nights no cock was heard to crow, no dog to bark, nay, not even when the rebels came in great multitudes. ^ In Dublin, notwith- standing its garrison, they were so awe-struck that the Castle drawbridge was raised, and the Lords Justices and their friends went up to the platforms of the towers of the Castle to view the approach (as was expected) of the rebels. ^ And on 27th December, 1641, the unusual puling of a flock of sea birds in the night air over the city for hours, that would not be dispersed, though the great pieces out of the Castle were shot off for that purpose, struck the inhabitants with terror, as portending they knew not what dreadful evils. ^ The Lords Justices (says Ormond), were at first in great fear, and temporized ; but when some regiments of English were landed in Dublin [in December, 1641], and others of Scotch in Ulster, they took heart, and instigated the officers and soldiers to all cruelty imaginable.* At first, says another, they were fearfully scared by a popular route of unarmed clowns, so that they durst scarce peep out of their great garrisons of Dublin and Drogheda; but when they had dis- covered those multitudes to be weaponless, then indeed they took courage, and, rushing out with horse and foot com- pletely armed, they slew man, woman, and child, as they came under their lash, as well those that held the plough as 1 " Deposition of the Rev. Dr. Maxwell, Rector of Tynan, in the county of Armagh." Borlase's " History of the Execrable Irish Rebellion," p. 418. 2 Sir Richard Cox's " Hibernia Anglicana," vol. ii., p. 75. 3 "The State of Dublin and other Parts of Ireland, &c. With a strange and unheard of flocking together of several kinds of Birds over the City of Dublin on Christmas Eve last." By T. Witcomb. 4to. London: 1642. * " Introduction to a Memorial about the Affairs of Ireland from 1641." Written by Lord Ormond the year before his death; intended to precede a narrative to be presented to the Queen. " Carte Papers," vol. Ixix., p. 286. OF IIIELAN]3. 57 the pike, the goad as the gun.i Thousands were thus killed; and the Lords Justices were known not to favour any officer that did not, upon his return from these " birdings," as they called them, give a good account of their sport — though their game was unarmed men, and too often women and children. ^ Sir Simon Harcourt's was one of the two regiments that first landed; Sir Thomas Temple's the other. "We found the town of Kinsale in their possession, on arriving from Cork " (says an English gentleman), " and they had not made an end of execution upon the rebels in the church and churchyard ; and we heard these two great commanders crying, ' Down with all males above thirteen years old : ' such pitiful clamours and mortal groanings I never heard before, and hope I shall never hear again. "^ In March following Sir Simon and 1,500 men surrounded the castle of Carrickmines, close to Dublin, whither some rebels had fled, but while pointing a gun was himself mortally wounded. The castle being taken, the be- siegers put man, woman, and child to death, over 260 in number — and a priest, being afterwards found hidden in a hogshead, they cut him as small as flesh for the pot.* This was their own boast. Sir Simon had only just returned from " burning the Pale " south of the Boyne, where he and Lord 1 " Queries propounded by the Protestant Party concerning the Peace now treated of in Ireland, and the Answers tliereto made on behalf of the Irish Nation," p. 13. 4to. Paris: 1644. 2 " A discourse between two Counsellors of State, ye one of England and the other of Ireland." Printed at Kilkenny, Decem- ber, 1642. [MS. copy.] " Carte Papers," vol. iv. 3 " Good and Bad News from Ireland, or the taking of the Town of Kinsale from the Rebels . . ." 4to. London: 1641 [1642.] 4 " The last True News from Ireland, being, &c. Likewise the manner how a great Castle called Carrickmayne (within 6 miles of Dublin), was taken by the English, and the Rebels put to death, man, woman, and child." 4to. London: 1642. 58 THE CBOMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT Ormond, by the express command of the Lords Justices, car- ried fire and sword, making no distinction between noblemen and others, but burning the villages of the Irish and the houses and goods of the nobility and gentry alike. ^ Sir Charles Coote went into the suburbs of Dublin and the county of Wicklow on like expeditions. His soldiers had orders to spare no infants above a span long. And thirty years after, a " moderate cavalier " gloried in his doings : — " Brave Sir Charles Coote I honour ; who in '.s father's steps so trod As to the rebels was tlie scourge or rod Of the Almighty. He by good advice Did kill the Nitts, that they might not grow lice. "2 For such was the barbarity of the Enghsh soldiers to the Irish, that Dr. Nalson heard a kinsman of his own, who was a captain in that service, relate, that no manner of compassion or discrimination was shewed to age or sex, but that little chil- dren were promiscuously sufferers with the guilty. And that if any that had some grain of compassion reprehended the sol- diers for their unchristian inhumanity, they would scoffingly reply, " Nits will be lice."^ They deemed it treason to the English interest to oppose the killing of them. An English ofl&cer of quality justified his leaving the service in Ireland in a printed statement in London, for that the Bishop of Meath had dared, in his sermon at Christ Church, Dublin, in the pre- sence of the State, to preach of mercy for infants. It need scarce be said that he was equally indignant at the Bishop's 1 Carte's " Life of James Duke of Ormond," vol. i., p. 287. Folio. 2 " The Moderate Cavalier, or the Soldier's Description of Ire- land A Book fit for all Protestants' Houses in Ireland," p. 11. 8vo. Printed A.D. 1675. ' Nalson's " Historical Collections," vol. ii. Introduction, p. vii. 2 vols. Folio. London : 1682-1683. OF IRELAND. 50 plea for labourers, for unarmed and unresisting men, and for women But these cruelties, it may be said, were in revenge for the massacre of the Scotch and English in Ulster by the Irish. It has been represented that there was a general massacre, surpassing the horrors of the Sicilian Vespers, the Parisian Nuptials, and Matins of the Valtelline,^ but nothing is more false. The English, whose conscience made them expect such retribution, had often foretold the outburst of injured and outraged humanity. They themselves massacred the Danes : but the Irish, to use the words of an old divine, have ever lacked gall to supply a wholesome animosity to the eternal enemies and revilers of their name and nation. ^ 1 " An ApologTi' made by an English Officer of Quality for leav- ing the Irish Wars ; declaring the design now on foot to reconcile the Irish and English, and expelling the Scotch, to bring the Popish forces against the Parliament." 4to. London: 1643. 2 " Letter from W. Basil, Esq., Attorney-General of Ireland, to the Parliament." Ordered to be printed. 4to. London: 1650. 3 " Six hundred years ago we found the native Irish murdering and pillaging, burning towns, carrying off heiresses and wives, too ; and it cannot be said that the leaven is quite out of them yet. A hundred years, more or less, are a trifle in the cure of so deep a disease. So long as there are Ryan Pucks [the latest sacrifice on the scaffold to the maintenance of the unendurable feudal land monopoly], there will be stout Saxons, who, by fair means or by foul, will carrj' the day, or send them to work and be honest across the ocean. We wisli, of course, the animal could be tamed [i.e., reduced to the serfish condition of the rural popu- lation of England], and kept at home; but it is no use wishing when a whole race has an innate taste for conspiracy and man- slaughter." " Times," lOth May, 1859. " The Lion of St. Jarlath's survej's with an envious eye the Irish exodus, and sighs over the departing demons of assassina- tion and murder. So complete is the rush of departing maraviders, whose lives were profitably occupied in shooting Protestants behind a hedge, that silence reigns over the vast solitude of Ire- land. Just as civilization gradually supersedes the wilder and fiercer creatures by men and cities, so decivilization, such as is going on in Ireland, wipes out mankind to make room for oxen." — " Saturday Review," Nov. 28th, 1863. 60 THE CHOMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT The proper evidence to prove or disprove this dreadful massacre are of course authentic contemporaneous docu- ments,— not compilations of a later age, like Hume's "His- tory of England," or even the ponderous pamphlets of party- writers of the day, like Milton and Clarendon, strangers to Ireland and its transactions. There is one document that ought to be decisive in this case, and it would have been so if the English of Ireland were not interested enough, and the English of England prejudiced 1 enough to propagate and perpetuate any calumny to the damage of the fame and national character of the people of Ireland. It is the following: — Just two months after the outbreak the Government issued a Commission under the ) Great Seal to seven despoiled Protestant ministers, to take evidence upon oath ' ' to keep up the memory of the outrages /committed by the Irish to posterity." The Commission, dated 23rd December, 1641, was, in its original form, to take an account of losses. It was amended on the 18th of January, 1642,^ to include nmrdfirs. So that this was an after- thought ; a thing scarce possible if there had been a general massacre. The first Commission recites " that many British and Protestants have been separated from their habitations, and others deprived of their goods;" the Com- missioners are accordingly to examine upon oath concerning the amount of loss, the names of the robbers, and what traitorous speeches were uttered by the robbers or others. The second adds, " and what violence was done by the robbers, and how often, and what numbers, have been murthered, or have perished afterwards, on the way to Dublin or else- 1 See both Commissions, given in full leligth in the " Remon- strance of divers remarkable passages concerning the Church and Kingdom of Ireland, presented to the House of Commons in England, by Doctor Henry Jones, Agent for the Protestant Clergy of that Kingdom." 4to. London: 1642. OF IKELAND. 61 where." And the remonstrance shows that the outrages, in spite of the Commissioners' attempts to present the most ter- rible pictures, were, for the most part, only such as necessarily followed the stripping the English and driving them from their possessions, as these Planters had driven the Irish from theirs thirty years before; and that the murders were fewer than have occurred in similar insurrections, where of course some would be slain resisting the pillagers of their home- steads . The Commjasioner^s^seem unconscious of any general .Siassaere. The murders they record are the occurrences of four months, collected from different parts of Ulster. In the few instances where any numbers were slfliiU_some of them, at least, were^jilalnly acts of war, though the Commissioners would have them supposed to be cold-blooded murders, and occurred late in December. So far, therefore, from warrant- ing the supposed extensive massacre of the English, this official account disproves it, and shows how baseless is Claren- don/s^tor^ oi4£MXlCLjO2L5{I^DQ0 English murdered before they knew where they were, or of an incredible number of men, women, and^-children promiscuously slaughtered in ten days, as he elsewhere has it ; or of 154,000 or 300,000 massacred in cold blood. The letters of the Lords Justices during the first months of the Rebellion are equally silent concerning any massacre;^ and their Proclamation of 8th February, 1642, while it falsely charges the Irish with the design, says it had I failed. 2 All the accounts of the time are full of the crowds driven out, not murdered. Six thousand women and children were "saved" by Captain Mervyn in Fermanagh. Great numbers got safe to Derry, Coleraine, Carrickfergus, and went from these parts and other parts, to England. Several 1 Abstract of the Lords Justices' Letter Book, from 1641 till 1644. " Carte Papers," vol. 68. No. 132. 2 This Proclamation is to be found at length in Borlase's " His- tory of the Execrable Irish Rebellion." 62 THE CROMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT thousands got safe to Dublin. In the Count}- of Cavan there were no murders. Bishop JBedel of Kihnore remaiiied. iiL his palace unharmed, his flocks untouched, surrounded by crowds of Enghsh that fled hither as to a port of safety, and lay in his barns and stables, and even on hay in the churchyard.^ Thither fled the Bishop of Elphin and a train of Roscommon exiles, and there he enjoyed such a heaven upon earth for three weeks, that he would willingly have endured another Irish stripping to enjoy again such holy converse. ^ For the Irish never hindered these two Bishops and their poor flocks from using any religious exercises,* though their own was made a criixie ; and seven priests, reprieved by the king, wewB hanged in England at this time, at the angry demand of the House of Commons, simply for saying mass. In November, an Irish priest arrived at Bishop Bedel's, to conduct them to Dublin. The Bishop of Elphin and the rest departed, leaving Bedel and his family behind, who, with holy courage, re- solved to stay.* Bedel died there in February, 1642, and the llrish paid him honour by firing over his grave. His family continued there unmolested till 15th June, 1642, when they fjoined a party of 1,340 English, that by treaty with the Irish were escorted safely to Sir Henry Tichborne's garrison at Drogheda.5 Of the Bishop of Elphin's company not one mis- carried, nor was a thread of the garments that Bedel gave the stript English touched by the rebels on their way, which the 1 " Memeorial of the Life and Episcopate of Dr. A. Bedel of Kil- more. By his son-in-law, Alexander Clogy, Minister of Cavan." Printed for the first time. [Edited by A. W. AValker Wilkin s.] 12mo. London: 1862. 2 Letter of John, Bishop of Elphin, to Ormond, dated 4th Mav, 1682. " Carte Papers." Vol. 39, p. 365. Endorsed by Ormond " Concerning his treatment on ye beginning of ye Rebellion 1641." 3 Clogy, " Life and Episcopate of Bedel." * Bishop of Elphin's letter. 5 Clogy. OF IRELAND. • 63 bishop attributed to Bedel's parting blessing, i not to the fide- lity and care of their guide, or the humanity of the people. Bedel is always represented to have died a prisoner, though he was only removed for a , fortnight to the neighbouring Castle of Cloughouter, by order from Kilkenny, on the ad- vance of an Enghsh force, and then restored to his son-in- law's house. In like manner Sir Phelim O'Neil is handed down by history as the murderer of Lord Caulfeild, his neighbour in the country, and friend in Parliament. Yet he treated him and his family with great care when he sur- prised the fort of Charlemont, on the 23rd of October, 1641 ; and there Lord Caulfeild was kept until the 14th of January, 1642, when he was sent with an escort towards Cloughouter Castle by a similar order, probably from Kilkenny, to that which brought Bishop Bedel thither. They were to rest the first night at Sir Phelim 0 'Neil's manor of Kynard (now Caledon); but as Lord Caulfeild was entering the gate, he was shot in the back by Edmund O'Hugh, a foster-brother of Sir Phelim, and thus murdered in the absence and without the knowledge of Sir Phelim. That Sir Phelim had no part in this murder is certain, for he w^as sorely distressed at it, and had O'Hugh committed to Armagh jail for trial for the murder; but he escaped, whereupon Sir Phelim had the sentry hanged for his connivance or neglect. ^ 1 Bishop of Elphin's letter. 2 This calumny has prevailed in spite of the contemporary re- ports of Sir Phelim's worst enemies in his favour. Thus, — from Dublin, 1641-2 — " The Lord Caulfeild was most barbarously mur- dered at Sir Phelim O'Neale's house, where he was shot dead with a brace of bullets by a foster-brother of Sir Phelim when Sir Phelim was from home. Sir Phelim O'Neale, at his return, caused his foster-brother and two or three villains more to be hanged who were conspirators in the death of the Lord Caulfeild. ' " A Relation of the present State and Condition of Ireland. ' 4to. London: 1641-2. 64 THE CKOMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT If then these official documents give no warrant for the tale of this tremendous massacre, how, it will be asked, did it arise? It must be remembered that the king was at Edinburgh, /collecting evidence against the Inviters, on the 23rd October, il641, when the Irish of Ulster rose in arms. The Parliament jsent a message to the king, announcing the outbreak. The king saw the handle that would be made of any delay on his part in taking steps to suppress the Irish, who alleged a Eoyal Commission for their actings. Yet he was loath to leave Edinburgh till he had completed his task. He, therefore, desired the Parliament to provide for the suppressing of the Irish rebels, intending, no doubt, to be soon back in London, and having treated Pym and the others as they had treated Strafford, to have the Parliament at his feet. On the 23rd of November, 1641, he returned from Edinburgh to White- hall, and discharged the Middlesex trained bands from guard- ing the Houses of Parliament, and appointed others. These the Commons discharged, and ordered halberts to be brought into the House for defence. On the 1st of December, 1641, they presented their Grand Remonstrance ; for they knew of the king's design to cut some of them shorter by the head, and they resolved to be beforehand with him, and to blemish his credit before he could attack theirs. On the 3rd of January, 1642, he sent to arrest the Five Members under an indict- ment signed with his own hand. And on the 4th of January the king entered the House of Commons to arrest Pym and the o'thers, but was foiled, and soon after suddenly left Whitehall, like a beast baffled in his spring, and never entered his palace again until he came thither, seven years afterwards, to pass through the banqueting house to the scaffold for his execution. The king's entering the Commons' House was, in truth, OF IKELAND. 65 the first stroke in the Civil War, though the king's standard was not displayed at Nottingham till 22nd of August, 1642. The interval was spent by both sides in preparation. The king retired towards Hull, where the arms provided for the war against the Scots were deposited. The king attempted to enter the town. Sir John Hotham shut the gates against him. On the 8th of April, 1642, the king sent a message to Par- liament, that he was resolved to go into Ireland to head his army there against the Irish rebels. The Parhament intimated to him by their answer, that they should consider it an abdi- cation. They were persuaded he only intended to go thither to bring his army thence into England. The Parliament had now an interest in the Irish Rebellion. It kept the king's forces in Ireland; it damaged his reputation. The people were encouraged to believe that he and his Popish Queen were the authors of it. Above all, it gave the Parliament the power to raise money and armed men. For under the pre- tence that he had commanded them to provide for the sup- pressing the rebels, they extorted his assent to an Act authorizing subscriptions or adventures of money for raising an army, to be at the Adventurers' command, and officered and paid by them. The lands of the Irish in arms were to satisfy the Adventurers for their advances, but they were not to be sent out to them until the Lords and Commons in Parlia- ment assembled should declare the war to be ended. The king could, therefore, make no peace (they insisted), nor grant any pardons to the Irish ; for the effect would be, to take from the Adventurers lands of the Irish. Thus, the Irish were pro- voked to continue the war, and the king was to be prevented from employing them against the Parliament. In 1643, how- ever, the Parhament having sent Sir H. Vane into Scotland to engage the Scots to advance a second time to their aid, as H 66 THE CBOMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT they had suffered great defeats from the Cavaliers, the king directed Ormond to make a truce or Cessation with the Irish, and send his forces thus disengaged into England. To defeat this design, the Parliaments of England and Scotland passed ordinances, declaring that no quarter should be given to any , Irish coming from Ireland to fight in the king's service; and to damage the king's cause in this crisis, they encouraged the most dreadful charges against the Irish. Nameless writers now propagated the tale of 150,000 English massacred in Ireland by the rebels ; and the story had no better authority until the year 1646, when the king was about to conclude a Peace with the Confederate Catholics, in order to employ their forces against the Parliament. Sir John Temple, who had been im- prisoned by Ormond in 1644, in Ireland, for betraying his duty as a Privy Councillor, in spreading false news against the king, but was now in London, published at this crisis his ac- count of the Irish Eebellion. Its purpose was to obstruct the Peace, and with this view it represented the Irish as the most horrible of mankind. He it is that says, " there were above 300,000 Protestants murdered in cold blood," and is, there- fore, alleged as authority for the tale. But he immediately adds, "or destroyed in some other way, or expelled out of their habitations" ; and not in ten days after the outbreak, but from the 23rd of October, 1641, to the Cessation made on the 15th of September, 1643,^ two years of warfare, in which no quarter was given to the Irish. So that it would be consistent with this statement, that none or but few were murdered in the first six months, and only a hundred in the whole course of dt, and all the rest only driven out. Then it is to be considered jihat every Englishman killed by the Irish was murdered or M massacred. For it is the law that makes killing murder or no 1 " History of the Irish Rebellion." 4to. London: 1646. OF IRELAND. 67 murder; and it is the strongest that make the law. Thus, it was no murder or massacre for Captain Swanley, in May, 1644, to take seventy of the king's soldiers, being part of 150 sent over by Ormond by way of Milford Haven to the king's aid, and captured by Captain Swanley at sea, and to tie them back to back and throw them overboard. ^ For the ParUament had ordained that no quarter should be given to any Irish coming into England to the king's aid. The London papers made merry upon it; they said, " Captain Swanley thus made those who would not take the Covenant, take the water with their heads downwards" ; and that " he made trial if an Irish Cavalier could swim without hands. "^ For this good service the House of Commons ordered him a chain of gold worth £200.3 Nor was it murder for Colonel Mytton to do the like with other soldiers of the king's army sent by Ormond by way of Chester; with this difference, that he tied Anglo-Irish and Irish together.* The Parliament of Scotland, in 1644, had passed a similar ordinance against quarter, by agreement with the Parliament of England. Accordingly, after the defeat of Montrose at Philiphaugh in 1649, all the Irish prisoners taken by his army were massacred. But this was not all. On 23rd December, 1649, the Scottish Parliament "ordained" that all Irish soldiers and their followers in the several prisons of Selkirk, Jedburgh, Glasgow, Dunbarton, and Perth, should be exe- cuted without any assize or process, " conform " to the treaty betwixt both kingdoms passed in Act. In one day, eighty women and children, some being infants at the mother's 1 " Mercurius Aulicus," for May, 1644. 4to. London. 2 " The Scout," " The Scottish Dove," " The Weekly Account." See " Mercurius Aulicus." Ibid. 3 Commons' " Journals," vol. iii., p. 517. * " Micro-Chronicon " for August 17, 1646, in Appendix to " Mercurius Rusticus." 68 THE CKOMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT breast, were cast over a high bridge, and in this way destroyed, only for being the wives and children of Irish soldiers. i But this was no murder, for it was " conform " to law. On the other hand, it was murder for the Irish troops attacking a castle, in 1641, to have killed any of the garrison, if they did not happen to be in the pay of the state. Baron Povey, at the Maryborough assizes in 1665, sen- tenced a man to death for being one of Captain Barnaby Dempsey's regiment at the siege of Ballylinan in 1641, where, twenty-five years before, an English spy had been hanged by order of an Irish court martial . Ten men of Captain Dempsey 's regiment had been hanged the previous assizes, and fifty more were to be tried at the next. Baron Povey declared from the bench that the 500 men were all guilty, and would have hanged all of the regiment that survived, ^ if Lord Ormond had not stopped the proceeding. His own cousin. Colonel Walter Bagnal, had been hanged by the High Court of Justice at Kilkenny, in October, 1652, for a similar act. At the approach of the assizes numbers every year forsook their labours for fear of prosecutions, many of them moved out of malice. ^ Thus, Mary Cooper, widow of Connor O'Brien, of Leiineneagh, in the county of Clare, Esq., deceased, on claiming her join- ture in the Court of Claims in 1662, was charged with murder alleged to be committed in 1642, in order to defeat her claim, of which she was totally ignorant and innocent. Her only 1 Napier, " Life of Montrose," p. 395. 8vo. Edinburgh: 1840. 2 " Colonel John Fitzpatrick to Sir Nicholas Plunket, April 28, 1665." " Carte Papers," vol. xxxiv., p. 100. " Petition of Thomas Hoolahan to Ossory, Lord Deputy ; and Respite of Execu- tion, 18 March, 1665." Ibid., vol. Ix., p. 327. " King's Letter to Lord Deputy to stay prosecutions, as a Bill of Oblivion is under consideration. May 26th, 1665." Ibid., vol. xliii., p. 243. 8 " Ormond, Lord Lieutenant, to the Lord Deputy and Council of Ireland." Dated London, April 29, 1665. Ibid., vol. xlviii., p. 131. OF lEELAND. 69 safety was the king's pardon, which recites these facts as the ground of it.^ And PhiHp Purcell, of Ballyfoyle, in the county of Kilkenny, before he claimed his estate before the Com- missioners, was imprisoned on a charge of murder on the in- formation of some " fanatics " that were in possession, and conspired to deprive him of his life. He, therefore, prayed that he might be bailed, and his trial postponed to the summer assizes, by which time, he doubted not, the Old Protestant interest would be so settled as he might not dis- trust of obtaining an indifferent jury.^ The king, therefore, in 1665, ordered the Attorney-General to see that his subjects should not prosecute any suits against the Irish for wrongs done in 1641, but the Commons of England prayed him to revoke the order. The Act of Obli- vion, passed by the English Parliament in 1660, covered all the acts of the Protestants of Ireland, but none ever passed for the Irish, though expressly promised. So that acts of war are to this day counted against the Irish as mur- ders, while massacres by the English or Scotch are sup- pressed. Thus, Newry surrendered to Marshal Conway and General Munroe, the commanders of the joint English and Scottish armies, on 4th May, 1642, on quarter for life. Yet forty of the townsmen were put to death next day on the bridge, and amongst them " two of the Pope's Pedlars " (so they called two seminary priests) ; and the Scotch soldiers, finding a crowd of Irish women and children hiding under the bridge, took some eighteen of the women, and stript them naked, and threw them into the river and drowned them, shooting them in the water; and more had suffered so, but 1 " King's Letter." Dated August 9th, 16G2. " Carte Papers," vol. Ixii., p. 369. 2 *' His Petition to the Duke of Ormond, Lord Lieutenant," 4th Jan., 1661-2. Ibid., vol. xxxvii., p. 465. 70 THE CEOMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT that Sir James Turner, in command under General Munro, galloped up and stopped his men. They were only copying, he says, the cruel example set them by the English under Conway's command. If it was intended to terrify the Irish, he adds, it failed; for in revenge they put some ministers, prisoners in their hands, to death. ^ All this was published in London in " A True Eelation of the Proceedings of the Scots and English forces in the North of Ireland in 1642." The Parliament ordered (June 8, 1642), the book to be burned, not as false, but as scandalous and to the dishonour of the Scots nation, and the printer to be imprisoned. ^ The Confe- derate Catholics printed, in 1643, a collection of the murders done upon the Irish by the English. The book was burnt at Dublin on 26th June, 1660, by order of the Lord Lieutenant and Council ;3 and on 7th July, 1663, Patrick Booth, a poor sailor, was imprisoned for selling it.' One work out of many written at the time in defence of the Irish, and thus destroyed, has survived. It seems to be a reprint at Kilkenny, in December, 1642, of a work pub- lished in London, in the form of a discourse between a Privy Councillor of Ireland and one of the Council of England. The Privy Councillor of Ireland treats of the causes of the Insur- rection, taking up Irish grievances from the Earl of Strafford's government in 1633, and touches towards the end upon the collection of outrages by the seven despoiled ministers, called the Eemonstrance, which was pubhshed in the month of April, 1 " Memoirs of his own Life and Times." By Sir James Turner, 1632-1670, p. 19. 4to. Printed at Edinburgh, 1829. 2 " Commons Journals for 8th June, 1642," vol. ii., p. 619. 3 " Brief Occurrences touching Ireland, begun the 25th March, 1661." " Carte Papers," vol. Ixiv., p. 442. ■* " Petition of Patrick Rooth, of the City of Dublin, Seaman, Avith the Order for hearing before the Council," Ibid, vol. Ix., p. 377. OF lEELAND. 71 1642.1 jje does not confute the massacre, only because none is charged. His complaint is, that they have given an exag- gerated account of murders and outrages. "Doubtless the Irish did, in many places," he says, " kill men resisting them in their pillaging; but the report of their killing women, or men desiring quarter, and such like inhumanities, were in- ventions to draw contributions, and make the enemy odious. But sure I am (he continues) that there was no such thing done while I was there in Ireland about six months after these stiirres began. And though unarmed, men, women, and children were killed in thousands by command of the Lords Justices, the Irish sent multitudes of our people, both before and since these cruelties done, as well officers and soldiers as women and children, carefully conveyed, to the seaports and other places of safety; so let us call them what we will — bloody inhuman traitors, or barbarous rebels — we have suf- fered ourselves to be much exceeded by them in charity, humanity, and honour." To hear the English complain of massacre in Ireland is about as entertaining as it proved to the Khegians to hear the Carthaginians complain of anything effected by guile. 2 For it was only victory that decided, with her usual comtempt for justice, that the Irish, and not the English, should be noted to the world for massacre. 1 " A Discourse between two Councillors of State, the one of England, and the other of Ireland. Printed at Kilkenny the 10th of December, mdcxlh." Copy in MS. " Carte Papers," vol, iv., No. 54. 2 Plutarch, " Life of Tiinoleon." 72 THE CBOMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT CHAPTEB III. SCHEME FOR A LAST AND PERMANENT CONQUEST OF IRELAND BY PLANTATION, THROUGH A SOCIETY OF ADVENTURERS. AecoEMNG to the's'cheme of the Parliament for suppr^issing the Irish KebeUion, 2,500,000 acres of Irish lands to be forfeited, were offered as security to-those who should advance moneys to.wards raising and paying a private army for subduing the rebels in Ireland.* Th6 moneys, instead of being paid into the King's exchequer, were to be paid to a committee, composed half of members of the House of Commons, and half of sub- scribers to this joint fund, who were to nominate the general and the officers, the king having nothing to say to the force but to sign the officers' commissions. All the Irish saw that this army of Adventurers were coming, like the first invaders un- der Strongbow, to conquer estates for themselves and their employers, and therefore could not but oppose them for the sake of their wives and children, who must be deprived of their homes. They must therefore fight against England, thus represented, and the king be deprived of their aid. The 1 " Petition of divers well affected to the House of Commons, offering to raise and maintain forces on their own charge against the rebels of Ireland, and afterwards to receive their recompense out of the rebells estates," Feb. 11, 1642, p. 553, 4th Rushworth's Collections ; Act for the speedy reducing of the Rebels in Ireland, 16 Charles I. [English], c. 33. " The Adventurers, with their moneys raised under the Act, were to have carried over a brigade of 5000 foot and 500 horse into Munster against the rebels, which business they were to have carried on by officers chosen by themselves, whereby they had the oversight of that business, and laying out their own money for the best advantage of the service." — Reasons of the Committee of Adventurers for refusing to lend moneys on the Ordinance of 15th August, 1645, OF lEELAND. 73 king objected to the Act : it took away from him the power of pardoning the Irish; and he suggested that it must only render them desperate, which in truth was the very purpose of the Parhament, but he dared not refuse his assent. * The measure was received in England as a triumph over the king and the Irish. The subscribers, or Adventurers as they were called, were to have estates and manors of 1,000 acres given to them in Ireland at the following low rates : — In Ulster for £200, in Connaught for £300, in Munster for £450, and in Leinster for £600, and lands proportionably for lesr. sums. The rates by the acre were four shillings in Ulster, six shil- lings in Connaught, eight shillings in Munster, and twelve shillings in Leinster. ' If this plan were carried out, it was to put an end for ever, according to Sir John Bulstrode Whitelock, the Speaker of the House of Commons, to that long and bloody conflict fore- told (with so much truth) by Giraldus Cambrensis.^ Accord- ing to another, it would bring in such sums of money (which are the sinews of war) as would bring the war to a speedy end ; the more certainly as many of the officers of the force would themselves become Adventurers, and thus, in the language of Sallust describing the soldiers of Catiline, they would carry fortune, honour, glory, and riches at their swords points. The work of Queen Elizabeth and James the First, it was said, would now be perfected. The Irish would be rooted out by a new and overwhelming plantation of English: another_England would speedily be found in Ireland, and that prophecy as old as the invasion^ be proved false, that IP. 557; ibid. 2 " Speech at a Conference between the Lords and Commons on 13th February, 1641-2, concerning the Proposition of divers Gentlemen, etc., for the speedy Reducing," &c. Small 4to, London : 1642. 3 Giraldus Canibrensis, B. ii., ch. 33, 74 THE CEOMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT Ireland will not be conquered till just before the day of judgment.^ The Adventurers had their private army of 5000 foot and 500 horse at Bristol, under the orders of Lord Wharton, ready for the invasion of Munster, in the summer of 1642. But the conflict between the king and Parliament growing embittered, he delayed the giving the commissions for the officers ;2 and the civil war having broken out, the Parliament directed Lord Wharton and his force to march against the king ; and on the 23rd October, 1642 (the first anniversary of the Irish rebellion), they were defeated at the battle of Edge Hill, with the rest of the English rebels. The Adventurers finding that the funds they had raised to conquer lands in Ireland were thus misused by the Parliament, it was difficult to obtain further subscriptions, though the measure of land was en- larged to the Irish standard, and afterwards doubled for any Adventurer that would pay in a sum equal to a fourth of his original subscription. But the conflict in England prevented any forces from coming thence for seven years, except a short buccaneering expedition of the Adventurers to the coasts of Munster, under Lord Forbes, in July, 1642. This was a force raised by them under an Ordinance of the House of Commons which accepted their proposals (on 14th April, 1642) to sub- scribe £20,000, to raise six or seven ships and 1200 men, to be repaid hke other adventures by the lands of the Irish. ^ The Adventurers stipulated for the naming of the officers, the hanging and shooting of rebels, and the keeping of what castles they took, and for the dividing amongst them of all the 1 " Fidelity, Valour, and Obedience, of the English declared, and a desire that the present forces now ready to bicker here in England, may be turned against the barbarous Irish rebels. By AValter Meredith, Gent." Small 4to. London: 1642. 2 4th " Rushworth's Collections," p. 776. 3 Ordinance for the Sea Service, 14th April, 1642. Hughes' "Abridgment of all the Acts and Ordinances," &c. 4to. London. OF IKELAND. • 75 spoil. They had no settled service, but were to make waste and havoc. They landed 1200 men at Kinsale, and wasted the neighbourhood, but were beaten back. They thence sailed round to Galway. There Lord Forbes broke the truce made by Lord Clanricard, got possession of St. Mary's Church, dug up the graves, and burnt the coffins and bones of the dead, and required the citizens to sign a submission, express- ing their belief that there was no other means of saving them from extirpation and banishment. He quitted Galway on 10th September, and on his way back to England entered the Limerick river, spoiling mansions on the river side.^ It was not, therefore, until they had put a conclusion to their strife by cutting off the king's head and dethroning the dynasty, that Cromwell, as Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, and general-in-chief of the Commonwealth armies, landed at Eingsend, near Dublin, on the 14th- August, 1649, in order to carry on the war in Ireland. He remained there for nearly nine months, being called back to England on the 29th May, 1650, just after the capture of Clonmel. The war lasted more than two years longer; for it was only on the 27th September, 1653, that the Parliament were enabled to declare the rebellion subdued, and the war appeased and ended. ^ THE DIFFICULTIES OF THE IRISH WAR, AND THE TERMS OFFERED TO THE IRISH. Spenser has described the English method of war in Ire- land. He was an eye-witness of the measures pursued by his master and patron. Lord Grey de Wilton, to subdue Munster, 1 Carte " Life of Ormoiul," vol. i., p. 346. 2 " Ordinance for the Satisfaction of the Adventurers for Lands in Ireland, and the Arrears due to the Soldiery there, 27th Sep- tember, 1653." — Scobell " Acts and Ordinances." 76 THE CEOMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT in 1580. By this method a most populous and plentiful coun- try, he says, was suddenly left void of man and beast, so that (to use the language of the Irish Annalists) the lowing of a cow nor the voice of a herdsman was not heard from Dunquin, in Kerry, to Cashel in Munster.^ It consisted in so placing garrisons as to confine the Irish to some narrow fastnesses. The English then destroyed the cattle and growing crops in the neighbourhood, and removed away or spoiled all those that bordered on those parts, that the enemy might find no succour; and the Irish being closely penned up, and their cattle prevented from running abroad, they were soon con- sumed, and the people starved. ^ ' 'In one year and a half , " says Spenser, "they were brought to such wretchedness, as any stony heart would have rued the sight. Out of every corner of the woods and glynns they came forth on their hands, for their legs could not bear them — they looked like anatomies of death, and spoke like ghosts crying out of the grave ; they flocked to a plot of water-cresses as to a feast, though it afforded them small nourishment, and ate dead carrion, happy when they could find it, and soon after scraped the very carcases out of the graves. "^ Yet this gentle poet only de- scribes this warfare, and all its horrors, in order to recom- mend it for adoption by the Earl of Essex in the war then on foot against Hugh 0 'Neill, Earl of Tyrone ; and suggested that Ulster and Connaught should be thus wasted, and that (to use his own words), after once entering into the course of reform, there be afterwards no remorse or drawing back for the sight of any such rueful objects.* Essex, however, did not carry out 1 " Annals of the Four Masters " at the year 1582. 2 " View of the State of Ireland, written dialoguewise, between Eudoxus and Irentcus, by Edmund Spenser, Esq., in the Year 1596," p. 526, vol. i. of " Collection of Tracts and Treatises illus- trative of Ireland." 2 vols. 8vo. Alexander Thorn, Dublin : 1860. 3 Ibid. 4 Ibid, p. 531. OF IRELAND. 77 this ruthless plan; but Lord Mountjoy, who superseded him, did, burning the houses and destroying the corn and cattle, till the dead lay unburied in the fields in thousands. ^ Carrion and corpses became the food of the survivors ; and, more horrible still, children were killed and eaten, and the poor wretches who Ivilled them were tried and hanged for it by those that drove them to such horrors. ^ Archbishop Ussher, who was ordained on the very day that Tyrone's war was ended by the defeat of the Irish and Spaniards at Kinsale, and therefore speaks of what was within his own knowledge, relates how women were known to lie in wait, and to rush out, like famished wolves, upon a rider, to drag him from his saddle, and to seize and devour the horse. ^ And Dean Bar- nard, his biographer and chaplain, who guarded his master's library at Drogheda during its long siege by the Irish in 1G41 and 1642, says, the inhabitants being all destroyed by the English garrison for fifteen miles round, and the dogs only surviving, they fed on their master's dead bodies and had become so dangerous for passengers that the soldiers were careful to kill them also.* The war in Ireland in 1650 was of the same nature ; but the resistance was more general ; for the ancient English, and all the towns, who were upon the Queen's side in Tyrone's, and all former wars, were now united with the Irish. The process consequently was longer, because the English forces were comparatively fewer : the methods were the same. It may seem strange to hear counted as military weapons issued from the store at Waterford, among swords, pikes, powder, shot, bandaliers and match, 1 Fynes' Morison's " Itinerary," and " The History of Hugh O'Neill, Earl of Tyrone's, Rebellion, and its Suppression," p. 237. Folio. London : 1617. 2 Idem, p. 271. 3 " Life of Primate Ussher," by Dean Barnard, p. 67. 12mo. London : 1656. * " Dean Barnard's Siege of Drogheda." 78 THE CEOMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT "eighteen dozen of scythes with handles and rings, forty reape hooks, and whetstones and rubstones proportional" ;i but with these the soldiers cut down the growing crop, in order to starve the Irish into submission. 2 Not less strange is it to hear of the Bible being served out of store, with their other ammunition, to the army. Yet we find Bibles issued on 3rd August, 1652, by the Commis- sary of Stores to the several companies of foot and troops of horse within the precinct of Dublin, according to muster, one Bible to every file;^ and on the 17th of the same, 100 Bibles for the use of the forces within the precinct of Gal way, for the propagation of the Gospel ; and the several Commissaries of Musters were to see the Bibles regularly mustered and ac- counted for by the officer commanding each troop and com- pany.* Thus realizing literally Sir John Clotworthy's decla- ration, made a few years before, that religion must be propagated in Ireland with the Bible in one hand, and the sword in the other. For, " Here, in the saddle of one steed, The Saracen and Christian rid : Was free of every spiritual order, To preach and fight, and pray and murder." And truly they had no bloodier instrument than the Bible in all their arsenal of war. 1 A (82), p. 281. 2 " Dublin, 1st July, 1650.— Last Monday, Colonel Hewson, with a considerable body from hence, marched into Wicklow. Colonel Hewson doth now intend to make use of scythes and sickles that were sent over in 1649, with which they intend to cut down the corn growing in those parts which the enemy is to live upon in the winter time, and thereby, for want of bread and cattle, the Tories may be left destitute of provisions, and so forced to submit and quit those places. — Dublin, 1st July, 1651." Letters of the Commissioners for Ireland to the Parliament, A (2), p. 7. 3 A (2), p. 224. *Ibid., p. 304. OF IKELAND. 79 On the 1st January, 1651-2, the Parhament (so the Commis- sioners report) had in Ireland an army of 30,000 men ; but they had 350 garrisons and miUtary posts to maintain, and 100 more to plant; while the Irish had an equal number of men, all of them, except those in their towns and garrisons in Connaught, in woods, bogs, and other fastnesses of the greatest advantage to them, and from which there was no dislodging them. They describe the country as almost everywhere interlaced with great bogs, with firm woody grounds like islands in the middle, approached by a narrow pass where only one horse could go abreast, easily broken up, so that no horse could attack them ; but in and out the Irish could pass over the wet and quaking bog by ways known only to themselves, whereby they could attack or escape at pleasure. To place garrisons near their fastnesses, to lay waste the adjacent country, allowing none to inhabit there on pain of death, was the course taken to subdue the Irish. ^ The consequence was, that the country was reduced to a howling wilderness. In his circuitous march from Waterford to the siege of Limerick, in November, 1650 — a dis- tance, he says, of 150 Irish miles — Iretonpassed through dis- tricts of thirty miles together, with hardly a house or any liv- ing creature to be seen, only ruins and desolation in a plain and pleasant land.^ Three-fourths of the stock of cattle were destroyed. In 1653, cattle had to be imported from Wales into Dublin ;3 it required a license to kill lamb. Mrs. Alice Bulkeley, widow, on 17th March, 1652, "in consideration of 1 " Some particulars humbly offered to consideration, in order to the breaking of the enemy's strength, and lessening the charge of England in managing the affairs of Ireland. Commissioners for Ireland to the Council of State in England, dated 1 January, 1652." A (2), p. 288. 2 " Mercur. Polit.," p. 313. aPetty's " Political Anatomy of Ireland," 1672, vol. ii., p. 26. " Tracts and Treatises on Ireland." Alexander Thom, Dublin: 1860. 80 THE CEOMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT her ould age and weakness of body," was licensed to kill and dress, notwithstanding the Declaration of the Commissioners for the Affairs of Ireland, so much lamb as should be necessary for her own use and eating, not exceeding three lambs for that whole year.i Tillage had ceased : the English themselves were near starving. Soldiers and officers were encouraged, there- fore, to till the land round their posts, 2 and such of the Irish not in arms as would come down from their fastnesses and raise crops within the line of a garrison, until the Parliament of Eng- land should declare their intentions towards the Irish nation, were promised the benefit of their tillage. ^ The revenue from all sources, even in 1654, did not amount to £200,000 (exact, £198,000). The cost of the army exceeded £500,000.* It became important, therefore, to come to some terms with the Irish. The Commissioners for Ireland reported that the natives were of opinion that the Parliament intended them no mercy. At length, on 12th May, 1652, the Leinster army of the Irish surrendered on terms signed at Kilkenny/ which were adopted 1 A (82), p. 721. 2 Waste and untenanted lands to be let to officers and soldiers of the garrison for five years, from 25th March, 1653, at reason- able rents, free of contribution, on condition that they till and manure, and sow one-third of arable land with corn, and occupy. A (82), p. 12. 3 " The stock of cattle in this country are almost spent, so that above four parts in five of the best and most fertile lands in Ire- land lye waste and uninhabited, which threatens great scarcity here; for prevention whereof, declarations have been issued forth for encouragement of the Irish to till their lands, promising them the enjoyment of their crop, as also for enforcing those that are removed to the mountains to return. Dublin, 1 July, 1651. Commissioners for Ireland to the Council of State in England." A (2), p. 12. * " Memoir on the Mapped Surveys of Ireland from 1640 to 1688, remaining in the late Auditor-General for Ireland's Office, by W. H. Hardinge, " Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy " for 1862, p. 7. 5 A (90), p. 103. OF IKELAND. 81 successively by the other principal armies between that time and the September following, when the Ulster forces surren- dered. By these Kilkenny articles, all except those who were guilty of the first blood, were received into protection, on laying down their arms; those who should not be satisfied wdth the conclusions the Parliament might come to concerning the Irish nation, and should desire to transport themselves with their men to serve any foreign state in amity with the Parliament, should have liberty to treat with their agents for that purpose. But the Commissioners undertook faithfully and really to me^ diate with the Parliament to their utmost endeavours, that they might enjoy such a remnant of their lands as might make their lives comfortable who lived amongst them, or for the maintenance of the families of such of them as should go beyond seas, SCHEMES FOR THE NEW PLANTING OF IRELAND. Under this destructive system of war, the country was be- coming a waste, without cattle, and without inhabitants. The taxation to support the army was continually increasing on the parts of the country under protection, and amounted to double the rent in the former times of peace. Soldiers who had taken farms were throwing them up.^ The Irish under pro- 1 11 January, 165.3. On reading the petition of the inhabitants of the barony of Shileloglier, in the county of Kilkenny, complain- ing of the assessment, the Commissioners of Revenue were directed, if they found that the persons who took waste lands in the said barony have deserted them, they are to compel such persons to stand to their agreements, and the rents and contri- butions payable by such persons to be allowed to the petitioners for the better enabling them to pay their monthly contribution [i.e., a like amount to be deducted from the monthly assessment •of the barony, as the parties deserting their holdings ought to have paid]. A (82), p. ,542. 7 January, 1635. On reading the petition of the inhabitants of the barony of Cranagh, in the county of Kilkenny, ordered, if it be true, a,s js suggested, that mauy have thrown up their I 82 THE CROMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT tection were quitting the' English quarters with their cattle, unable to endure the grinding taxation, and flying to the mountains again ; and the charge to be supplied from England was continually increasing. There was only one remedy for these evils — to plant and inhabit the country, and reduce the army. The officers of the army were eager to take Irish lands in lieu of their arrears, * though it does not appear that the com- mon soldiers were, who had small debentures and no capital, and no chance of founding families and leaving estates to their posterity. But the Adventurers must be first settled with, as they had a claim to about one million of acres, to satisfy the sums advanced for putting down the rebellion on the faith of the Act of 17 Charles I. (A.D. 1642), and subse- quent Acts and Ordinances, commonly called " The Acts of Subscription." By these, lands for the Adventurers must be first ascertained, before the rest of the country could be free for disposal by the Parliament to the army. Pressed with these considerations, the Commissioners for Ireland, on the 1st of January, 1652, proposed to the Council of State in England, that the Adventurers should cast lots for their lands presently, notwithstanding the war was not over; and they suggested that four allotments, one in each province, amply sufficient to pay the Adventurers, should be made, and that they should then cast lots to ascertain in which of therti their proportion should be fixed ; the first lot to consist of the counties of Limerick, Kerry, and Clare in Munster ; and Galway in Connaught; the second, of the counties of Kilkenny, Wex- farms which they had taken, casting them as a burthen upon the said barony, that such persons stand to their bargains, and dis- charge the rents and duties falling on their holdings. A (82), p. 523. 1 " Some proposals humblj^ offered by a General Council of officers to the General and Commissioners of Parliament, 22 Octo- ber, 1652." lb., p. 47, OF IKELAND. 83 ford, Wicklow, and Carlow, in Leiuster ; the third, of the coun- ties of Westmeath and Longford in Leinster, and Cavan and Monaghan in Ulster ; the fourth of the counties of Fermanagh and Donegal in Ulster, and Leitrim and Shgo in Connaught.^ By which it appears, that they had not as yet determined on the transplantation of the Irish to Connaught, but still adhered to the plan of the Adventurers' Act, that the lands should be taken equally out of the four provinces. They also proposed that the soldiers should have lands in their quar- ters, as well for their arrears as in lieu (for part at least) of their present pay. They would thus be encouraged to follow husbandry, and to maintain their own interest as well as that of the Common wealth. 2 The Adventurers, therefore, were directed on 30th January, 1652, to attend the Committee of Parliament sitting in the Speaker's Chamber at West- minister, and propose a form of speedy plantation. The Adventurers had been very urgent during the whole course of the war for lands to be set out to them. In J 645, they demanded to be put in possession of the houses belonging to the Irish in Cork, Kinsale, and Youghal, with lands adjacent, and to be given other lands in Munster as they should be con- ^ quered from the rebels. ^ On the 12th of May, 1652, the Com- mittee of Parliament offered to move the House to have lands set out to them in Leinster and Munster to satisfy their ad- ventures, if they would undertake to fully plant their propor- tions within three years from the 29th of September follow- ing, with Protestants of any nation (saving Irish). They should also have forfeited houses in seaports and walled towns at 1 A (2), p. 290. 2 A (2), p. 289. 3 P. II., " Reasons offered by a Committee of Adventurers for refusing to lend Moneys on the Ordinance of 15th August, 1645, for raising Moneys for Ireland for six months from November, 1645." Small 4to. London. 84 THE CEOMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT easy rates on leases for years. ^ Now they declared, if the Par- liament insisted on a speedy plantation, they were undone. The war was not over — people feared the Tories. No plan was proposed for their security. The Irish were to be re- moved. Men were hard to be got in England for tenants and labourers, as they saw that the government would have to give people land in Ireland for nothing, as there must be many milHons of acres still left after satisfying the Adventurers and soldiers, which must be waste and untenanted, unless given away to prevent them from being reoccupied by the Irish. That labourers were scarce, by reason of the many forests and chaces lately disafforested in England, and then under improvement. There were inany eminent persons, as the Earl of Cork and others, even in Munster, owners of estates not forfeited, but still desolated, who must replant them, and would outbid the Adventurers, unless they had good terms. '^ They accordingly demanded to be paid in lands in such parts of Munster, Kilkenny, and (if need be) in other parts of Lein- ster most contiguous, as they should choose ; that they should have the city of Waterford, and such towns as they should point out, preserved for them; that they should be well guarded. But they refused to be put under conditions to plant in any limited time, and demanded that they should be free of taxes while planting. The lands, they said, were their own by dear purchase. As the counties were laid out, they could not plant together. Houses in towns they hoped to enjoy in fee, — not for years. They dared not build in that land of desolation till the Tories should be destroyed. ^ Unless they should be greatly favoured, they must be forced to plant on such terms that the 1 " Carte Papers," vol. Ixx., p. 256. 2 " Carte Papers," vol. Ixx., p. 235. 3 Ibid., p. 257. OP IBELAND. 85 labourers would grow rich, and the Adventurers poor, as many- did in New England. And if the first Adventurers should prove unsuccessful, it might cast such a damp upon the spirits of others, like a dismal discomfit in the beginning of a battle, as they would hardly be brought on again on any conditions. ^ The government, however, still pressed for a speedy plantation. They wished to limit them to three years, and the lands not then planted and inhabited to be forfeited. To which the Adventurers gave for final answer, that it would take 40,000 labourers and their families to execute such a work, for whom no housing was provided, no guards against Tories, and that to attempt it would be to destroy the l^lantation.^ The officers of the army were at the same time urging that the army should have lands set out to them forthwith for their arrears. There was no way of preventing a further in- crease of the charge that weighed upon England, but by planting the country, and reducing the forces by degrees, and with as much speed as might be consistent with safety. And they proposed that one or more counties should be allotted to the Adventurers, adequate to their demands, and others to the army, that so the planting by the Adventurers and by the gradually disbanding army might go on together. As the utmost speed was necessary for the relief of England, they proposed that the army should have lands for their arrears at the same rates as they were given by the Act of 1642 to the ' Adventurers, called the Act rates, namely, lands in Leinster at 12s. per acre; in Munster, at 8s.; in Connaught, at 6s.; and in Ulster, at 4s. To value the several estates and farms in 1 Proposals of the Adventurers, dated April 5, 1652. Carte MSS., Bodleian Library, " Ireland," vol. x., pp. 230-236. 2 " Adventurers' remarks upon the Proposals of the Committee of Parliament for the Planting of Ireland, sitting in the Speaker's Chamber, 23rd December, 1652." lb., p. 257. 86 THl^ CROMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT a convenient time, would require more fit valuers than could be found, would cost more than the revenue could bear, and the army and its pay (drawn from England) must continue. Moreover, it would be a very uncertain valuation, the lands being in many places waste, the inhabitants destroyed or gone, so as there were none to give evidence of the value when they were inhabited. And, lastly, the Ordinance of the year 1643, allowing officers of the army to become Adven- turers to the extent of their pay on the same terms as the Adventurers, was a precedent for paying the whole army their arrears now at the Act rates. ^ On 23rd December, 1652, pursuant to this reasoning, the Committee of Parliament reported to the House that the ten counties after mentioned should be set out between the Adventurers and soldiers, at the same rates to soldiers as Adventurers; the soldiers' pro- portions to be measured out to them according to the number of acres, and not according to the yearly value. The private soldiers, troopers, and non-commissioned officers to have their lots at the same rates as Adventurers ; all lieutenants of horse and foot, cornets, ensigns, and quarter-masters at two-thirds of the same rates; all captains, and officers above that degree, at half those rates, as encouragement plainly to the rank and file of the army to plant. With the same view, if any private soldier of horse or foot should desire to have an allowance in gross for his arrears, the Committee suggested that he should have ten acres of land for every year of his service. ^ DEPARTURE OF THE SWORDMEX Foil SP.\IN. But one of the first steps towards planting was to get rid of the disbanded Irish soldiery. Foreign nations were ap- 1 A (82), p. 391. 2 " Carte Papers." Vol. Ixx., p. 253. OF ICELAND. 87 prised by the Kilkenny Articles that the Irish were to be allowed to engage in the service of any state in amity with the Commonwealth. The valour of the Irish soldier was well known abroad. From the time of the Munster Plantation by Queen Elizabeth, numerous exiles had taken service in the Spanish army. There were Irish regiments serving in the Low Countries. The Prince of Orange declared they were born soldiers;! and Henry IV. of France pubHcly called Hugh O'Neil the third soldier of the age, 2 and he said there was no nation made better troops than the Irish when drilled. Sir John Xorris, who had served in many countries, said he knew no nation -where there were so few fools or cowards. Agents from the King of Spain, the King of Poland, and the Prince de Conde, were now contending for the services of Irish troops. Don Eicardo White, in May, 1652, shipped 7,000 in batches from Waterford, Ivinsale, Galway, Limerick, and Bantry, for the King of Spain. ^ Colonel Christopher Mayo got liberty in September, 165'2, to beat his drums to raise 3,000 for the same king.* Lord IMuskerry took 5,000 to the King of 1 '• There lives not a people more hardy, active, and painful, neither is there any will endure the miseries of warre, as famine, watching, heat, cold, wet, travel, and the like, so naturally, and with such facility and courage that they do. The Prince of Orange's Excellency uses often publiquel.y to de- liver that the Irish are souldiers the first day of their birth. The famous Henry IV., late King of France, said there would prove no nation so resolute martial men as they, would they be ruly, and not too headstrong. And Sir James Norris was wont to ascribe this particular to that nation above others, that he never beheld so few of any country as of Irish that were idiots and cowards, which is verv notable." P. 219, " Advertisement for Ireland," MS., folio (A.D. 1615), Librarv of Trin. Coll., Dublin, F. 3, 16. 2 " Se ipsum primum esse significans," &c., " meaning himself to be the first, and the illustrious Count de Fuentes the second; as testified tu this day by the most noble the Count D'Ossunia, late Viceroy of Naples and Sicily, in whose presence he said so." Lynch's " Alithinologia," vol. ii., p. oO. 3 A (82), p. 205. 4 1})., p. :v:n. 88 THE CROMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT Poland.^ In July, 1654, 3,500, commanded by Colonel Edmund Dwyer, went to serve the Prince de Cond^.^ Sir Walter Dungan and others got liberty to beat their drums in different garrisons to a rallying of their men that laid down arms with them in order to a rendezvous, and to depart for Spain. 3 They got permission to march their men together to the different ports, their pipers perhaps playing " Ha til. Ha til, Ha til, mi tulidh " — We return, we return no more ;* or more probably, after their first burst of passionate grief at leaving home and friends for ever was over, marching gaily to the lively strains of Garryowen. Between 1651 and 1654, thirty-four thousand (of whom few ever saw their loved native land again) were transported into foreign parts. ^ THE SEIZING OF WIDOWS, GIRLS, AND ORPHANS TO SEND TO THE BARBADOES. While the Government were thus employed in clearing the ground for the Adventurers and soldiers, by making the no- bility and gentry of Ireland withdraw to Connaught and the 1 " On reading the within petition of John Gould, in behalf of the Lord Muskerry, who has license to transport 5,000 men out of Ireland to the service of any prince in amity with the Common- wealth, praying that while his lord is now in treaty with the Polish ambassador for those men they may not be trans- planted : It is ordered, &c Dublin, 12th February, 1655." A (4), p. 426. 2 A (32), p. 112. 3 A (84), p. 342. * The tune with which the departing Highlanders usually bid farewell to their native shores. Preface to Sir Walter Scott's " Legend of Montrose." 6 Sir W. Petty's " Political Anatomy " (published A.D. 1672), p. 27. " The chiefest and eminentest of the nobility and many of the gentry have taken conditions from the King of Spain, and have transported 40,000 of the most active spirited men, most acquainted with the dangers and discipline of war." P. 20. " The Great Case of Transplantation in Ireland discussed," [by Vincent Gookin] . Small 4to. London : 1655. OP IRELAND. ' 89 soldiery to Spain, ' ' where they could wish the whole nation, ' '^ ? they had agents actively employed through Ireland, seizing women, orphans, and the destitute, to be transported to Barbadoes and the English Plantations in America. It was a measure beneficial they said to Ireland, which was thus relieved of a population that might trouble the Planters; it was a benefit to the people removed, who might thus be made English and Christians ;2 and a great benefit to the West India sugar planters, who desired the men and boys for their bondmen, and the women and Irish girls in a country where they had only Maroon women and Negresses to solace them. The thirteen y;ears' war, from 1641 to 1654, followed by the departure of 40,000_Lrish soldiers, with the chief nobility and gentry, to Spain, had left behind a vast mass of widows and deserted wives with destitute families. There were plenty of other persons too, who, as their ancient pro- perties had been confiscated, " had no visible means of liveli- hood." Just as the King of Spain sent over his agents to treat with the Government for the Irish swordmen, the mer- chants of Bristol had agents treating with it for men, women, and girls, to be sent to the sugar plantations in the West Indies. The Commissioners for Ireland gave them orders upon the governors of garrisons, to deliver to them prisoners of war ; upon the keepersof^aolSjJor offenders in custody ; upon masters of workhouses, for the destitute in their care " who were of an age to labour, or if women were marriageable and not past breeding;" and gave directions to all in authority to seize those who had no visible means of livelihood, and de- 1 " The garrison of Roscommon Castle yielded upon that which we adjudged moderate terms amongst us, which is, for the Government to transport a regiment for Spain, where ire could ^i-ish the whole nation." Letter from Athlone, 12th April, 1652. '■ Severall Proceedings in Parliament," &c., p. 2146. 2 Letter of Henry Cromwell, 4tli Thurloe's " State Papers." 90 THE CI^O^IWELLIAN SETTLEMEKT liver them to these agents of the Bristol sugar merchants, in execution of which latter direction Ireland must have ex- hibited scenes in every part like the slave hunts in Africa. How ■ many girls of gentle birth must have been caught and hurried to the private prisons of these men-catchers none can tell. We are told of one case. ^Daniel Connery, a gentleman of Clare, was sentenced, inMorison's presence, to banishment, in 1657, by Colonel Henry Ingoldsby, for harbouring a priest. " This gentleman had a wife and twelve children. His wife fell U)' sick, and died in poverty. Three of his daughters, beautiful girls, were transported to the West Indies, to an island called the Barbadoes; and there, if still alive (he says) they are" miserable slaves."^ \But at last the evil became too shocking and notorious, particularly when these dealers in Irish flesh . I began to seize the daughters and children of the English them- i^^ selves, and to force them on board their slave ships; then, i indeed, the orders, at the end of four years, were revoked. ] Messrs. Sellick and Leader, Mr. Robert Yeomans, Mr.jj, Joseph Lawrence, and others, all of Bristol, were activd f ^ agents. 'As one instance out of many : — Captain John Vernon > was employed by the Commissioners for Ireland into England, and contracted in their behalf with Mr. David Sellick and '^^53 Mr. Leader under his hand, bearing date the 14th September, f., i 1653, to supply them with two hundred and fifty women of the Irish nation above twelve years, and under the age of forty-five, also three hundred men above twelve years of age, and under fifty, to be found in the country within twenty miles of Cork, Youghal, and Kinsale, Waterford, and Wex- ford, to transport them into New England. 2. Messrs. Sellick and Leader appointed their shipping to repair to Kinsale ; but 1 Morison's " Threnodia Hiberno-Ctitholica," Innsbruck, 1659, p. 287. 2 A (84), p. 6G3. OF lEELAKD. SI Roger Boyle, Lord Broghill (afterwards Earl of Orrery), whose name, like that of Sir C. Coote, seems ever the prelude of woe to the Irish, suggested that the required number of men and women might be had from among the wanderers and persons who had no means of getting their livelihood in the county of Cork alone. Accordingly, on the 23rd of October, 1653, he was empowered to search for them and arrest them, and to deliver them to Messrs. Sellick and Leader, who were to be at all the charge of conducting them to the water side, and maintaining them from the time they received them ; and no person, being once apprehended, was to be released but by special order in writing under the hand of Lord Broghill. ^ Again, in January, 1654, the Governors of Carlow, Kil- kenny, Clonmel, Wexford, Ross, and Waterford, had orders to arrest and deliver to Captain Tlionias Morgan, Dudley North, and John Johnson, English merchants, all wanderers, men and women, and such other Irish within their precincts as should not prove they had such settled course of. industry as yielded them a means of their own to maintain them, all such children as were in hospitals or workhouses, all prison- ers, men and women, to be transported to the West Indies. The governors were to guard the prisoners to the ports of shipping; but the prisoners were to be provided for and main- tained by the said contractors, and none to be discharged except by order under the hand and seal of the governor ordering the arrest. 2 It is easy to imagine the deeds done under such a power ! On the 22n(l December of the same year, orders were issued prohibiting all the shipping in any harbour in Ireland boimd for Barbadoes, and other English j)lantations, from weighing anchor until searched, in order that any persons found to have been seized \\ithout warrant should be delivered. 1 A (S-l), p. 66.1. 2 A (85), p. 66. m THE CKOMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT All measures, lio\\ever, were vain to prevent the most cruel captures as long as these EngHsh slave dealers had re- course to Ireland. In the course of four years they had seized and shipped about 0,400 Irish, men and women, boys and maidens, when on the 4th of March, 1655, all orders were re- voked. These men-catchers employed persons (so runs the order) y' to delude poor people by false pretences into by- places, and thence they forced them on board their ships. The persons employed had so much a piece for all they so deluded, and for the money sake they were found to have enticed and forced women from their children and husbands, — children from their parents, who maintained them at school ; and they had not only dealt so with the Irish, but also with the English, "-^which last was the true cause, probably, of the Commissioners for Ireland putting an end to these pro- ceedings.^ Yet not quite an end. In 1655 Admiral Penn added Jamaica to the empire of England; and, colonists being wanted, the Lord Protector applied to the Lord Henry Cromwell, then Major-General of the Forces in Ireland, to engage 1,500 of the soldiers of the army in Ireland to go thither as planters, and to secure a thousand young Irish girls ("Irish wenches" is Secretary Thurloe's term), to be sent there also.^ Henry Cromwell answered that there would be no difficulty, only that force must be used in taking them;* and he suggested the addi- tion of from 1,500 to 2,000 boys of from twelve to fourteen years of age. " We could well spare them," he adds, " and they might be of use to you ; and who knows but it might be a means to make them Englishmen — I mean. Christians?"* The numbers finally fixed were 1,000 boys, and 1,000 girls, to 1 A (10), p. 283. 2 4th vol. Thurloe's " State Papers," p. 75. 3 lb., p. 23. 4 lb., p. 40. OF IRELAND. 93 sail from Galway in October, 1655, ^ — the boys as bondmen, probably, and the girls to be bound by other ties to these English soldiers in Jamaica. ^ IREL.\ND .ASSIGNED TO THE ADVENTURERS AND SOLDIERS. The discussions concerning the setting out of lands to the Adventurers and soldiers carried on between the Council of the army and the Commissioners for the Affairs of Ireland in that kingdom, and between the Committee of Parliament and the Adventurers in England, occupied the whole of the year 1652 ; but caused in point of fact no loss of time, for the war was still raging, and there could be no planting. Towards the close of the year 1653, the island seemed sufficiently desolated to allow the English to occupy it. On the 26th of September in that year, the Parliament passed an Act for the new planting of Ireland with English. The government reserved for themselves all the towns, all the church lands and tithes ; for they abolished all arch- bishops, bishops, deans, and other officers, belonging to that hierarchy, and in those days the Church of Christ sat in Chichester House on College-green.* They reserved also for themselves the four counties of Dublin, Kildare, Carlow, and Cork. Out of the houses, lands, and tithes, thus reserved, the 1 4th vol. Thm-loe's " State Papers," p. 100. 2 Miiller, the painter at Berlin, was stated to be engaged in 1859 on a picture representing the seizing and transporting of these Irish girls to the West Indies. See the Newspapers of the 21st Feb., 1859. 3 " Whereas Mr. Thomas Hicks is by the Church of Christ meeting at Chichester House approved as one fully qualified to preach and dispense tlie gospel .... he is appointed to preach the gospel at Stillorgan, and other places in the barony of Rath- down, in the county of Dublin, as often as the Lord shall enable him, and in such places as the Lord shall make his ministry most effectual. Dated 12 September, 1659. Thomas Herbert, Clerk of the Council." " Book of Establishments," p. 181. 94 THE CKOMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT government were to satisfy public debts, private favourites, eminent friends of the republican cause in Parliament, regi- cides, and the most active of the English rebels, not being of the army. They next made ample provision for the Adventurers. The amount due to the Adventurers was £360,000. This they divided into three lots, of which £110,000 was to be satisfied in Munster, £205,000 in Leinster, and £45,000 in Ulster, and the moiety of ten counties was charged with their payment; — Waterford, Limerick, and Tipperary, in Munster; Meath, Westmeath, Iving's and Queen's Counties in Leinster; and Antrim, Down, and Armagh, in Ulster. But, as all was re- quired by the Adventurers' Act to be done by lot, a lottery was appointed to be held in Grocers' Hall, London, for the 20th July, 1653, to begin at 8 o'clock in the morning, when lots should be first drawn in which province each Adventurer was to be satisfied, not exceeding the specified amounts in any province ; lots were to be drawn, secondly, to ascertain in which of the ten counties each Adventurer was to receive his land — the lots not to exceed in Westmeath £70,000, in Tipperary £60,000, in Meath £55,000, in King's and Queen's Counties £40,000 each, in Limerick £30,000, in Waterford £20,000, in Antrim, Down and Armagh, £15,000 each. And, as it was thought it would be a great encouragement to the Adventurers (who were for the most part merchants and tradesmen), about to plant in so wild and dangerous a country, not yet subdued, to have soldier planters near them, these ten counties, when surveyed (which was directed to be done immediately, and returned to the committee for the lottery at Grocers' Hall), were to be divided, each county, by baronies, into two moieties, as equally as might be, without dividing any barony. A lot was then to be drawn by the Adventurers, and by some officer appointed by the Lord OF lllELAND. yo General Cromwell on behalf of the soldiery, to ascertain which baronies in the ten counties should be for the Adven- turers, and which for the soldiers. The rest of Ireland, except Connaught, was to be set out amongst the officers and soldiers, for their arrears, amount- ing to £1,550,000, and to satisfy debts of money or provisions due for supplies advanced to the army of the Commonwealth, amounting to £1,750,000. Connaught was by the Parliament reserved and appointed for the habitation of the Irish nation ; and all English and Protestants having lands there, who should desire to remove out of Connaught into the provinces inhabited by the English, were to receive estates in the English parts, of equal value, in exchange. ^ 1 "For the satisfaction of the Adventurers for Lands in Ireland, out of the arrears due to the Souldiery here, and of other Pub- lique Debts." Scobell's " Acts and Ordinances for the year 1653," chap. xii. 96 THE CBOMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT CHAPTEE IV. THE TRANSPLANTATION. THE FIRST TRUMPET. When the Irish forces laid down arms in 1650, they could scarce have anticipated the measures adopted towards them, two years later, by the Parliament of England. Many of the Irish gentry embarked, in the years 1650 and 1651, for Spain. Those who stayed behind had famihes, that prevented them from following their example ; they returned to their former neighbourhoods, took up their abode in the offices attached to their mansions, or shared the dwellings of some of their late tenants, — their mansions being occupied by some English officer or soldier, — and employed themselves in tilling the lands they had lately owned as lords. Let us conceive the dismay of a poor nobleman, with his wife and daughters, thus employed on the evening of the first market day, after the 11th October, 1652, when some neighbour came to announce the news proclaimed by beat of drum and sound of trumpet in the adjoining town.i It was, in fact, the proscription c, the nation. If he had been a colonel or a superior officer the army, as almost all the highest were, it was a sentence 1 " The Parliament of the Commonwealth of England having by one Act lately passed (entitled an Act for the Settling of Ire- land) declared that it is not their intention to extirpate this whole nation, but that mercy and pardon for life and estate be extended to all husbandmen, plowmen, labourers, artificers, and others of the inferior sort, in such manner as in and by the said Act is set forth ; for the better exec^^tion of the said Act, and that timely notice may be given to all persons therein concerned, it is ordered that the Governor and Commissioners of Revenue, OF IRELAND. 97 of confiscation and banishment; and a separation from his now beggared wife and daughters, the partners of his miseries, unless he had the means of bringing tliem abroad with him. The Earl of Ormond, Primate Bramhall, and all the Ca- tholic nobility, and many of the gentry, were declared in- capable of pardon of life or estate, and were banished. The rest of the nation were to lose their lands, and take up their residence wherever the Parliament of England should order. ^ On 26th September, 1653, all the ancient estates and farms of the people of Ireland were declared to belong to the Ad- venturers and the army of England ; and it was announced that the Parliament had assigned Connaught (America was not then accessible), for the habitation of the Irish nation, whither they must transplant with their wives, and daughters, and children, before the 1st of May following (1654), under penalty of death, if found on this side of the Shannon after that day. It might, perhaps, be imagined that this fearful sentence was a penalty upon the Irish for the supposed massacre of 300,000 English. But death, not banishment, was the punish- ment of blood; and the class most likely to be guilty of blood, — the ploughmen, labourers, and others of the lower order of poor people, — were excepted from transplantation. They willingly entertained all the young and laborious com- or any two or more of them, within every precinct in this nation, do cause the said Act of Parliament with this present declara- tion to be published and proclaimed in their respective precincts by beat of drumme and sound of trumpett , on some markett day, within tenn days after the same shall come unto tliem within their respective precincts. " Dated at the Castle of Kilkenny, this 11th October, 1652. " Edmund Ludlow, Miles Cohbet, " John Jones, R. Weaver." A (82), p. 367. - 1 Act for the Settling of Ireland, passed 12th August, 1652. Scobell's " Acts and Ordinances." K §8 THE CEOMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT monalty, who were ever most active and ready for mischief; they banished only from amongst them the more cautious and prudent proprietors, said Sir Eobert Talbot and Colonel Moore. 1 The nobility and gentry of ancient descent, pro- prietors of landed estates, were incapable of murder or massacre ; but it was they that were particularly required to transplant. Their properties were wanted for the new Eng- hsh Planters. The Ulster gentry (whites Sir George Hamil- ton to Ormond on 1st July, 1659) are all transplanted to Leitrim; but the common people remain, and are eager for action. 2 There is an anecdote told by an English monk of the order of the Friars Minors, who must have dwelt, disguised probably (a not uncommon incident), as a soldier or servant, in the household of Colonel Ingoldsby, Governor of Limerick, that explans the reason why the common people were to be allowed to stay, and the gentry required to transplant. He heard the question asked of a great Protestant statesman (" magnus hereticus consiliarius "), who gave three reasons for it: — First, he said, they are useful to the English as earth-tillers and herdsmen; secondly, deprived of their priests and gentry, and living among the English, it is hoped they will become Protestants; and, thirdly, the gentry without their aid must work for themselves and their families, and so in time turn into common peasants, or die if thev don't. 3 1 Petition of the Irish Nobility and Gentry, presented to the King in 1660. 2 Dated " The Hague." Carte Papers, ccxiii., 189. 3 " Threnodia Hiberno-Catholica, sive Planctus imiversalis totius Cleri et Populi Regni Hibernije," &c. [" The Wail of the Irish Catholics; or, Groans of the whole Clergy and People of the Kingdom of Ireland, in which is truly set forth an Epitome of the unheard of and transcendental Cruelty by which the Catholics of the Kingdom of Ireland are oppressed under the Arch Tyrant Cromwell, the Usurper and Destroyer of the three Realms of ,«//o OF IRELAND. 90 And Gookin having remarked upon the anomaly of trans- phinting those who could not be conceived guilty of murders, and allowing the class most capable of them to stay, Colonel Lawrence in answer appeals to the Act and Orders for trans- plantation, and asks, "Is there in all this one word tending to ground transplantation on the principles of punishment or avenging of blood?" Its end, he said, was to settle Ireland for the future. 1 The truth is, that the Parliament had, in 1642, confiscated by anticipation 2,500,000 acres (one-fourth of Ireland), to be taken equally out of the four provinces, and had sold them to the Adventurers. It was now perceived that it would trouble both the comfort and safety of the new Planters to have the former owners of these lands, with their ruined families living intermixed with them. For if any English- man were so bad natured as to be deaf to their murmurings and complainings, says Colonel Lawrence, few would be so stupid, after they came to know their danger, as to continue to hazard their costs and improvements, their persons, families, and posterity, in the neighbourhood of those that, upon principle, were bound to hate and contrive the ruin of him and his, as long as he lived there. ^ The Parliament, therefore, in 1652, confiscated the whole of Ireland; but they allotted Connaught to the Irish, in order that the new EngHsh might plant and inhabit the three other provinces in security. All the Irish (according to the original scheme of the Parliament), except those who had England, Ireland, and Scotland," p. 25.] By F. Maurice Mori- son, of the Minors of Strict Observance, Lecturer in Theology, an Eye-witness of those Cruelties. Innsbruck. A.D. 1659. 12mo. The book is dedicated to his worthy patron, Don Guidobald, Archbishop of Salzburg, and to the dean and canons there. 1 Lawrence's " Interest of England in the Transplantation Stated," p. 11. [Printed A.D. 1656.] 2 Ibid., p. 24. 100 THE CEOMWET.LTAN SETTLEINIENT adopted the religion of the Enghsh nation, were to transplant thither, on the presumption that they did not love the Eng- lish. Such of them only were to be permitted to return back to their former homes and lands as could prove a Constant Good Affection to the enemy of their religion, name, and na- tion, during the ten years' war just ended. Like the Platfeans who surrendered to the Spartans, on the terms that none but the guilty should be punished, and to escape the sentence of death were each asked " what service could he show that he had done to the Spartans or their allies?" the Irish were re- quired to obtain a decree from a Court of English judges set up at Athlone, of Constant Good Affection to the Parliament, else he and his posterity were for ever to dwell in banish- ment in Connaught. It was not enough to have dwelt quietly at their homes, if these homes lay in the Irish quarters, doing nothing (and the English had not victuals for them in their garrisons, if they had dared to present themselves there) ; nor to have shown Much Good Affection. The decree must be for Constant Good Affection. Thus, the ancient inhabi- tants of Kinsale were all of English blood, but of Irish reli- gion, and had manned the walls for eight years with the English garrison against their own countrymen ; yet, because they paid taxes levied there by the Earl of Inchiquin for the king, in 1648, when he revolted from the Parliament to the royal cause, they lost their claim to Constant Good Affection, and were ordered to transplant to Connaught. ^ " I appeal to those who knew the condition of Ireland in those times," says Vincent Gookin, "whether these instructions adhered to would not transplant every man?- How was it possible to escape compliance when the English were hemmed into their very gates, and the whole country a wild road for the rebels. "2 1 See " Mallow Proceedings," further on. 2 " Author and Case of Transplantation Vindicated," &c., p. 24. OF IRELAND. 10 1 The exception, too, of husbandmen, ploughmen, and others of the lower ranks, did not save them for the use of the Eng- lish, as was intended; for all swordmen were to transplant, and in this term were included all who had attended muster, though compelled by their landlords, and any who kept watch and ward, which comprised almost every one. For their share in the war, or not proving a Constant Good Affection to the Parliament of England, the proprietors of lands were to suffer a loss of the greater part of their estates, and to receive an equivalent for the residue in Connaught, for the support of themselves and their families. THE SECOND AND LAST TRUMPET, WITH THE DOOM OF THE IRISH NATION. Connaught was selected for the habitation of the Irish nation by reason of its being surrounded by the sea and the Shannon, all but ten miles, and the whole easily made into one line by a few forts. i To further secure the imprisonment of the nation, and cut them off from relief by sea, a belt four miles wide, commencing one mile to the west of Sligo, and so winging along the coast and Shannon, was reserved by the Act of 27th September, 1653, from being set out to the Irish, and was to be given to the soldiery to plant. Thither all the Irish were to remove at latest by the first day of May, 1654, except Irishwomen married to Enghsh Protestants before the 2nd December, 1650, provided they became Protestants; ex- cept also boys under fourteen, and girls under twelve, in Protestant service and to be brought up Protestants ; and, lastly, those who had shown during the ten years' war in Ire- 1 Otli March, 165-1-.5. Order. Passes over tlie Shannon belweon Jamestown and Sligo to be closed, so as to make one entire line between Coiniaught and the adjacent parts of Leinster and Ulster. A (So). 102 THE CEOMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT land their Constant Good Affection to the Parhament of Eng- land in preference to the King. There they were to dwell without entering a walled town or coming within five miles of some, on pain of death. All were to remove thither by the 1st May, 1654, at latest, under pain of being put to death by sentence of a court of military officers, if found after that date on the English side of the Shannon. ^ Connaught was at this time the most wasted province in the kingdom. Sir Charles Coote the younger, disregard- ing the truce or Cessation made by order of the king with the Irish in 1643, had continued to ravage it, like another Attila, with fire and sword. ^ The order was for the flight of the Irish nation thither in winter time, their nobles, their gentry, and -their commons, with their wives and little children, their young maidens and old men, their cattle, and their household goods. The officers of the army were themselves struck with the difficulties of executing the orders of the Parliament of Eng- land. The gentry and farmers were then engaged in harvest- ing the crop they had been encouraged to plant on account of the scarcity. The whole nation, panic-struck at having to travel during the winter to Connaught, and to abandon the lands they were still in occupation of, were deprived of all motive to go on A\ith their tillage. The country must next 1 '' The further Instructions confirmed by this Act." Act for the satisfaction of the Adventurers for Lands in Ireland and Arrears due to the Soukliery there. 26 September, 1653. vScobell's " Acts and Ordinances," Anno 1653, chap. xii. 2 P. 58, vol. 1st, " Alithinologia ; sive Veridica Responsio, &c. [in English]. A true Answer to the Attack of R. F. [Richard Farrel], Capuchin, full of Lies, Fallacies, and Calumnies against a large body of the Clergy, Nobility, and Irish of ever,y rank, pre- sented to the Propaganda in the year 1659. By Eudoxius Alithinologus [John Lynch, Priest, Archdeacon of Tuam.]" Printed at St. Malo'. 1664. 2 vols. 4to. OF IRELAND. 103 year be a \vaste, for the soldiers could not be put in posses- sion in time to sow. Then there was the possibility that the Irish generally might decline to remove, and incur all penal- ties, and prefer death itself to transplanting under such diffi- culties. The officers communicated their thoughts to the Commis- sioners for the Government of Ireland, who communicated them to the Council of State in England. The Commissioners for Ireland, to use their own expres- sions, were overwhelmed with a sense of their difficulties, and of their own unworthiness and weakness for so great a service. They felt they had neither wisdom nor strength for such matters; and that they might truly say, " The children are now come to the birth, and much is desired and expected, but there is no strength to bring forth." They therefore fasted, and enjoined the same thing on all Christian friends in Ireland, and invited the commanders and officers of the army to join them in lifting up prayers with strong crying and tears to Him to whom nothing is too hard, that His servants, whom He had called forth in this day to act in these great transactions, might be made faithful, and carried on by His own outstretched arm against all opposi- tion and difficulty, to do what was pleasing in His sight. ^ Meantime they proceeded, as in duty bound, to carry out the law. They issued their orders, dated the 15th October, 1653, for the better carrying on the great work. Fathers and heads of families were to proceed before 30th January, 1654, to Loughrea, to commissioners appointed to set them out lands competent to the stock possessed by them and by the 1 Letter, dated 9th November, 1653, from the Commissioners for Ireland " to the commanders of the respective precincts, to be communicated to the rest of our Christian friends there," A (90), p. 555, 104 THE CK01\1WELLIAN SETTLEMENT tenants and friends who were to transplant with them. They were there to build huts against the arrival of their wives and families, who were to follow before the 1st of May. The com- missioners were to be guided by a statement, or Particular, which each proprietor, before leaving home, was to present to the revenue officer of the precinct for his certificate. It set forth the abode, names, ages, stature, colour of the hair, and other marks of distinction of the transplanter and his family, and of all his tenants and friends who were to accompany hiin into Connaught, together with the number of their cattle, quantity and quality of tillage, and other substance. ^ From the grey-haired sire of seventy, to the blue-eyed daughter of four years old, the family portraiture is given in these trans- planters' certificates. Sometimes there is a long list of tenants and friends, and sheep and cattle, accomj)anying the chief proprietor of the district into exile, like the pictures of the descent of the Israelites into Egypt. In others, a landlord, who perhaps had rendered himself distasteful to his tenan^ts, had none to accompany him; for tenants were not required to adhere to their landlord ; they might sit down in Connaught as tenants under the State. Occasionally in these certificates is described a gentleman, like Sir Nicholas Comyn, of Lime- rick precinct, "nuixib at one side of his body of a dead palsy, accompanied only by his Lady, Catherine Comyn, aged thirty- five years, flaxen-haired, middle stature; and one maid ser- vant. Honor ny McNamara, aged twenty years, brown hair, middle stature; having no substance, but expecting the bene- fit of his qualification." Or orphans; as, "Ignatius Stac- pole, of Limerick, orphant, aged eleven years, flaxen haire, full face, low stature; Katherine Stacpoole, orphant, sister to 1 From a printed copy (original), preserved in the muniment roum, Kilkenny Castle. OF lEELAND. 105 the said Ignatius, aged eight years, flaxen haire, full face; having no substance to relieve themselves, but desireth the benefit of his claim before the Commissioners of the Revenue."^ James, Lord Dunboyno, in the county of Tipperary, de- scribes himself as likely to be accompanied by twenty-one followers, and as having four cows, ten garrans, and two swine. 2 Uame Katherine Morris, of Lathragh, in the same county; thirty-five followers, one and a half acre of summer corne, ten cows, sixteen garrans, nineteen goats ; two swine. Lady Mary Hamerton, of Eoscrea : forty-five persons, three and a half acres of summer corn, forty cows, thirty garrans, forty-six sheepe, two goats.^ Pierce, Lord Viscount Ikerrin : seventeen persons, sixteen acres of winter corne, four cows, five garrans, twenty-four sheep, two swine. Eor each acre of winter corn, three acres of land were to be assigned, summer corn and fallow being included; for each cow or bullock (of two years old and upwards), three acres; for each yearling one acre; for each garran, nag, or mare (of three years old and upwards), four acres; for every three sheep, one acre; and for goats and swine proportionately.* These assigmnents were only conditional; for at a future date other commis- sioners were to arrive and sit at Athlone, to determine the claims, i.e., the extent of lands the transplanter had left be- hind him, and to distinguish the qualifications, i.e. the extent of disaffection to the Parliament, by which the proportion to be confiscated was to be regulated, and an equivalent, called a i Pp. ]2, 1.3, Rook of Transplanters' Certificates, in tlie Record Tower, Dublin Castle. 2 lb. Among the records of the late Auditor-General's Office, Custom House Buildings. 3 lb. lb. 4 A (90), p. 629, 1U6 THE CROMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT Final Settlement, was to be given in Connauglit. These first assignments were technically called Assignments de Bene Esse. REMONSTRANCES OF THE IRISH. And now there went forth petitions from every quarter of the kingdom, praying that the petitioners' flight might not be in the winter time; or alleging that their wives or children were sick, their cattle unfit to drive, — that they had crops to get in. Some were still collecting men for transport to Spain. Others had claims to exemption, under articles of war. All sought a dispensation. The petitioners were the noble and the wealthy, men of ancient Enghsh blood, descendants of the invaders — the Fitz- geralds, the Butlers, the Plunkets, the Barnwalls, Dillons, Cheevers, Cusacks, names found appended to various schemes for extirpating or transplanting the Irish after the subduing of Lord Thomas Fitzgerald's rebellion in 1535. They were now to transplant as Irish. The native Irish \\-ere too poor to pay scriveners and messengers to the Council, and their sor- rows were unheard, though under their rough coats beat hearts that felt pangs as great at being driven from their na- tive homes as the highest in the land. The first dispensations were limited within the 1st of May, the Commissioners for the Affairs of Ireland not being empowered to dispense from compliance with the Act of Parliament. But they represented to the Council of State in London (which had legislative power while Parliament was not sitting) that all tillage would cease unless people were encouraged to put in a crop with the prospect of reaping it. Powers were accordingly given to them to grant dispensations for the wives and children and OF IRELAND. 107 necessary servants of those who should crop their land, who were to be permitted, in case the father or head of the family should have complied with the orders of the state, and have removed into Connaught, to stay behind with not more than one or two servants to watch the corn in the ground, and to attend to the threshing and " inning" of it.^ But from the 1st of May, 1654, their estates would be either taken possession of by the soldiers, or let by the state to other tenants, to whom they must pay for the standing of their crop from that date till removed, an eighth or a fifth sheaf, according to the custom of the country. The estate now called Woodlands, the seat of Lord Annaly, adjoining the Phoenix Park, Dublin, formerly known as Luttrelstown, was the seat of the Luttrels, from the days of King John until sold, about seventy years ago, b}^ Luttrel, Lord Carhampton, to the ancestor of Lord Annaly. Thomas Luttrel, the owner, though stronglv attached to 1 " Commissioners for Ireland to Colonel Foulk, Governor of Tredagh, and the Commissioners of JRevenue there. " Gentlemen, — The Commissioners of the Commonwealth of Enghmd for tlie Affairs of Ireland have read your letter of the 25th instant, declaring that several persons removing from your parts into Connaught desire some time to stay for their wives, children, and stock, for the better enabling them to travel, and that it is your judgment that by their short stay the contribu- tion will be the better secured. They have commanded me to signify that you may suspend the transplantation of such wives and children (whose husbands and parents are to go into Con- naught) for such time as you shall judge fit, not exceeding the 1st July next, and may permit the stay of their cattle until they be in a condition to drive, allowing but one servant to look after the respective herds or flocks, and such servants to be neither proprietors nor such as have been in arms against the Common- wealth. " Thos. Herbert, Clerk of the Council, " Cork House, 27th Ainil. 1654," A (00). p. 668. 108 THE CRO^nVELLlAN SETTLEMENT the English interest, as appeared by his getting a decree at Athlone, in 1658, of Good, though not Constant Good Affec- tion,! was obhged, as an Irish Papist, to make way, when Lord Ormond handed over Dublin, and the sword of state, in 1647, to the Parliament, for Lord Broghill, who was after- wards succeeded as tenant to the state by Colonel Hewson, Governor of Dublin. In 1652, Luttrel got permission to occupy the stables and till the land.^ On the 30th September, 1654, he was dispensed from being transplanted until the 1st of December following, in "regard his whole livelihood and his family's depended on improving the crop of corn that was then in taking off the ground. "2 On the 15th March, 1655, upon his inability, through his weakness by sickness, to travel into Connaught, he was further dispensed till the 1st June.* Before this time, however, he had departed, leaving his wife behind; for on the 18th of May she was dispensed until the 1st of June follow- ing, on her representation that her husband was already transplanted, and that she had a great charge of children and stock which were not yet in a condition to drive. ^ But often the owners were transplanted, and got liberty to return to reap their crop, or to send back their servants. Thus John Talbot, ancestor of Lord Talbot de Malahide, had to yield his castle to chief Baron Corbet, and transplant, and in April, 1655, got a pass for safe travelling from Connaught to the county of Dublin to dispose of his corn and other goods, giving security to return within the time limited.^ Considerable difficulties arose about these allowances be- tween the families of the transplanted, left behind to watch i A (22), p. 149. 2 A (82), p. 515; ib., p. 534. 3 A (4), p. 17. * A (6), p. 134. 5 lb., p. 217. 6 lb., p. 173, OF IRELAND. 109 the crop and the soldiers. On the 1st of May, 1654, the first considerable disbanding took place ; and from the moment any district was assigned to the soldiers, they becaine uncon- trolled masters of it. Thus, the officers and soldiers whose lots had fallen in the district called the Eower, in the county of Kilkenny, were declared entitled to have an allowance for the standing of the corn on the lands fallen to them for their arrears from the 1st of May last (1654) till December follow- ing, according to the custom of the country, not exceeding a fifth sheaf ;* and the transplanted inhabitants of the county of Waterford, finding that their wives and children were inter- rupted in the securing of their crops, petitioned the govern- ment from Connaught for protection. ^ The government thereupon ordered that the Commissioners of Revenue of the precinct where the respective crops of corn were should per- mit the wives, and such servants of theirs as were permitted to stay, to receive the benefit of their crop, having discharged the contribution due thereout, and allowing the new proprie- tors an eighth sheaf, or such proportion as is usually made in those parts, according to the custom of the country. But the crudest act of these rough soldiers was that they and the state tenants entered, and proceeded without mercy to turn out the wives and children of these transplanted proprietors and their servants engaged in watching their last crop, with- out giving them even a cabin to shelter in, or allowing them grass for their cows on lands so lately their own.^ The 1 A (4), p. 6. 2 lb., p. 50. 3 " To the Commissioners of the Bevenue of the respective Precincts. " Dublin, 26 May, 1654. " Gentlemen, ^Whereas we have been informed that several persons that have taken leases of lands from the Commonwealth belonging to Irish inhabitants that are to be transplanted in Connaught from the 1st of May, instant, and upoJi orders of possession for the same, have entered by virtue of their said 110 THE CEOMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT ancient owners became, in fact, strict tenants at will to the state from the time that the Parliament declared the for- feited lands to belong to the soldiers and Adventurers, though, as would appear from Sir John Burke's complaint, they had been promised, or understood they were entitled to, a six months' notice to quit.^ APPLICATIONS FOR DISPENSATIONS FROM TRANSPLANTATION. The applications for dispensations were innumerable, and the Commissioners were overwhelmed with them. Margaret Barnwall had long been troubled with a shaking palsy. 2 Mrs. Eobinson was aged about ninety, and blind, leases, and turned out the former Irish possessors and their ser- vants, without allowing them any cabbins or other liabitacons for such necessary servants as they leave behind them for looking after their corn in the ground, and inning and thrashing of the same, contrary to the provisions made in the order for transplant- ation, we therefore hereby order that you take care that in cases where the said Irish are denied such liberty as aforesaid, you cause convenience of room to be allowed for servants dwelling and thrashing the said corn now in the ground, with grazing on the said lands fit for such sort of cattle as will be needful for carry- ing in the corn in harvest. " We remain your loving friends, " Chas. Fleetwood, Miles Corbet, John Jones." A (90), p. 702. 1 " Upon consideration had of the agreement made by the Com- missioners of Revenue with the petitioner. Sir John Bourke, and others in like condition with him, that he should, upon six months' notice, remove out of the possession of the lands in the petition mentioned, and the petitioner having been required to remove into Connaught upon the general declaration for trans- planting, the Councill do not think fit to do anything in his case, but do expect that the petitioner should conform himself to former orders for removing into Connaught. " Thos. Herbert, Clerk of the Council. " 16^/t Off., 1654." A (4), p. 67. 2 A (6), p. 266. OF IRELAND- 111 and never in arms (as was alledged) and had eighteen plough- lands set out to the soldiery. i Mary Archer had an aged fa- ther, who would be suddenly brought to his grave wanting his accustomed accommodation. 2 Lady Margaret Atkinson was ©f great age, and no one to support her but her son, Sir George Atkinson, a Protestant. ^ Lady Culme prayed not to be deprived of her servant.* Elinor Butler, widow, had a charge of helpless children. ^ Dowager Lady Lowth was of 1 A (85), p. 438. 2 A (12), p. 65. 3 " Upon consideration of tlie petition of Sir G. Atkinson on the behalf of his mother, the Lady Margaret Atkinson, desiring that his said mother might be dispensed with from transplanta- tion, and remain in the province of Ulster; and consideration being had of the report of Colonel Markham, Captain Shaw, and Thomas Richardson, Esq., unto wliom it was referred, who have certified that in regard of the said Lady's great age, as also that she hath no friend to support her save only her said son, a Pro- testant, and for that it appears by Sir Charles Coote's certifi- cate that she hath always lived inoffensively in said quarters, they are of opinion slie should not be removed into Connaught or Clare without special direction ; and that she may in the meantime continue to reside with her said son. It is therefore ordered that she be dispensed with from transplantation until 1st May, and that she be permitted to enjoy that proportion of her estate according to her qualification. " T. Herbert, Clerk of the Council. " Duhlii}, 30f/( Octoher, 1G54." A (4), p. 116. * A (12), p. 214. s '■' Upon the consideration of tlie Petition of Ellinor Butler, widow, and the order of the Commissioners of the Revenue of Waterford, and the report of Colonel Lawrence, &c., &c., and it being his opinion that the petitioner's own person and her help- less children should be dispensed with as to her present trans- plantation; and that she be permitted to bring buck Iter cattle from Connaught towards the maintenance of herself and chil- dren: We, the said Deputy and Council, agree, &c., that she be permitted to bring back her said cattle without molestation, &c. Dublin, 16th October, 1654." A (4), p. 64. 8 A (4), p. 211. 112 THE CROMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT great age and iinpotency.s John, Lord Baron Power, of Cur- raghmore, had for twenty years past been distracted, and destitute of all judgment. ^ Piers Creagh, of Limerick, was hated by his countrymen for his former known inclination io the Enghsh Government. ^ John Bryan, of Bawnmore, in the county of Kilkenny, Esq., had been instrumental in the discovering of certain persons found guilty by the High Court of Justice of a murther at Urlingford.^ Philip Eo O'Hugh [O'Neii], had given intelligence of Sir Phelim O'Neii whereby he was apprehended and brought to justice. Kobert Plunket had given information against several pri- soners now in the INIarshalsea, who are of great alliance to the Irish, and his safety would be risked in Connaught' (a common statement). Mrs. Cashin, of the barony of Eermoy, county of Cork, was of known integrity to the English in the wars, and very affectionate to them, having had her servants slain by the rebels, her houses burnt, and thereby brought to a very low condition, and "she utterly refuseth to forsake the English. ' '^ Lord Viscount Ikerrin had great weakness and in- firmity of body.^ Dominic Bodkin, Nicholas oge French, and Kichard Kerroan (Kirwan), inhabitants of Galway, pleaded their singular good services, whereby they had pi'ejudiced their private interests, and contracted malice from those of their own nation, amongst whom they were now to live, which might prove dangerous to them -^ Major Charles Cavanagh and his brother James, — their inoffensive demeanour to the English. 8 Anne White, widow, of the town of Wexford, sought to spend the remnant of her days there on the certifi- cate of Colonel Lawrence, Governor of Waterford, who had 1 A (4), p. 363. 2 lb., p. 112. 3 A (84), p. 208. 4 A (85), p. 531. s lb., p. 437. e ib., p. 384. 7 A (30), p. 160. 8 A (6), p. 9. OF IKELAND. 113 observed her charity for four or five years past, her good affections to English officers, and others quartered in her house — a very useful person to that town ; and if any of her religion might live in any garrison, none more deserving than she.^ Mary Thorpe, a Protestant, the wife of Dillon, an Irish Papist, and transportable for her husband's recusancy, being a person fearing God, and affecting his worship in his ordi- nances, that she might have better conveniency for hearing the Gospel preached. ^ James Briver, of Waterford, because the Lord hath been pleased to enlighten his heart to the true way of salvation, the Protestant religion, and therefore desir- ing to live among the English, where he might have the real exercise of his religion. 3 Cicely Plunket, — that her husband was a schoolboy at the breaking out of the rebellion, and had since lived inoffensively; that her husband was upon his transplanting, but that his whole substance depends upon her corn in her haggard, and prayed time for making benefit of her corn and provision for herself and her children.* Margaret Cusack, that she was seventy-eight years of age, and dropsi- cal.s Mary Butler, widow of Mr. Eichard Butler, of Balhna- kill, in the county of Tipperary, her affection to the English forces, and having discovered an ambushment of the Irish to cut off the Enghsh.s John Eose, of Warrenstown in the barony of Dunboyne, his having suffered much in the begin- ning of the rebellion for his affection to the English interest, and served as a trooper under Captain Bland against the rebels, and was wounded, and also that he was of English parents.'' Henry Burnell, for his tedious and languishing sickness, sought time till 1st of June next, by which time it 1 A (6), p. 170. 2 A (4), p. 29. 3 a (85), p. 410. 4 lb. p. 248. 5 lb., p. 188. 6 lb., p. 219. 7 A (G), p. 23o. L 114 THE CllOMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT was probable he might recover his strength, and be able to travel on foot to Connaught. Nicholas Barnwall, of Turvey, and Bridget, his wife, Countess of Tyrconnel, in regard of their great age and infirmity of body. The mayor and inhabitants of Cashel, in consideration of a promise made to them by the Lord Protector, such at least as were not in the rebel army, and were acutually inhabiting Cashel at the time of the Lord Protector's promise. ^ The old native inhabitants of Limerick having laboured as much as in them lay to preserve the EngHsh interest, and to sur- render to the English, whereby they became odious to the Irish. 2 The transplantation of the Kilkenny submittees, as those of the Leinster army were called, that laid down their arms under the articles entered into at Kilkenny on 12th May, 1652, had some features of peculiar hardship. The officers of the Parlia- ment army engaged really and truly to mediate for them with the Parliament, that they might enjoy such moderate parts of their estates as should make the lives of those who should not retire in voluntary banishment to Spain, but live amongst the English, comfortable, and undertook that in the mean- time they should enjoy such part of their estates as had not been disposed of; and under this latter clause the Commis- sioners for Ireland ordered them possession of their undis- posed of estates till 1st April, 1653. Part of Lord Trimleston's manor had been given in custo- diuvi to Mrs. Penelope Bay ley, the widow of Colonel Bay ley, by a special order of Lord Deputy Ireton, in 1650 ; but in May, 1652, for her greater security, she took a lease of them for one year from the state, which she let for the time to one Cusack, who assigned them to his brother-in-law, Lord Trim- lA (85), p. 244. 2 lb., p. 247. OF lEELAND. 115 Icston. When this lease expired, she renewed it for three years; but Lord Trimleston, being in possession at the expira- tion of the first lease, contended he was entitled to hold them under the Kilkenny Articles, and bribed Mr. I^ryan Darley, the surveyor, ^ho was to put Mrs. Bayley in possession, by £4, Mrs. Bayley having given Mr. Darley £6. Lord Trim- leston being thus in possession, Mrs. Bayley had to get an order to put him forth, and to have the surveyor arrested for the fraud. ^ When the order for transplantation issued in Octo- ber, 1653, and Lord Trimleston and the other Kilkenny sub- mittees were called on to transplant. Lord Trimleston on his own behalf and theirs pleaded that by the 6th article they ex- pected the enjoyment of such remnant of their real estate as should make their lives comfortable amongst the English ; and that this was not performed ; and that they were exempt from transplantation. But the Commissioners for Ireland answered that the Act of Parliament overrode the articles, and that they must transplant to Conn aught, where they would have one-third set out to them by the Loughrea Commis- sioners in some convenient place, with such houses and ac- commodation as might make their lives comfortable, and with due regard to the nature and goodness of the soil from whence they should remove. ^ They then appealed to the Committee of Articles, at Westminster, who were of opinion that it would be a breach of faith to transplant them ; but the Commissioners enforced their view. On 12th of April, 1655, they made their last effort, and got liberty to stay in their respective dwellings until the 1st of May, and their wives and children until the 20th.* These Kilkenny submittees were the lords and gentlemen of the Pale, the Barnwalls, the Nettervilles, Bellews, Plunkets, and others. They comphiined that the officers in possession 1 A (84), p. 408. 2 A {S), p. 177. 3 A (6), p. 205. I 116 THE CIIOMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT of their estates were sheltering their tenants, and prayed that they might be ordered to assist them in driving their cattle, and removing of their carriages to Connaught. But this was refused : all relation between landlord and tenant had ceased between them, but the transplantable tenants were ordered to be arrested.^ How strict \\'as the imprisonment of the transplanted in Connaught may be judged, when it required a special order for Lord Trimleston, Sir Kichard Barnwall, Mr. Patrick Nctterville, and others, then dwelling in the suburbs of Athlone on the Connaught side, to pass and repass the bridge into the part of the town on the Leinster side on their busi- ness, and only on giving security not to pass without the line of the town without special leave of the governor. ^ WILLIAM SPENSBU, THE GRANDSON OF EDMUND SPENSER, THE AUTHOR OF THE " FAERY QUEEN," TO BE TRANSPLANTED AS AN " IRISH PAPIST." It has already been remarked that the descendants of those statesmen of Henry VIII. 's day, who were so full of schemes for confiscating the lands of the Irish, and transplanting or extirpating them, had to abandon their estates, and to transplant to Connaught. In Queen Elizabeth's reign there was no more deadly enemy to Ireland than Edmund Spenser ; he was secretary to Lord Grey de Wilton, all whose cruelties he justified. He deals with transplantation as if the Irish were beasts of the field, that might be driven from one pro- vince to another for the convenience of the English. . He obtained a grant from his cruel master of the castle and lands of Kilcolman, beside the Blackwater, late the inheritance of i A (6), p. 205. 2 Ibid., p. 346. OF IRELAND. 117 the Fitzgeralds. One can scarce pity his lot. It was his fate to see this mansion burned before his eyes, with all it contained, including one of his infant children. The robber was thus robbed, the spoiler spoiled; and he went down to the grave in darkness, in lodgings in London, banished by the Irish, who retook their former lands. By a retribution so common in Ireland, the grandson of this English settler had become Irish, and the very woes his ancestor had con- trived for the Irish came to be inflicted on his descendant. Among those seeking to be dispensed from transplantation to Connaught was William Spenser, whose grandfather (as Cromwell wrote to the Commissioners for the Affairs of Ire- land) was that Spenser who by his writings touching the re- duction of the Irish to civility brought upon him the odium of that nation. That very estate near Fermoy which was confiscated from the Fitzgeralds, and conferred on him about seventy years before, is now confiscated anew, and set out among the soldiers of the Commonwealth army, and his grandson is ordered to transplant to Connaught as "Irish Papist." William Spenser appealed to Cromwell ; and Crom- well, out of regard for the works of Edmund Spenser, endeavoured, but in vain, to save his lands for him.^ 1 " Lord Frutector to Commissioners for Affairs in Ireland, " Whitehall, 27th Mhreh, 1657. " Right Tiu'Sty and avell Beloved, " A petition hatli been exhibited unto us by William Spenser, setting forth that being but seaven years old att the begiiuiing of the rebellion in Ireland, bee repaired with his mother to the Citty of Corke, and during the rebellion coji- tinued in the English quarters; that hee never bore arms, or acted against ye Commonwealth of England; that his grand- father, Edmund Spenser, and his father, were both Protestants, from whom an estate in lands in the barony of Fermoy, and county of Corke, descended to him, which during the rebellion yielded nothing towards his reliefe; that ye estate hath been lately given to the souldiers in satisfaction of their arrears, upon aecompt of liis professing the Popish religion, which since 118 THE CKOMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT THE TROUBLES OF THE COMMISSIOXERS FOR IRELAND. Besides the complaints of the transplanting Irish, the Commissioners of Ireland had to meet and answer the peti- tions of their own officers. The transplanting work (they write) \\'e are drudging on with, and it is hard work to put in prac- tice, whatever you in England may imngine.^ The Commis- sioners of Revenue found their returns affected hy the transplantation, "it had so distracted and discomposed the people." The agents from the countries declared their in- ability to pay the expected taxes if that held.^ Irish entrusted by their neighbours with collecting the assessment payable by the different baronies were escaping into Connaught with the balances, without passing their accounts. ^ Kerry would be his coming to years of discretion hee hath, as hee professes, utterly renounced; that his grandfather was that Edmund Spenser, who by his writings touching the reduction of ye Irish to civilitj' brought on him the odium of that nation, and for those works and liis other good services Queen Ehzabetli con- ferred on him 3't estate whicli the said William Spenser now claims. Wee liave also l)een informed that ye gentleman is of a civil conversation, and that the extremitie his wants have brought him unto have not prevailed over him to put him upon indiscreet or evil practices for a livelihood. And if upon enquiry you shall find his case to be such, wee judge it just and reason- able, and do therefore desire and authorise you yt hee bee forth- with restored to his estate, and that reprisall lands bee given to the souldiers elsewhere. In ye doing whereof oiir satisfaction wil be the greater by the continuation of that estate to ye issue of his grandfather, for whose eminent deserts and services to ye Commonwealth yt estate was first given to him. " W^e rest, your loving friend, " Oliver, P." Book of '' Letters from the Lord Protector," p. 118, Record Tower, Dul)lin Castle. 1 " Mercur. Politicus," October 12, 1653, p. 2839. 2 Ibid., p. 5241. 3 " The time for transplanting the Irish being at hand, and the ablest of the Irish inhabitants to remove thereupon, amongst OF IRELAND. 119 desolate, therefore contracts must be made to provide bag- gage horses for carrying provisions to the garrisons, and for inning of hay for the horse and dragoons there. ^ Officers and Protestants prayed that they might not be deprived of their tenants and servants. The Lady Xetterville, the Lady Ahson Talbot, Mr. Nicholas Barnwall, of Turvey, the Lady Mary Allen, Thomas Luttrell, of Luttrelstown, and others in the neighbourhood of Dublin, applied for a rehearing, as they had material things to offer against the report of the Com- mittee of Officers, to show they should not be transplanted. ^ Officers entrusted with clearing the towns of Irish, unwilling to be answerable for the consequences of literally executing the order, required categorical answers from the government to their queries. Colonel Sadleir asks whether any Irish Papist shall be permitted to live in the town of Wexford? If any, whether all the seamen, boatmen, and fishermen, or how many? How many packers and gillers of herrings? How many coopers? How many masons and carpenters? What shall be done with the Irishwomen which are Papists, who are married to Englishmen and Protestants ? What shall be done with the Irishmen who are turned Protestants and which it is probable that the most of those persons who have been entrusted as commissioners, agents, or trustees for baronies will be included, who will some of them doubtless take the advantage to avoid accompting with the country for their receipts and collections before departure. . . . We therefore desire you will take care to call all such of the Irish or others who have been entrusted witli the receipt of publique moneys in your precinct, to account in convenient time before their transplanting. ... " Your affectionate friends, " Edward Roberts. Benjamin Worsley. " Corhe House, March 2nd, 1651. '" To the Commissioners of tlie I'recinct of Limerick." Records of late Auditor-General's Office, Custom House Buildings. 1 A (85), p. L^94. 2 A (84), p. 816. 120 THE CEOMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT come to hear the word of God?^ The Commissioners of Loughrea troubled them even more. They asked whether by Popish rescusants of the Irish nation, and therefore trans- plantable, might be understood those whose fathers or mothers, or both, were English, only themselves born in Ireland? Whether persons enlisted by their landlords, being officers, though they were never in the field nor marched out of their country? Whether Papists that first served in the rebel army, but then took service under the Commonwealth, if still on muster? Whether ixien marrying transplantable widows become themselves transplantable ? Whether the wives and children of those gone to Spain be transplantable, as well as those remaining behind in like condition with them- selves? W'hat do the Commissioners for Ireland mean by Irish widows of English extract ? What course shall be taken with those transplanted that set themselves down where they choose, refusing to come to their assignments, contrary to the 4th, 5th, 6th, and 7th instructions, which hinder the Commissioners from giving any account either of the number or quality of the transplanted persons, and also from dispers- ing the septs according to instructions ?2 THE FIRST ASPECT OF CONNAUGHT. The difficulties of the government were increased by the leports arriving from Connaught from the earliest trans- planters, to the families they left behind preparing to follow, who were thereby discouraged. They found the country a waste. In the summer of this year the famine was so sore, that the natives had eaten up all the horses they could get, and were feeding upor^one another, the living eating the dead.^ 1 A (85), p. 178. 2 Ibid., p. 544. 3 '• Mercur. Politicus," June 8, 1653, p. 2516. OF IKELAKD. 121 The county of Clare was totally ruined, and deserted of in- habitants. Out of nine baronies, comprising 1,300 plough- lands, not above 40 ploughlands at the most, lying in the barony of Bunratty, were inhabited in the month of June, 1653, except some few persons living for safety in garrisons.^ Scarce a place to shelter in. The castles either sleigh ted by gimpowder, as dangerous to be left in the hands of the Irish ;2 or occupied by the English soldiery, or by the ancient Irish proprietors, who looked upon the transplanters as enemies liable to supplant them, and therefore, encouraged their fol- lowers to give them rough reception. ^ Besides this, the Loughrea Commissioners gave some of the earliest trans- planters assignments in the barony of Burren, in the county of Clare, one of the barrenest, where it was commonly said* there was not wood enough to hang a man, water enough to 1 A (84), p. 205. 2 " Upon reading the petition of Edmund Dogherty, mason, and the certificates of the Commissioners at Loughrea, setting forth that the said Ednuind Dogherty is to receive tlie sum of £82 10s. Od., for demolishing thirteene castles in ye county of Clare, at £2 10s. Od. each castle : ordered, etc. " Charles Fleetwood. Robert Couuwin. " Ihthlin, Ist January, 1655." Late Auditor-Ceneral's Records, vol. x., p. 188. 3 " Whereas information hath been given unto this Board, that many of the Irish nation of the province of Connaught have offered several affronts and abuses to divers of the transplanted persons ... it is hereby ordered that Sir C. Coote, Knt. and Bart., Lord President of Connaught, Colonel Ingoldsby, &c., or any two or more of tliem, be empowered upon proof made before them . . . forthwith to transplant such Irish proprietors or others from their present habitations into some remote part of Connaught, that shall so menace or assault, &c., there to live. " Dated at Athlone, 18th June, 1655." A (6), p. 346. * " Whitelock's Memorials," at the year 1651, p. 521. 122 THE CHOMWELLIAN. SETTLEMENT drow7i him, or earth enough to bury him.* They were there- fore scared, hke the first beasts too suddenly driven at a slaughter yard, communicating their terrors to the herd be- hind. The English officers, too, were not assisting to put them in possession of their assignments. ^ Ferrymen and toll- keepers were exacting tolls, contrary to the orders of govern- ment.* THE FIRST YEAR OF TRANSPLANTATION. The Commissioners for the Affairs of Ireland, from a fore- sight of the ruin to fall upon the English by executing literally 1 " Council of Ireland to Lougltrea Coinmifisinners. " Dublin Castle, ISth July, 1655. " Being informed that you beginn to sett down persons in the baronies of Burren and Inchiqueen, which places being generally reputed and known to be sterill, wee fear it may much hinder the business of the transplantation, by disheartening those wliich shall come after, when they shall see such assigna- tions made in the entrance of this work, &c." A (30), p. 82. (ri'ievances of the Transplanted in Clare. " 2ndly, In regard it was the misfortime of your suppliants to be assigned to that part of ye county of Clare that is most barren, unfertill, and waste, whicli j'ields no corn but oats (and that itself with much labour and husbandry), your suppliants pray that no sheaf or tax ])e exacted from tliem whence they remove. " 3rdly. Whereas the several transplanted persons thither have withdrawne themselves with their cattle, as well back [across the Shannon] as into Connaught, and that have re- turned of late their substance in the book of the fourth part of the said county, may be forthwith forced to return back to the said county with their stocks, otherwise the remaining transplanted to be eased of their proportion of the charge for the future." 5th September, 1654. " Grievances of the trans- planted inhabitants now in the county of Clare." Order Book of the Council, late Auditor-General's Office^ Custom House Buildings, vol. vii. 2 A (90). p. 745. 3 A (5), p. 144. OF IRELAND. 123 the law of transplantation, obtained authority from the Coun- cil of State to confine it to proprietors of lands and their families, and Persons that had contrived or abetted the rebel- lion, or had been actually in arms. But to force even these to cross the Shannon by the 1st of May, 1654, would (if possible) have been death to the sick and aged, to the blind and im- jjotent. It would, besides, leave the country a waste. They were therefore empowered to grant dispensations to be limited to the 1st of June following. But such a multiplicity of petitions now poured in for extension of time, that on the 17th of May, 1654, the Council appointed Major-General Sir Hardress Waller, Major Anthony Morgan, and Major Brian Smith to hear applications, and to grant dispensations for the Precinct of Cork, Kerry, and Limerick; Dr. Henry Jones and others for Athlone, Trim, and Belturbet Precinct; and others for the remaining Precincts. They were to dispense those whose lives would be en- dangered— the sick, the aged, the lame and impotent; those that aided the English armies, that had discovered rebels, that had sheltered English and Protestants from being murdered, and those that should give good evidence of renouncing the Popish Superstition and the Bishop of Rome, and should also manifest their desire to hear such as should instruct them in the true and saving knowledge of Jesus Christ and His Gospel and Truths.^ Thus, those were allowed within the rules of dispensation (says Colonel Lawrence) who had aught to offer of particular acts of kindness shown to the English, or any other testimony of the heart through affection to the English interest; and, that not a cup of cold water might go unrequited (given by the worst of enemies to the meanest of friends), those obtained a suspension, with a special recommendation to the Commis- 1 " Printed Declaration uf 27tli Murth. IBM." A (85). p. 26;{. 124 THE CKOMWELLIAK SETTLEMENT sioners at Loughrea for their convenient accommodation when they arrived in Connaught.^ Besides the instances of apphcations from individuals already given, there came petitions from the old native in- habitants of Limerick, traders, of Danish or English blood -^ from the fishermen of the same city, being Irish ;3 the former alleging they had laboured for the English interest to induce the citizens to surrender to Ireton, whereby they became odious to the Irish, and therefore desired some place on the River Shannon to be assigned them for their residence. From the inhabitants of Dublin;* from the artificers of Clonmel ;5 from the inhabitants of Dingle ;^ from the in- habitants of Tipperary ;'' and from almost every town and county in the kingdom. The inhabitants of Cashel, on their application already mentioned, were dispensed from transplantation till 1st May, 1655. They had hastened to Cronawell at Fethard, and were the first that threw themselves on the Protector's mercy, in- duced by their close neighbourhood, arid the good conditions that town received. Cromwell had arrived before its ancient walls in a storm of wind and sleet, long after dark on the night of the Brd of February, 1650. Pressed by the pelting storm, and anxious to house his men, he granted that the inhabitants, on giving him immediate admission, should enjoy their pro- perties and liberties; and that the priests there should be spared.* By this happy accident they not only escaped being 1 " Interest of England in the Irish Transplantation Stated," &c., p. 7. 2 A (85), p. 244. 3 1b., p. 363. Mb., p. 430. 5 1b., p. 479. 6 lb., p. 229. 7 ib., p. 314. 8 " Dismal Effects of the Irish Rebellion," &c. ; to which are added Letters to and from Oliver Cromwell, Ireton, Preston, and many others, relating to the Sieges, &c.. never before printed ; — from the original MSS. of Mr. Cliff, an intimate of Cromwell, and Secretary to General Ireton." Appendix, p. 16. Folio. Dublin : 1743. OF IliELAND. 125 transplanted, but were reported by the Committee of Refer- ences for Articles to be a people to be differenced from the rest of the whole nation. ^ And when the Royalist officers, after the Restoration, who were to divide between them all the houses of the Irish in the towns, as not set out to the Adventurers or soldiers, sent their surveyors there, as to all other towns, to measure and value the houses, the Sovereign and Commons opposed them, and by force withheld them from so doing. 2 They maintained that their properties had not been con- fiscated by the usurpers, and that nothing came under the new Settlement at the Restoration but what had been " set out " in some way by those powers. But the progress of the transplantation during the first year, in consequence of these dispensations, was not rapid enough for the officers possessed by that land hunger charac- teristic of the Anglo-Saxon race. They complained of any delay being granted to the Irish as displeasing to God : — "Letter from Dublin, May 31, 1654. "We are somewhat in a confused posture yet with our transplantation: many are gone, but many others play ' loth 1 Report, dated 2 November, 1652, attached to the copy of the Petition, signed " in the name and by the appointment of the Committee, Charles Coote." Late Auditor-General's Records. " Articles of Capitulation," &c., pp. 35, 36. 2 " The Booke of the Valuation of Fethard in the county of Tipperary " [A.D. 1663]. Late Auditor-General's Records. At the foot of their unfinished survey is this note: — " The Residue and Remainder of the Houses and Lands within this Corporation, and the Libbertyes thereof wee found in the possession of several! Irish Papists Proprietors, and when wee weare proceedinge to a Valuation thereof according to the directions of our Commission and Instructions which we Read unto them, the Sovereign and Commons of the said Towne opposed us, and by force withheld us from soe doeing. " Thos. Evatt, Henry Pyne." 126 THE CliOiVIWELLlAN SETTLEMENT' to depart.' And many are dispensed with: as particularly one whole town, Cashel, towards which we had no great obligation upon us. But the Lord, who is a jealous God, and more knowing of, as well as jealous against their iniquity than we are, by a fire on the 23rd instant hath burnt down the whole town in little more than a quarter of an hour, ex- cept some few houses that a few English lived in [having probably taken the best stone and slated ones], which were wonderfully preserved, being in the midst of the town, and the houses round each burnt to the ground, yet thcij preserved. " The persons that got their dispensations from the trans- plantation died the day before the fire, of the plague, and none else long before or since dead of the disease there. "^ Six weeks later comes the following intelligence to Lon- don : — "From Dublin, 12th July, 1654. The transplanting work moves on but slowly ; not above six score [families?] from all provinces are yet removed into Connaught. The flood-gates being shut from transporting [to Spain], and one vent stopped for sending away the souldiery, part of them Irish, they begin to break out into Torying, and the waters begin to rise again upon us."^ " Fro)u Dublin, August 24:th, 1654. " The work of transplanting is at a stand. The Tories flie out and increase. It is the nature of this people to be rebel- lious; and they have been so much the more disposed to it, 1 P. 3538, " Mercurius Politiciis, comprising the summe of all Intelligence, with the Affairs and Designs now on foot in the three Nations of England, Ireland and Scotland; in Defence of the Commonwealth and the Information of the people." [Published weekly.] Licensed to be printed." 2 P. 3636, "Mercurius Politicus," &c. OF IRELAND. 127 having been highly exasperated by the transpLanting work.^ This makes many turn Tories who give no quarter, none being given to them."^ The year closes, however, more satisfactorily: — "From Dublin, Dccc))tbcr 21st, 16o4. " The transplantation is now far advanced, the men being gone for to prepare their new habitations in Connaught. Their wives and children and dependents have been and are packing away after them apace, and all are to be gone by the 1st of March next."^ THE SECOND YEAR OF TKANSPLAXTATIOX. The year 1655 was one of the most trying to the Commis- sioners for the Affairs of Ireland. By the 1st of March the last of the Irish, not dispensed, were to be withdrawn behind the line of the Shannon. Many reginaent of horse and foot were to be disbanded, and to have lands assigned them for their arrears. The news from Dublin of the 21st of March describes the Council as very diligent, sitting every day, and most days twice. The enforcing of the Rule for Transplanta- tion at this juncture of time (it was said), puts them in much trouble.* There had been, it seems, an immoderate and uni- versal fall of rain that season. The ways were deep, the cattle weak ; the journeys to Connaught were rendered more hazar- dous, especially for transplanters' wives and children, and their breeding and young cattle. To let all persons, therefore, know, that as had hitherto been in the hearts of those in 1 " Mercur. Politicus/' p. 3732. 2 Ibid., p. 5241. 3 P. 5048, ibid, 4 Ibid, p. 5251. 128 THE CKOMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT authority over thein to exercise all tenderness consistent with the work of transplantation (as already expressed in their proceedings towards them in this matter), and to leave such as should prove refractory without excuse, the Lord Deputy and Council issued their printed declaration of 27th February, 1655. They thereby declared that on condition the husbands and heads of families went off to Connaught by the 1st of March following, their wives and children, and necessary servants, with their cattle, might obtain licences to continue in their present dwellings until the 1st of May. But only on produc- ing to the Commander in Chief and Justices of the Peace of the district the certificate of the Loughrea Commissioners, that their husbands had appeared before the Commissioners there, and W'ere preparing for their families. Otherwise they were to be put out of protection — that is to say, to be treated as enemies in a state of war.^ The true reason of this relaxation, however, w^as no weakness of the Lord Deputy and Council, nor of the transplanters' wives and young cattle. But how could they hang such multitudes (though only Irish) as neglected to stir, or where find prisons to hold them ? The temper of the officers and soldiers and other expect- ant planters at these delays may be judged by the following intelligence, written for publication in London: — " Athy, March 4, 1654-5. " I have only to acquaint you, that the time prescribed for the transplantation of the Irish proprietors, and those that have been in arms and abettors of the rebellion ; being near at hand, the officers are resolved to fill the gaols and to seize 1 " Printed Declaration of 27th February, 1654." British Museum, 806.1 (1.4). OF IRELAND. 129 them : by which this bloody people will know that they [the officers] are not degenerated from English principles; though I presume we shall be very tender of hanging any except lead- ing men; yet we shall make no scruple of sending them to the West Indies, where they will serve for planters, and help to plant the plantation [of Jamaica] that General Venables, it is hoped, hath reduced."^ The government, accordingly, pressed on the great work. They proceeded to seize and sell the crops of those families that delayed to transplant, and to apply the moneys arising from the sale for buying stores to relieve those that trans- planted according to the law.^ They issued the most threatening orders. They then or- dered the general arrest of all transplantable persons untrans- planted by a certain day.* This was put in execution, said the ancient peers and proprietors of Ireland at the Eestora- tion (who protested against the proposal of the Cromwellians that their acceptance of pittances of laud in Connaught, to save their perishing families, should be held to bar them of their hereditary estates), at one and the same time through- out the kingdom, by troopers and soldiers dragging the poor people out of their beds in the dead of night, and bring- ing them in such troops as there was not gaol room enough 1 4530, " Mercurius Politic-us," &c. 2 Ibid., p. 4569. " Monday, April 2nd, 1655. " The Lord Deputy and Council in Ireland have published a Declaration for making sale of the corn of such Irish proprie- tors and others that did not transplant themselves into Con- naught, according to the Declaration of 30 November last, for buying stores to relieve those that do transplant themselves according to the said Declaration." " Perfect Proceedings of State Affairs, &c. (during the week between 29th March and 3rd April, 1655)." 3 19th March, 1654-5. General search for and arrest of all transplantable persons untransplanted, ordered, and courts niiirtial appointed to try them. A (26), p. 75. i30 THE CROMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT to contain them. Therefore (they continue), some were put to death ; others sold as slaves into America ; others detained in prison till they were not able to put bread into their mouths ; others, as partakers of the greatest favour that could be expected, only released on condition of transplanting into C onn aught. ^ Instructions were now issued to the officers in the dif- ferent Precincts for getting rid of some of the wretched mass that overthronged the gaols. Queries came from Colonel Sadleir from Wexford, from Colonel Phayre from Cork, and from other officers in command, to know who should be held to be " Swordmen" and who " Proprietors," the two classes that were to transplant. The Lord Deputy and Council answered that among "Swordmen" were to be included Irish who kept watch and ward — that were pressed or forced — Peders and Garsons — Militiamen — Trained bandmen — Auxi- liaries— and those meeting at Rendezvous. Also men who by command of Governors of towns or forts l)ore arms in any town or garrison. 2 They were directed to consider as Proprietors " and trans- plantable," mortgagors and mortgagees, and their eldest sons (though never in arms); the brothers, sons, and next heirs of such (if there be no sons) who may be in a possibility to in- herit; copyholders (with not above twenty acres) were also transplantable ; lessees for seven years and their children ; widows entitled to jointure were to be also deemed proprie- tors and transplantable ;3 also the wives and children of sword- men gone to Spain, and the orphans of transplantable persons. 1 " The Roman Catholics of Ireland, their Answer to Proposals offered [to the King in Council] in order to the Settlement of Ireland by the Commissioners from the Convention of Ireland, in 1660." " Carte Papers," " Ireland," vol. vii., p. 6. Bodleian Library. 2 A (5), p. 196. 3 A (6), 349. OF IRELAND. 131 Men marrying transplantable persons became themselves transplantable. But sick and aged widows (among other ancient and feeble men and women, and blind and impotent persons) might be dispensed, but all others must transplant. And all transplanters, who had been previously licensed, but had outstayed their licences and been arrested, might be let at liberty, engaging hrst to transplant before 1st March fol- lowing. They might also set at liberty and dispense for six months those who, though not able to prove Constant Good Affection, could be held Good Affection Men, not, however, above forty in number from each district prison. And all such " Swordmen and Proprietors " as by two Justices of the Peace were certified to have really renounced Popery, and for six months past had constantly resorted to Protestant worship, were, on giving security to transplant by 12th of Api'il following, to be set at liberty.^ Protestantism now appeared so amiable that conversions spread. At Athy be- nighted numbers received a new light; and Colonel Henry Pretty, Captain John Bennett, with Mr. John Murcot, a preacher to the Lord Deputy and Council, were ordered to repair thither. The latter was one who, by his severe car- riage at Chester, had become, according to his own account, ridiculous to the wicked ; so that, being in a manner weary of that place, he settled himself in Dublin, and by his often preaching and praying obtained a great Hock of people to be his admirers, especially women and children, adds Anthony Wood. 2 They were to satisfy themselves upon conference with these converts, whether they could discover any work of conversion, and evidence of a real reform in them, and whether upon any conscientious grounds they have deserted 1 A (5), p. 36. 2 1st Vol. " Atlieiia' Oxonienses," p. 184. 2 vols. Folio. London : 1721. 132 THE CEOMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT Popery, or that for any feigned consideration or by-ends they pretend the embracing of Protestantism. ^ Similar Commissions were issued into most parts of the kingdom. The Irish of Wexford now set forth their resolution to hear the Word read and preached unto them, and desired that Mr. Good might be their minister. And, on the certificate •of Colonel Sadleir of his competency, he was appointed to exercise his gifts at Wexford and the neighbourhood. ^ Mr. Edward Spring, of Killeagh, in the county of Kerry, was dispensed, because it appeared by the report of Colonel Nelson and Lieutenant Sands, that he and his children were renouncing the Eomish religion, and frequenting the Protes- tant public Meeting places. ^ Upon the report of Major Thomas Stanley, that in the Liberties of Clonmel there hath been of late great resort of the Irish to church, and that Mr. Galatius Hickey was a per- son well qualified to instruct the Irish in Protestant principles, Mr. Galatius Hickey 's yearly salary was increased from £20 to £40.* Mr. Carey, however, ministerof Bride's Church in Dublin, complained that his flock was careless ; and the Mayor of the City, with Alderman Hutchinson and Mr. Price, were to inquire after such as were remiss in coming to hear the Word, when the Petitioner preached in the Irish language or otherwise ; and that, under pretext of repairing to the meeting places, frequented ale houses, or mis-spent the time set apart for " publique Duty" in unwarrantable exercises, to the scandal of their profession. And the Irish so offending were to be made an example of, by requiring them to transplant forthwith into Connaught.^ 1 A (85), p. 472. 2 A (1), p. 41. 8 A (4), p. 37. 4 A (91), p. 89. 3 A (12), p. 181. OF IRELAND. . 133 SENTENCES OF DEATH FOR NOT TRANSPLANTING. These general arrests had to be repeated from time to time, and the government had to devise excuses after each to reheve the gaols of part of the crowds. But the aspect cf Connaught was so terrible, that the wretched hunted ancient nobility and gentry of Ireland still lingered. They would not obey the law. Letter fro))i Dublin, 21th Juhj, 1655. " The business of transplanting is not yet finished. The Irish chuse death rather than remove from their wonted habitations. But the State is resolved to see it done." The following was probably the first case where death was inflicted. "March 25th, 1655. " Daniel Fitzpatrick and another in Ireland [this was pub- lished in London for the satisfaction of the Adventurers and other capitalists and speculators there] are condemned by the Commissioners in Kilkenny for refusing to transport them- selves into Connaught, which makes the rest to hasten." In the same month, with a view of quickening the movements of transplanters, a court martial, sitting in St. Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin, sentenced Mr. Edward Hcthcr- ington, of Ivilnemanagh, to death. The Commissioners for the Affairs of Ireland, on 2nd April, 1655, considered the finding of the court martial, and seem to have sought excuses for their uneasy consciences for confirming the sentence. For they introduced statements that Mr. Hetherington had disobeyed several declarations for transplanting ; that he had borne arms against the Common- wealth ; that it appeared by the oath of two Englishmen that he was a Tory in 1043, and with others had taken them 134 THE CROMWELLIAX SETTLEMENT prisoners near the Naass ; and had confessed to them, more probably boasted, as a feat of war, that he had that day killed seven Englishmen. With these statements put on the face of their order to palliate the deed to posterity, they left it to the court martial either to put the sentence into execution, or to reprieve him, as the court should judge most agreeable to justice. 1 The officers ordered him for execution the next day, and he was duly hanged on 3rd of April, 1655; and to make the spectacle more exemplary, he was hanged with placards on his breast and back, "for not transplanting. "^ And for not transplanting he died ; because he was never tried on the introduced charges, unless behind his back, unheard. AX ENGLISHMAN S PKOTEST AGAINST THE TRANSPLANTATION OP' THE IRISH. But the spectacle of universal misery of the Irish nation, and the evil consequences to the English planters themselves, now called forth the book called " The Great Case of Trans- plantation in Ireland Discussed. "^ It was anonymous. But the author was Vincent Gookin, son of a planter of King James I.'s reign, then and long before resident in the covmty of Cork. He was one of the six members for Ireland returned to the first Commonwealth Parliament in 1G53, called the 1 A (5), p. 114. 2 " The Roman Catholics of Ireland, their Answer," &c. " Carte Papers," Ireland, vol. vii., p. 6. 3 " The Great Case of Transplantation in Ireland Discu.ssed ; or, certain Considerations, wherein the many great Inconveni- ences in Transplanting the Natives of Ireland generally out of the three Provinces of Leinster, Ulster and Munster, into the Province of Connanght are shown, humbly tendered to every individual Member of Parliament, bj' a Wellwisher to the good of the Commonwealth of England." 4to. London: for J. C, 1655. OF IRELAND. 135 Little Parliament.! He was elected by the people of Kinsale, and represented a large district in Munster. Living among the Irish he had as usual learned to love them. He had appreciated that hearty, affectionately loyal race of men, who seem to be fresh from nature's hand, and to belong to an earlier and uncorrupted world. His land hunger' had been appeased. He was possessed of considerable estates. He had tasted of the social freedom, the easy and animated life of an unsubdued people. Over the rest of Europe a thousand years of Roman and feudal slavery had divided society into conquerors and con- quered, into gentlemen and serfs ; so that the lower classes are in many countries but emancipated villeins, exhibiting traces of their former serfish condition, in their brutal manners, as those of the nobility and gentry do of conquerors in their haughty carriage to inferiors. Ireland escaped the feudal con- quest, and hence, perhaps, it is that the English find in the commonest Irish blackguard something of the gentleman ; but on the other hand, that every Irish gentleman seems to them to have something in him of the blackguard. For such they consider the freedoms used on both sides in Ireland.^ Tlie 1 He also sat as one of the twenty-nine members for Ireland in the Parliament of 1654. 2 " The land hnnger of the Anglo-Saxon race." — " The Times " newspaper. In another article of 29th November, 1861, on the Governor-General's throwing open the soil of India to English settlers, it says " that the resolution of 17th October, 1861, appeals to one of the strongest passions in the human breast, tlie love of land. In most nations this feeling is strong, but in the British population the love of land [of other i>eoiile\^ land] is powerful in tlie extreme. Our colonial wars are simply wars for land. We fight for land in New Zealand, at the Cape, and wherever we settle." Denied it at home, they are led or driven like buccaneers to make prey of it abroad. 3 " Res Gestae Anglorum in Hibernia, or a Supplement to the History of England." By Rowley Lascelles. Preface to " Liber Munerorum Publicorum." In 2 yolg. Folio. London: 1826, 136 THE CllOMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT Scots at this very period observed upon what they called " this Inglish divill of keeping state." In England, they said, it might be tolerable; for that nation, being often conquered, was become slavish, and took it not ill to be slaves to their superiors. But the Scots, having never been conquered, but always a free-born people, were only won with courtesies and the cheerful and affable behaviour of their nobles and gentry. No leaders of this reserved carriage could ever, at home or abroad, perform with the Scots any great enterprise. They were, therefore, warned " To learn to shun, to hate, The Inglish divill of keeping state. "l Gookin is an instance of the power possessed by Ireland, as observed by Giraldus, of enchanting strangers, who are scarce arrived, he says, before they are contaminated by the vices of the Irish. For such are the only terms each Englishman employs, from the first that set foot on the soil to the latest, to describe the customs of the Irish, because he finds they will never become their serfs like Saxons. " These," writes Sir John Davis, another Englishman, em- ployed 400 years later to enslave the Irish by forcing on them the feudal land code in place of the free and equal Brehon law of Ireland (and he uses all the graces of lan- guage to hide the foulness of the fraud) — "these were the Irish customs, which the English colonies did embrace and use, whereby they became degenerate like those who drank of Circe's cup, and were turned into very beasts, and yet took such pleasure in their beastly manner of life as they would not return to their shape of men again. "2 These 1 " Passages from the Diary of General Patrick Gordon, of Auchleuchries. A.D. 1635-1699 4to. Aberdeen. Printed for the Spalding Club, 1859. 2 Sir John Davis, " Discovery why Ireland was never thor- oughly subdued until the reign of King James I.," page 672, OF IRELAND. 137 Circe an charms being nothing else than the easy life and manners of the Irish. Charming indeed is the contrast they present to that dulness, the characteristic, as observed by this same Giraldus, whether innate or the result of feudal serfdom he knew not, of men of Saxon and German stock. ^ His father, Sir Vincent Gookin, in 1634, published a pam- phlet in Ireland, in the form of a letter to the Lord Deputy, being a bitter invective against the whole nation, Natives, Old English, New English, Papists, Protestants, and all, which so enraged all people against him, as they would have hanged him if they could. ^ In his " Great Case of Transplantation Discussed," he objected that the soldiers lately disbanded 1 " Description of Wales," by Giraldus, chap, xv., " Their freeclom and confidence in speaking." 2 Pp. 348, 349, "Earl of Strafford's Letters," vol. i. Folio. Strange to find even Henry Cromwell, who liad warred here as Colonel, and became afterwards Lieutenant-General and Lord Lieutenant, enchanted with the coiuitry : — " Henry C'romiceJl to the Duhe of Ormond , "March Sth, 1661-2. " May it ple.^se vorR Grace, — The time of my protection expires apace. Nor is tlie expense of this toAvne [London] very suitable to my condition. It would be of great concernment to mee to knowe my doome [he was seeking to hold his Irish land], before I return into ye country, and I suppose my businesse is now as ripe as ever it can be for a determination. Wherefore I humbly beg leave of your Grace to bee importunatt, that a period may bee putt to my languishings, and the great unsettle- nient of my relations. I neither expect nor desire to hold a foot of any restorable land, nor a foote more than wliat by the mercy of his Majesty's declaration is afforded me. I onely entreat you/ Grace to save mee tlie vexation and hazard of soliciting and attendaunces in Ireland, and of contests with any person whatsoever there, where I wish above all other places to live though never so obscurely under your Grace's protection, to show how much your Grace's patfence about my business hatli obleiged, May it please your Grace, your Grace's most humble, most faithfull, and most obedient servant, " Henry Cromwell," Carte MSS. FF., p. 265, Bodleian Library, 138 THE CKOMWP^LLIAN SETTLEMENT (especially the private soldiers) had need of the Irisli. They had neither stock, nor money to buy stock, nor, for the most part, skill in husbandry. But by the labours of the Irish on their land, together with their own industry, they might maintain themselves, improve their lands, and by degrees inure themselves suitably to their new course of life.* More- over, there were few of the Irish peasantry but were skilful in husbandry, and more exact than any English in the hus- bandry proper to the country ; few of the women but \\ ere skilful in dressing hemp and flax, and making woollen cloth. In every hundred men there were five or six masons and car- penters at least, and those more handy and ready in building ordinary houses, and much more skilful in supplying the defects of instruments and materials than English artificers. ^ They have always been known as uncommon masters of the art of overcoming difficulties by contrivances.' The transplantation would injure the revenue. It \\"as paid out of corn which the Irish raised, living themselves on the roots and fruits of their gardens, and on the milk of their cows, goats, and sheep, and by selling their corn to the English they provided money for the " contribution. "^ A considerable number of English had by this time already come over and scattered themselves over the country, pur- chasing farms, and buying stock. This early hope must be nipped in the bud. For, if the transplanting went forward, it would so multiply Tories, they could not live in the country, — and their stock could not live in towns, — and their improve- ments and buildings must be utterly lost, and themselves, M^hen they least expected it, undone.* For many of the in'- habitants of Ireland, who were then able to subsist on their gardens, unable to find subsistence in travelling to Connaught, * P. 16, " Great Case of Transplantation Discussed." 2P, 17, ibid, 3P, 15, ibid, 4 P. 17, ibid, OF IKEl.AXD. 139 or any immediato support when they reached that wasted province, would rather choose the hazard of Torying, than the danger of starving.^ "The chiefest and eminentest of the nobility, and many of the gentry, had taken conditions from the King of Spain, and had transported forty thousand of the most active spirited men, most acquainted with the dangers and discipline of war.^ The priests were all banished. The remaining part of the whole nation was scarce one-sixth part of what they were at the beginning of the war, so great a devastation had God and man brought upon that land ; and that handful of natives left were poor labourers, simple creatures, whose sole design was to live and maintain their families, the manner of which was so low that their design was rather to be pitied, than by anybody feared or hindered.* Then there was the danger that in Connaught they would bo under their chiefs, seated in a country furthest distant from England, with its coast most remote from the course of the English fleet, ready to receive aid from any foreign country. It was by these advantages the English in the late rebellion first lost Connaught, and last regained it.* The taxation to support the arms was so insupportable upon the people under protection, as to amount to a monthly diminution of their capital substance, and drove many hus- bandmen to such poverty that they had only the hard choice left of starving or turning Tories.' Their bands had been thus lately much increased ; and the rigour of the Parliament in excepting them from mercy made them resist to the utter- most.® To all these objections was to be added the difficulty of enforcing the transphuitation. " The Irish would say they could but find want and ruin at the \\'orst if they stay, and 1 P. 20, " Great Case of Transplantation Discussed." 2 Id. Ibid. 3 P. 22, ibid. * P. 26, ibid. 9 P. 13, ibid. 6 p. 25, ibid, 140 THE CROi\IWELLIAN SETTLEMENT why should they travel so far for that which will come home to them ? Against transplantation the Irish have ('tis strange) as great a resentment as against loss of estate, yea, even death itself. But, supposing they should have a dram of rebellious blood in them, or be sullen and not go ? can it be imagined that n whole nation will drive like geese at the wagging of a hat upon a stick ?"^ And in conclusion it was asked, " When will this wild war be finished ; Ireland planted ; inhabitants dis- burthened ; souldiers settled? The unsettling of a nation is easy work; the settling is not. The opportunity for it will not last always : it is now. The souldiers, exhausted with indefatigable labours, hope now for rest. It had been better if Ireland had been thrown into the sea before the first engagement on it, if it is never to be settled. "^ FURY OF THE CROMWELLIAN OFFICERS AGAINST THE AUTHOR OF "the case of transplantation discussed." The publication of this work roused all the fury of the officers of the English army. It was just at the moment when one of the three great disbandings was about to take place, and lots to be cast, and possession of their lands to be taken by the soldiery. They sent in petitions from various quarters. " The Council of War at head quarters in Ireland " addressed His Highness the Lord Protector, stating that the Parliament had provided for their satisfaction in land and for the trans- plantation of the Irish, and that without such transplantation "your petitioners' lands cannot long be safely enjoyed by them and their posterity." And they fell upon the author of the book, including him amongst "some persons belonging to Ireland," who endeavoured to obstruct them in their settle- 1 P. 26, '• Great Case of Transplantation Discussed," 3 Ibid. OF lEELAND. 141 ment upon the lands provided for them by Parhament, and with plainly injuring the army, and unsettling the work of English plantation in Ireland.^ But, besides the odious charge of being an Irishman, or of having " degendred " as Spenser calls it, from being a "right Englishman," hating and de- spising the Irish and everything belonging to them but their lands, they insinuated that he was bribed by them: — "Dublin, Fchntarij IQtJi, 1654-5. " The Irish are troubled to hear of the dissolution of the late parliament, in whom they had great hopes ; but, blessed be God! their hopes are prevented. There is a letter carry- ing on for maintaining of agents, of which I presume the gentleman that lately wrote the Case of Transplantation (thereby abusing rulers) is to have a considerable share. The Irish are much given that way, the sweetness of which makes some of those that have lived long among them so much desire their company ; but assure yourself, that if they were in Connaught, Ireland would be a very good land, and soon all planted. "2 The Council of War sitting at Dublin plainly stated the real purpose of the transplantation. From the officers in the country (as provincials are natu- rally more stupidly religious than people at head-quarters), came the following petition, in which is strangely mixed the Bible stuff they had crammed their heads and hardened their hearts with, and the true end in view, — the possession undis- 1 Numb. 26. P. 4530, " Perfect Proceedings of State Affairs in England, Scotland, and Ireland, with the Transactions of other Nations, from Thursday, March 15th, to Thursday, March 22nd, 1654-5. Entered into the Register's Book according to the Act for Print- ing. 4to. Printed at London for Robert Ibbetson, dwelling in Bmithfield, near Hosier-lane: 1654." 2 P. 5136, " Mercurius Politicus," &c. 142 THE CI^OMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT turbed of the lands they had seized from the gentry of Ireland : — " The humhlc Petition of the Officers ivithin the Precincts of Dublin, CatherJoiigh, Wexford, and KiJhemiy, in the behalf of themselves, their Souldiers, and other faithful English Protestants, to the Lord Deputy and Council of Ireland." They pray that the original order of the Council of State in England, confirmed by Parliament September 27th, 1653, requiring the removal of all the Irish nation into Connaught, except boys of 14 and girls of 12, might be enforced : " For we humbly conceive [say they], that the proclamation for transplanting only the proprietors and such as have bin in arms will neither answer the end of safety nor what else is aimed at thereby. For the first purpose of the transplantation is to prevent those of natural principles [i.e., of natural affec- tions] becoming one with these Irish, as well in affinity as idolatry, as many thousands did, who came over in Queen Elizabeth's time, many of which have had a deep hand in all the late murthers and massacres. And shall we join in affinity [they ask] with the people of these abominations? Would not the Lord be angry with us till ho consumes us, having said, ' The land which ye go to possess is an unclean land, because of the filthiness of the people that dwell therein. Ye shall not therefore give your sons to their daughters, nor take their daughters to your sons,' as it is in Ezra ix., 11, 12, 14. ' Nay, ye shall surely root them out before you, lest they cause you to forsake the Lord your God,' Deut. vii., 2, 3, 4, 10, 18." . . . "3rd. Thereby honest men will be encouraged to come and live ainongst us, in reguard the other three provinces will be free of Tories \\'hen there is none left to harbour or relieve them. . . . OF IRELAND. 143 ''4th. That mahce or exasperation of spirit may be pre- vented that will arise in them against us when they see us enjoy their estates. " 6th. You may thereby free many from being murthered by those whose relations were killed by their means [i.e., by the English] as instruments in the hand of the Lord, they being a people of such inveterate malice as to continue and labour to revenge themselves twenty or thirty years after an injury received which they cannot do when separated. " 10th. You will thereby enlarge the liberties of the poor English who are confined within walls and garrisons, to their great impoverishment, in reguard that they are fain to house or barn their cattle, and to make use of barren land, whilst the Irish enjoy the bt'uefit of the best land, orchards, and gardens in the country, and keep their cattle abroad both day and night, where they can and do conceal their cattle, which the English cannot do, who by that means will be liable to bear a greater proportion of contribution than the Irish; all which arguments and reasons we humbly submit to your honours' most serious consideration, desiring the Lord to direct and guide you therein, and what else may tend to the honour of (iod and comfort of this poor nation."^ " TIIK GItBAT INTEREST OF ENGLAND IN THE IRISH TRANS- PLANTATION STATED," IN ANSWER TO GOOKIN. Colonel Richard Lawrence, who seems to have been the leading member- of the Committee of Transplantation formed on the 2 1st of November, 1653, published an answer.2 He 1 P. .52.%, " Mercurius Politicus," &c. 2 " The Interest of P]ngland in the Irish Transplantation Stated : chiefly intended as an Answer to a scandalous, seditious laniphlet, entitled. 'The Great Case , of Transplantation in Tre- and Discussed.' By a faithful Servant of tlie Commonwealth, Kh hard Lawrence." 4to. London: 165.5. 144 THE CEOMWELLlAN SETTLEMENT said the true reason of the disHke of the Irish to transplant was that they looked to their national interest, and discerned that the transplantation laid the axe at the root of the tree of their future hopes of their recovering their lost ground ;^ and besides their unwillingness to quit the possession of their ancient inheritances, and to be settled upon other men's inheritances in Connaught, they foresaw, perhaps, that the Connaught proprietor might bid them such welcome as they would bid the soldier and adventurer upon their lands. 2 It was very necessary, besides, to transplant the Irish owners for the making way and giving encouragement to the soldiers, adventurers, and other Protestant planters to plant their lands with English, and settle themselves upon them; which not one out of many would be encouraged to do, if every time when he comes to see his lands the ancient Irish proprietor shall salute him upon it with a sad story of his sufferings and hard usage to have his inheritance taken from him and given to other men. Nay, the posterity of that Irishman shall hardly ever pass by the Englishman's dwelling without curs- ing him and his successors (in their hearts), and wishing for the time to recover their own again. ^ Not only had Protestant statesmen of Ireland who were advised with on the matter, both at Westminster and in Ire- land, recommended it, and several solemn meetings been held upon the business, but several godly ministers and other pious Christians had been desired to attend to seek the Lord together with them for direction in this work; and Colonel Lawrence did not remember that any of them had manifested dissatisfaction, or offered reasons against the work, though very many godly and judicious persons complained of its 1 P. 19, " The Interest of England in the Irish Transplanta- tion," &c. 2 Ibid. 3 p. 24, ibid. OF IKELAND. 145 limitations and slow pace;^ and he added, in conclusion, " If any rebellious consequences follow from the meeting of these objections by any Protestant friends of the Irish in such a nick of settlement, I doubt not but God would enable that authority yet in being to let out that dram of rebellious bloud, and cure that fit of sullenness their advocate speaks of. "2 Accordingly, the state pressed on the great work. " They were resolved to see it done." Again and again they filled the gaols, threatening to execute the criminals. Wholesale executions, however, for this crime, seem to have been thought inexpedient; but the government had no ecruple, we see, to sending them to the West Indies. PENALTY FOR THE CRIME OF NOT TRANSPLANTING, CHANGED FROM DEATH TO TRANSPORTATION. After the summer assizes of 1658 there were a great num- ber of convicts in the gaols of the several counties, ^ some under sentence of death passed before 1656, when the penalty was changed to transportation ; others condemned at the late assizes to be transported. On 26th October, 1658, His Ex- cellency and the Council wrote to Sir Charles Coote, Knight and Baronet, President of Connaught, and Colonel Thomas Sadleir, Governor of Gal way, and directed them to have a ship properly victualled to carry from 80 to 100 of these criminals, to be ready to sail with the first fair wind direct for 1 " The Interest of England in the Irish Transplantation," &c., p. 9. 2 P. 25, ibid. 3 " 26th January, 1658-9. Nathaniel Marks, High Sheriff of the Queen's County, is answered, " that the convicts at the late assizes for not trans- planting be secured in Mariboro' Castle until the gaol be made capable, pending the general returns of late convictions from all the judges of assize." A (30), p. 355, N 146 THE CEOMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT the Indian Bridges in Barbadoes. They were to deal with the merchant, the owner of the ship, for the cost of removing them under guards from the several prisons to Galway, and for clothing them when needed. The merchant was to have the disposal of them at Barbadoes, and was to set them down in two days after arriving, except ten intended for a particular person in Barbadoes.^ The following explains the concluding passage in the letter of his Excellency and the Council : — " Council Chamber, Dublin Castle, 29th Nov., 1658. " To Mr. Edward Smyth. " Sir, — I have, by means of a friend of yours, the tenne men and two women hereunder named, ordered to be de- livered to yourself or your assigns at the Indian Bridges or other port in the Barbadoes. " These are only to signify to you the same, and that it is agreed with the merchant that you make discharge and pay- ment for their passage, your friend here having taken care to defray their charge out of prison and conveyance on ship- board. " Thomas Herbert, Clerk of the Council. "^ By these means they continued to clear out the ancient gentry and farmers, and fix them in Connaught, where their condition is now to be considered. THE TRANSPLANTERS AND THEIR CONNAUGHT ASSIGNMENTS. The first orders to the Irish nation, which were dated the 14th of October, 1653, directed the strongest and ablest of 1 A (30), p. 338. 2 Ibid., p. 343. OF IKELAND. 147 them to proceed immediately after Christmas, 1653, to Galway, and to present to the Commissioners of Ee venue there inventories setting forth the names and number of per- sons in their families, the quantity of tillage on the lands they were leaving, and stating whether they were freeholders or leaseholders, in order that the Commissioners of Eevenue might set them out lands competent to the stock that they had to bring into Connaught, and set them down on them as proprietors or tenants.^ Their families were to follow before the 1st of May ; mean- time they were to prepare housing for their reception. But before the time for moving arrived. Special Commissioners were appointed to perform this duty, as being too much for the Commissioners of Eevenue. They were directed to sit at Loughrea instead of Galway, and thenceforth were known always as the Loughrea Commissioners. On the 6th of January, 1654, they received their first instructions, 2 which seem to have been prepared by a stand- ing Committee, consisting of Eoger Lord Broghill, Colonel Hierome Sankey, Colonel Eichard Lawrence, and ten others, who were appointed to sit in the long gallery at Cork House, which then adjoined the Castle of Dublin, every Monday, Wednesday, and Friday, to consider all matters referred to them, and amongst others. How the Great Worke of Trans- plantation might be managed and carried on with most advantage to the Commonwealth. ^ 1 Order of Commissioners for the Affairs of Ireland, 14th Octo- ber, 1653, in Kilkenny Castle. 2 " Instructions for AVm. Edwards, Edw. Do.yly, Chs. Holcroft, and Hy. Greenoway, Esqrs., Commissioners appointed for the .Setting out Lands in Connaught to A\e Transplanted Irisli, who are to remove thither before 1st of May next." A (85), p. 47. 3 Order appointing the Committ*fi^ 1st Aug., 1,653- A (84\ p. 364. ' ' " 148 THE CROMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT These instructions directed that none of the inhabitants of Kerry, Cork, or Limerick were to be placed in Clare (as they might thence perhaps behold their native hills and plains, and be tempted to return, though the width of the Shannon would seem to have been enough to secure the Cork and Kerry inhabitants in their new abodes). None of the inhabitants of Cavan, Fermanagh, Tyrone, or Donegal, were to be placed in Leitrim, as being too near Ulster, besides being a country full of fastnesses ; and, as a general rule, none of those inhabiting within ten miles of the Shannon on this side should be settled near, or have lands assigned to them within ten miles of the other side. Care was also to be taken that the whole inhabitants of no one county, when transplanted, should have lands assigned to them in any one county in part of Connaught, but should be dispersed; and that the several septs, clans, or families of one name removing should be, as far as possible, dispersed into several places. Some thoughtful persons, indeed, went so far as to propose to keep the transplanted Irish of English descent separate from the Irish. It was observed that the transplanted in Con- naught were a disjointed people, both as to their principles and interest. " For though all of them," said Colonel Law- rence, " be equally Papist, they are not all equally Irish, but a considerable part of them (if not the most considerable) are of ancient English extract (alluding to the Butlers, Talbots, Barnewalls, Plunkets, &c.), who had been of old, and until the late plantation of new English, determined enemies of the Irish. "^ And he proposed that the Irish should be kept still divided by being settled entirely, one of them at one end, and the other at the other end of the province of Connaught. 1 " Interest of England in the Well Planting of Ireland with English People Discussed," p. 40. 4to. Dublin: 1656. OF lllELAKD. 149 He proposed, also, that favours might be extended to the one, viz., the Enghsh-descended Irish (as by being planted near towns, &c.), that should not be to the other, by which means their joint agreement against the Enghsh interest would be much obstructed. 1 But plans of this nicety could scarce be carried out, considering the numbers passing into Connaught, and the constant taking away of lands by the Government for one cause or the other, so that in the end not a twentieth freeholder had any land assigned to him. 2 By the Act of Parliament which assigned Connaught for the habitation of the Irish nation, the only parts reserved from them were the towns, and a belt of ground four miles wide beginning at one statute mile round the town of Sligo, and so winging along the sea coast, to be planted with soldiers, in order to shut out relief by sea from abroad. ^ This belt, how- ever, was afterwards carried along the Shannon side, to prevent escape back to the other provinces.* Its breadth, as land became scarce, was reduced first to three miles, and finally contracted to one mile; and the circle of three miles round Portumna, Athlone, Jamestown, Limerick, and the Pass of Killaloe, on the Connaught side, and of 100 acres round Shrule, Gort, and other garrisons given up, the five miles round the town of Galway alone being still reserved. The baronies of Tirrera, and Carbury in Sligo, then Tir- rerril, Corran, and Loynoy were first taken away, and set out 1 •• interest of hJuglnnd in the Well Planting of Ireland with English People Discussed," p. 41. 4to. Dublin: 1656. 2 " A Continuation of the Brief Narrative and the Sufferings of the Irish under Cromwell," p. 9. 4to. London: 1660. 3 Act for vSatisfaction of the Adventurers for Lands in Ireland, and of Arrears due to the Souldiery, 26th Sept., 1653. Scobell's " Acts and Ordinances," chap. xii. * Additional Instructions to Commissioners at Loughrea, 16th June, 1655. A (26), p. 132. Colonel Ingoldsby and others to make the line, 8th April, 1656. A (10), p. 58. 150 THE CROMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT to satisfy the disbanded. ^ And the transplanters who had received assignments there had to gather up their flocks and herds, and with their weary and heart-broken wives and children to begin their wanderings again. 2 The ancient pro- prietors, too, who had probably been comparing their happier lot with the poor transplanted, to lose only part of their lands to afford the exiles a maintenance, while they still kept their old mansions, had now to transplant to make way for the English soldiery. 3 It will be observed that the barony of Tirrera is bounded on the west by the fine estuary which leads up to Ballina, in Mayo. Opposite is the barony of Tyrawley, with a belt of fine, rich feeding and grazing land along the estuary, com- mencing about Killala, near the mouth, and extending to Ballina. The rest, westwards to Erris, partakes of the nature of that barony, and is a waste of heath and bog. The officers now took the good part of Tyrawley, on the ground that by such an English plantation the sea coast would be greatly secured; they left the bad half for the transplanters.* The barony of Burren, and the district of Connemara, were for a time reserved from the Irish, as being near the sea^ and great fastnesses, but were finally set out to be transplanted. Leitrim, which had before been suspended from being set out on account of its being such a strong country, became filled in spite of the order with the Ulster Creaghts.^ It was the first land they met with on entering Connaught, and they drove their herds of multitudinous small cows into its moun- 1 A (90), p. 701. 2 A (90), p. 704. 3 a (5), p. 60. 4 A (90), p. 51. 5 " Proposition of Loiighrea Commissioners Answered." A (85), p. 544. 6 Id., ib. OF IHELAND. 151 tains and valleys and depastured them, suffering less, pro- bably, from the transplantation than others, being accus- tomed to a wandering life, and to pitch their frail booths, erected of boughs, covered with long strips of green turf, where the pasture suited their herds. They received various summonses to retire. The county was at length taken for the soldiery, to answer arrears before 5th June, 1649; and the ancient proprietors were ordered to remove to the baronies of Murrisk and Borrishool, in Mayo, most resembling Lei trim, in the opinion of the Loughrea Commissioners ;i but in the opinion of the proprietors it probably only resembled it in its wildest and worst parts. But the transplanter's trials had only begun when he reached Connaught. The officers employed had to be bribed by money — if the poor transplanter had any money left — if not, by a secret agreement to give the officer part of the land for layiiig out the rest, as some relief to him and his starving family. 2 The Cootes, the Kings, the Binghams, the Coles, the St. Georges, the Ormsbys, the Gores, the Lloyds, having thus defrauded transplanters of part of their lots, bought up the remnant at two shillings and six pence, and three shillings per acre, and at the utmost, five shilUngs.^ Major Byrne, having a decree from Athlone for 2,000 acres, gave Sir James Cuffe, one of the officers of transplantation at Loughrea, 200 for obtaining his assistance in procuring the remainder. Byrne never got any more, and opposed Sir James Cuffe 's claim, in the Court of Claims, to these 200 acres, in 1 A (30), p. 161. 2 " Petition of Lord Athenry and Sir Niclil Plunket, agents for the Irish before the King and Council, against the Connauglit Purchasers being secured in their fraudulent purchases from Transplanters by Proviso proposed in the Bill of Explanation." [A.D. 1664,] Lib. D., p. 100. Record Tower, Dublin Castle, 3 rhid. 152 THE CEOMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT 1666.1 Sir Charles Coote purchased Tyrellan, the Marquis of Clanricard's great house near Galway, and 4,000 acres of that estate, from transplanters; but gave them up at the Restora- tion to Clanricard's widow, at the King's request, and on the King's promise that he should be given as good in the county of Dublin. 2 Or the officer purchased the Athlone decree for a song, and then got his brother officers to set him out larger scopes than the transplanter was entitled to.^ But the transplanter, even after getting a few acres, was not secure. Philip Purcell, of Kilcorish, in the barony of Athlone, county of Galway, on behalf of himself and other transplanted persons, removed into the barony of Athlone, complained (18 June, 1655), that they had been deprived of their assignments by the Connaught proprietors, and turned out into the most unprofitable parts of the country ;* and when reinstated, his cows were seized by Major Ormsby for arrears of assessment, due five years before his transplanta- tion. ^ For it is easy to conceive the sore feelings of the Con- naught proprietor, to find himself and his family turned out of his ancient home to make way for a transplanter from Leinster, armed with an assignment from the Commissioners at Loughrea. Thus, Patrick French was forced from his ancestral castle of Monivea, in the county of Galway, to an assignment on part of the Clanricard estate, in order to make way for Lord Trimleston, banished from his manor near 1 " Minute Book of Commissioners of Claims," p. 2. Office of the Crown and Hanaper. 2 Earl of Mountrath [Sir C. Coote] to Ormonde. Oct. 10, 1660. ' Carte Papers," vol. xxxi., p. 27. 3 Commission of Enquiry into the Frauds in Connaught De- crees. Art. 8. August, 1663." " Carte Papers," vol xliv p. 204. A (6), p. 346. s A (12), p. 53. OF lEELANl). 153 Trim. In 1660, Patrick French lost his hmds on the Clanri- card estate by the Marchioness's restoration, yet he could not regain Monivea ;i for though Lord Trimleston got a decree, and passed a patent to be reinstated in his castle of Trimles- ton, the Adventurer in possession could not be compelled to resign till he was given a reprise of lands as good as he had got. And Patrick French, and his wife and daughters, wandered about houseless until Lord Trimleston died, at Monivea, on 17th September, 1667. Edmund and Meyler Burke, of Moyode, and other lands in the county of Galway, within four miles of Loughrea, gave way to Philip Fitzgerald, a transplanter from Munster, and became tenants to him for part of their inheritance. Philip Fitzgerald being restored, on the Eang's return, as an Inno- cent, to his ancient estate, they petitioned (November 10th, 1662), for liberty for themselves and their families to re- occupy their own, pending their claim to innocence entered before the Commissioners of Claims.^ Besides the sufferings of the transplanters from the corrupt dealings of the officers of transplantation, and the hostility of the Connaught proprietors, they had to endure also the vengeance of the transplanted Irish wherever any were known to have favoured the English during the war. On 4th Novenaber, 1653, the Commissioners for the Affairs of Ireland required the members of the High Court of Justice, lately held in the respective provinces in Ireland, to certify the names of those who had given evidence against persons con- victed of murder, and had thereby incurred the hatred and malice of the kindred and alliance of the persons condemned, 1 King's Letter in favour of Patrick French, December lOth, 1661. " Carte Papers," vol. xlii., p. 250. 2 " Petition of Edmund and Mevler Burke." " Carte Papers," vol. Ix., p. 219. 154 THE CKOMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT as they could not, probably, without much danger, live amongst them in case they transplanted.^ Edmond Magrath, transplanted from Bally more, in the barony of Kilnemanagh, in the county of Tipperary, had his woods daily cut, on his assignment in the county of Clare, by the Irish, who bore him no good will (he said), for his services to the Enghsh.2 They had discovered, no doubt, his acting the spy for Sir WilHam St. Leger, President of Munster, dur- ing the war, — a fact that appears in a letter under the Lord Protector's hand, dated March the 11th, 1657-8, restoring him to his ancient estate of 800 Irish acres, in consideration of his having given intelhgence to Sir William St. Leger, deceased, as certified to the Protector when he was in Ireland, and by those put in principal authority there by him since. ^ Then the accommodation was so bad, from the waste of all houses, that many transplanted families had to -build sheds to lie under; and the Commissioners of Parliament empowered Sir Charles Coote, and the Court of Qualifications at Athlone (22nd July, 1655), to give them timber for this purpose, and for ploughs.* Lady Fitzgerald, wife of Sir Luke Fitzgerald, transplanted from Ticroghan Castle, in the county of Meath (which, as guarding the passage by the head waters of the Eiver Boyne, was called one of the pillars of Leinster),^ wrote (June 13th, 1655), that all the gentry were transplanted, and fain to live under the air, or in such barracks as her corre- spondent had at Ballinakill in the siege time.^ "Many opulent 1 A (84), p. 711. 2 A (12), p. 64. 3 " Letters from the Lord Protector, 1654-1658," p. 121. Record Tower, Dublin Castle. 4 A (5), p. 203. s " Ticroghan and Carlow lost, those pillars of Leinster!" " Excommunication of Jamestown." Sir Richard Cox. " Hibernia Anglicana." Appendix, xlviii. 6 " Intercepted Letter of James Darcy to John Smith, at Dun- kirk." " 3rd Thurloe's State Papers," p. 548. OF lEELAKD. 155 persons of good quality; yea, and many of them Peers and Lords of the reahii," says French, Koman Cathohc Bishop of Ferns, " were lodged in smoky cabins, and, as might well be said, buried there, and starved to death with their wives and children."^ COURT FOR THE CLAIMS AND QUALIFICATIONS OF THE IRISH AT ATHLONE. These, however, were only the first rude essays in the great work of transplantation during the first year. They were of less consequence, as the assignments of land were De Bene Esse, or conditional, and were only preliminary to the final settlements, which were to be made by the court to sit at Athlone for discriminating the qualifications of the Irish. These Commissioners, commonly called the Athlone Com- missioners, or Court of Claims and Qualifications of the Irish, were appointed (as appears by their commission and instruc- tions) on 28th December, 1654.2 Their business was twofold; first, to discriminate the guilt of every proprietor — that is to say, his "qualification;" and, second, to ascertain the size and value of the lands he lately held on the English side of the Shannon, and the nature of his estate — that is to say, his " claim." In the Act for Settling Ireland, passed 12th August, 1652,3 there were eight different qualifications. By the first six, death or banishment and forfeiture were declared against all the chief nobility (some of them Protestant Eoyalists, as the Earl of Ormond, Primate Bramhal, and others), and all the gentlemen of Ireland who had held commissions of 1 " The Uiikinde Deserter of Loyall Men and true Frinds. A.D. 1676." By the Most Rev. Nicholas French, Bishop of Ferns. P. 192. 2 vols. 12mo. Duffy. Dublin : 1846. 2 A (26), p. 5.*^. 3 Scobell's " Acts and Ordinances." .•i 1 150 THE CllOMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT Colonels, or any higher rank in the army, led by Ormond as Lord Lieutenant of Ireland for King Charles II., in 1649 and 1650, against Cromwell and the Parliamentary forces in Ireland. Swordmen under that rank fell under the 7th quali- fication, and forfeited two-thirds, and were to transplant. Noblemen and gentlemen of Ireland, being Catholics, who had borne no part in the war, but remained quiet, fell under the 8th quahfication, as not having manifested a constant good affection by some outward acts in favour of the Parlia- ment and against the King, and were to transplant for their religion. They forfeited one-third; Protestants in like condi- tion forfeited one-fifth. By the Act for Settling Ireland, all within these qualifications were to receive their proportions of land in Connaught; but by an ordinance of the Protector and Council, Protestants were allowed to compound^ for a fine equal to one-fifth, and were dispensed with from trans- plantation. This was equal to two years' annual value, lands being then valued at ten years their annual profits. ^ As the whole nation was declared guilty of rebellion, it lay on each claimant to prove both the quantity of his lands, and "the series of his carriages," or his course of conduct during the ten years' war. To check the claimants, the Com- missioners were furnished with the Civil Survey, which set forth the names and estates of all the proprietors in 1641, — • with the Depositions, taken in 1042, of Protestants com- plaining of goods taken from them in the first year of the war, in which were entered every idle hearsay^ they chose to offer, the more monstrous the better. These were duly alphabeted and indexed. They were also supplied with books of the late 1 Dated 2iid September, 16-54. Scobell's '"' Acts and Ordi- nances." 2 Order of Council made on report of the Commissioners of Revenue on Lord Viscount Moore of Drogheda's Case. Records of late Aiiditoi'-General, Custom House, Dublin, vol. xviii., p. 9; on Teig O'Hara's case, ib., p. 19. OF IRELAND. 157 Government of Confederate Catholics. Some of these books were discovered and seized at Waterford ; others by Colonel Solomon Richards, at Kilkenny, in January, 1654. ^ On the 25th of April, 1654, the Commissioners sent Sergeant Morti- mer, the Sergeant-at-Arms attending the Council, to Kil- kenny, to receive them by inventory from the Commissioners of the Revenue of that Precinct, with orders to bring them up, and guards were to attend upon him from garrison to garrison, to Dublin Castle. 2 They comprised the Roll of Association, with the names of all who had become members of the General Assembly by taking the oath, the books of the Supreme Council, and Books of Entries. They were cata- logued and indexed by order of the Commissioners for the Affairs of Ireland. On 24th May, 1654, John Smith, for his pains in making catalogues of the books taken at Waterford and Kilkenny, was paid six pounds. ^ On the 15th May, 1654, £107 was ordered to be divided between Ralph Wallis (who declared he had been up late and early at the work), and seven other clerks, for making indexes to these books in preparation to the sitting of the Court at Athlone.* These books, as used in evidence against the Irish, were called the Books of Dis- crimination, and the office where they were lodged, the Dis- crimination Office, but more popularly "the Black Books," or Black Books of Athlono.^ ^Yhen the Court ended at 1 A (90), p. 620. 2 A (85), p. 309. 3 " Council Book," among Anditor-General's Records, vol. x. * A (1), p. 95. 5 "To His Excellency the Lord Lieuten.\nt of Ireland, " r/ie liumhle Fetition of WiUidm Cooper, Gentleman, " Sheweth, " That your Petitioner had the charge and custody of the Books of Discrimination (commonly called The Black Books), with all the Kilkenny Books, Rolls of Association, and other proceed- ings of the Supreme Council, and all the Claims and Decrees of Athlone, and several other books relating to the Transplanted 158 'J'HE CEOMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT Athlone, on 24 June, 1656, and proceeded to Mallow to hear the claims of the ancient inhabitants of Cork, Youghal, and Kinsale, these books were conveyed thither with guards ; and when the Mallow proceedings were over, Captain Edward Tomlin, Comptroller of the Train, was ordered on 24 Septem- ber, 1656, to furnish a close waggon to convey them to Dublin, and four horse soldiers were furnished to attend the waggons from garrison to garrison, to Dublin. According to the evidence thus afforded, and the testimony of witnesses, the Commissioners decreed that the claimant either had no claim, or fell under the 7th or 8th qualification, and so forfeited two-thirds or one-third ; or the claimant got a decree of Constant Good Affection, entitling him to be restored to his estate. THE LOUGHREA COMMISSIONERS. It now became the duty of the Loughrea Commissioners to set out lands to the transplanted in quantity according to the Athlone Decrees. The assignments thus made were called Final Settlements, to distinguish them from those which the transplanters first received for the support of the stock of Interest in Connauglit and Clare, for seven years last past, with- out making any charge for same, and hath constantly paid a yearly rent of £15 to Richard Reynell, Esq., for an office to keep the said books and papers from loss and embezzlement, suppos- ing the same might at some time or other be of use to H.M.'s service, and be of advantage to your petitioner. That in obedi- ence to your Excellency's order of the 7th November, instant, your petitioner hath prepared perfect inventories of all the said Books, Rolls, Papers, and writings, and hath delivered to the Clerk of the Council, all the said Books, &c., with the said In- ventories, &c., as by the said Order he is required, &c." " Wth day of June, 1670. " Concordatum Orders," unbound, among the Auditor-General's Records, Custom House Buildings. OF IKELAND. 159 cattle. The business having become more important, Sir Charles Coote, President of Connaught, and others, were joined to the other Commissioners at Loughrea.^ In consideration, however, of the inconveniency that hap- pened to the transplanted Irish, that to their insupportable charges (as they suggested) they were necessitated to travel with their decrees obtained in the Court at Athlone, to the Commissioners at Loughrea, to have lands set out to them pursuant to their decree. The Commissioners were, on 23 June, 1655, directed to remove to Athlone by 1 July follow- ing, that the public work of transplantation might be carried on with the most expedition and ease to the said Irish people. 2 Transcripts of the Down Survey, with the original of the Civil Survey, were sent for the use of the Commis- sioners of the Court of Qualifications, and transcripts of the old surveys of Connaught and Clare [Strafford's Survey] for the Loughrea Commissioners. ^ The Government early in this year directed the Loughrea Commissioners to give the first comers assignments, with houses and other accommodation, to encourage the nation to come on.* Instead of which (strange to say), they began with the baronies of Burren and Inchiquin, in the county of Clare, "generally known and reputed to be sterile," to the hindrance of the transplantation. Transplanters were also set down in counties totally different in character from those which they and their families had been accustomed to.s The cruelty ought to have been apparent of transplanting a nobleman like Lord Trimleston, for instance, with his stock of heavy cattle, from his rich grazing and fattening grounds in Meath, to a sheepwalk in Galway; or John Talbot, of 1 16th June, 1655. A (26), p. 99. 2 A (5), p. 177 3 A (5), p. 175. 4 A (30), p. 42. s lb., p. 82. 160 THE CROMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT Mai abide, from his castle and ancient demesne, in the best part of the county of Dublin, to the wilds of Erris, in Mayo, fit only for goats. To remedy these inconveniences, a committee was appointed on the 1st of February, 1656, in Dublin, consisting of Sir Hardress Waller, Sir Robert King, Major-General Jephson, and Colonel Hewson, and Colonel Sankey, to consider of the nature and quality of the soil of the respective baronies in the three provinces of Leinster, Munster, and Ulster, and what counties and baronies there were beyond the Shannon to which the transplanted Irish were to remove, that might bear a resemblance in proportion and quality of the lands they left in the other provinces, that they might be set down in lands of like quality and quantity in Connaught.^ And Sir Charles Coote, one of the Loughrea Commissioners, was joined to the committee on account of his experience acquired in Con- naught in the business of setting down the transplanted. On the 12th of February, 1656, this committee submitted their scheme. Besides resemblance, they took into con- sideration the distance from whence the proprietors were to remove, so that the inhabitants of one county should not be removed to a greater distance from their former estates than others. According to this scheme, all the inhabitants of Ulster, except the Down and Antrim Irish, were to be set down in various baronies in Mayo and Galway. They lay west of a line drawn due north from the town of Galway, in which were comprised Erris and Connemara, two of the wildest and barrenest districts in Ireland. The committee probably thought it best suited the wild and fierce nature of the Ulster- men, not reflecting nor caring, probably, that in the counties of Armagh, Tyrone, Monaghan, and Cavan, there are some 1 A (5), p. 351. OF IKELANt). 161 fine lands, the owners of which must suffer great hardship in being set down amongst the heath and rocks of Erris. But these niceties could not, of course, be attended to. The Down and Antrim men, being of ancient Scottish descent, originally from the Hebrides and adjacent coast of Scotland, with some antagonism to the rest of Ulster, were to be set down in the baronies of Clanmorris, Carra, and Kilmaine, keeping them still divided from the other Ulstermen. To the Kildare, Meath, Queen's County, and Dublin Irish, coming from the finest feeding and fattening lands in Ire- land, were assigned the barony of Boyle, comprising the famous plains of Boyle, that fatten a bullock and a sheep to the acre; and the baronies of Eoscommon and Balhntubber, and the half barony of Bellamo, in the county of Eos- common; and so of the rest.^ Their proposals follow: — " Proposals in order to assigning certain Baronies in Con- naught and Clare to certain Counties in the other Provinces. ' ' The inhabitants of the Province of Ulster (except the counties of Down and Antrim) to be transplanted into the Baronies of Muckullen, Eosse, and Ballinihinsey, in the ter- ritory of Ere Connaught, and County of Galway (except what is reserved by the Lyne on the Sea), and into the Baronies of Moyrisk, Burryshoule, and the half barony of Irish [Erris], parte of Tyrawley Barony (parte of it being given to the soldiers), and Costello Barony (except what is on the line aforesaid), and into T'yaquin Barony, in the Co. of, Galway. " The inhabitants of the Counties of Corke and Wexford to be transplanted into the Baronies of Dunkellyn and 1 12th Feb., 1G55-6, " Proposals for effecting the better setting down of the Irisli transplanted into Connauglit." A (24), p. 189. O 162 THE CROMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT Kiltartan, in the County of Galway (except what is on the lyne on the sea), and into Athlone Barony and the half Barony of Moycarnane (except what is on the lyne of the Shannon), in the County of Eoscommon. "The inhabitants of the County of Kerry to be trans- planted into Inchiquin and Burren Baronies, in the County of Clare, and into the territories of Artagh, in the Barony of Boyle, in the County of Roscommon. " The inhabitants of the Counties of Down and Antrim to be transplanted into the Baronies of Clanmorris, Carra, and Kilmaine, in the County of Mayo. " The inhabitants of the Counties of Kilkenny, Westmeath, Longford, King's County, and Tipperary, to be transplanted into the Baronies of Tullagh, Bunratty, Islands, Corcomroe, Clonderlau, Moyfartagh, andlbracan, in the County of Clare, and into the half Barony of Bellamo, in the County of Galway. " The inhabitants of the Counties of Catherlagh, Water- ford, and Limerick, into the half Baronies of Loughrea and Leitrim, and the Baronies of Dunmore and Kilconnell, and the half Barony of Longford (except what is in the lyne), in the County of Galway. "And the inhabitants of East Meath, Ivildare, Queen's County, and Dublin, into the Baronies of Eoscommon and Ballintobber, in the half Barony of Bellamo and the Barony of Boyle (except the territory of Artagh), in the County of Eoscommon. " Memorandum. — That Louth is reputed much better land than Wicklow, and to be accordingly estimated. "Dated at Dublin, 12th Februanj, 1656-6. " Hardress Waller. Charles Coote. Egbert King. JohnHewson. W^m. Jephson. Hierome Sankey."i 1 A (26), p. 189. OF IRELAND. 163 The plan of consigning to the four baronies of BaUintober in Roscommon, and Athlone in Galvvay, and TuHa and Bun- ratty in Clare, "Irish widows of English extraction" (by which are to be understood the widows of the nobility and ancient English gentry — ladies such as Viscountess Mayo, Lady Louth, Lady Grace Talbot, Lady Dunboyne, Sec), was the suggestion of the Committee of Transplantation, as early as 5th May, 1654.1 In the following year it was conceived that three would be enough, and BaUintober was cut off. 2 Notwithstanding the vast amount of Connaught already withdrawn from Transplanters, the Commissioners had orders to reserve one choice barony in Clare, and one in Galway, for the disposal of the Government.' For the Lord Henry Cromwell, also, was reserved Por- tumna Castle, park, and gardens, the ancient seat of the Earls of Clanrickard, with 6,000 acres next adjoining.* Sir Charles Coote, Colonel Sadleir, Major Ormsby, and others did not think it beneath them to still further diminish the fund of land,^ for the support of the exiled Irish nation, and got grants in Connaught. Two-thirds of Mayo was taken to answer soldiers' arrears of Cromwell's army of Ireland, incurred in England before the 5th of June, 1649; and as the remaining third was mountainous and maritime, the Commis- sioners of Parliament thought they might as well make a clean sweep of Mayo; the Loughrea Commissioners were therefore ordered to take care that no Irish should set down within that county either as proprietors or tenants, to the end it should be planted with English, — that importing most of public safety * Order Book of Council, Custom House Buildings, vol. vii. 2 A (5), p. 111. 3 A (10), p. 55. *A (10), p. 277; and see Letter of Henry Cromwell, supra, p. 137, n. ih. 3 A (10), p. 266. 1G4 THE CEOMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT and advantage^ This, however, would seem to have been given back when they found that all disposable lands had been set out, except the two reserved baronies, and except what was waste and remote ; and that many Irish proprietors and their families, who had left fine estates, were still unaccom- modated, and reduced to little better than a starving condi- tion.^ The rule of Settlement now became impracticable. Mr. Thomas ShortaP and Mr. Eichard Nugent,* and others, com- plained that their Athlone decrees were not satisfied in the baronies appointed for those in their capacity. Maurice Lord Viscount Eoche, of Fermoy, was sent off on his wearisome and fruitless journey on foot to the Owles, in the wildest and remotest part of Connaught^ (and had nothing but his labour for his pains), instead of being set down with the inhabitants of the county of Cork, in the baronies of Kiltartan and Dun- kellin in the county of Galway, or of Athlone, or Moycarnon, in Eoscommon. COURT AT MALLOW FOR THE CLAIMS AND QUALIFICATIONS OP THE IRISH OF CORK, YOUGHAL, AND KINSALE. It was before a court at Athlone that the Irish nation had to appear, to receive each man his doom. An exception, however, was made in favour of " the Ancient inhabitants of Cork, Kinsale, and Youghal,"^ for whose trial a court was held at Mallow by the same judges as sat at Athlone, and these Ancient inhabitants were granted the peculiar privi- lege, that they were not in the meantime forced to transplant 1 A (10), p. 123. 2 A (26), p. 233. 3 a (12), p. 230. * lb., ib. 5 See at close of this chapter. 6 The case of the ancient natives of Youghal is not given in the Mallow Commissioners' Report; but they were turned out of that town at the same time as the natives of Cork. OF IRELAND. 165 like the rest of the nation, but were permitted to reside in the county of Cork until the sitting of the court. The conduct which entitled them to this signal distinction was their loyalty to the English interest, as it was called ; for though they were all Roman Catholics, they united them- selves to the English and Protestant forces, shut the gates, manned the walls, and kept watch and ward with them against their own countrymen and co-religionists. One would expect that the judgment of the Commis- sioners, if it did not mark them out for further favour, would at least have declared that they were not to be included in the dreadful doom pronounced on the rest of the nation. But by the proceedings of the court, of which there re- mains a full account under the hands of the Commissioners themselves, it will be seen that it was easier for a camel to go through the eye of a needle than for an Irish adversary of the English rebels, dwelling in Ireland, to escape transplan- tation to Connaught. When the rebels of England, at the end of the year 1643, induced the rebels of Scotland by a gift of £100,000 to in- vade England a second time to help them against the King, the King turned to Ireland to obtain forces, and Lord Ormond, at his command, sent him over considerable bodies of troops. But the King placed his chief hopes in the aid he expected to derive from the Confederate Catholics upon the conclusion of a treaty for a peace; preliminary to which he directed Lord Ormond to enter into a Cessation of arms with them. The new English of Ireland, composed chiefly of Planters since Queen Ehzabeth's time, whose hatred and fear of the Irish, on account of the injuries they had inflicted on them, far exceeded their loyalty to the King, could not endure the idea of the King's vanquishing the rebels of England by such 166 THE CKOMWELLIAN SETTLE^IENT aid. " Where would the Protestant religion be," they asked, " if the King conquered by the aid of the Irish ?"i Or, rather (for this was the rehgion they thirsted after), where would the lands of the ancient nobility, gentry, and people of Ireland be in that case, which, to the extent of 2,500,000 acres, the Parliament had already confiscated by anticipation, while the Puritan rebels and their followers had in imagination swal- lowed up the rest? The Earl of Inchiquin, who commanded large forces in Munster for the King, and had his head-quar- ters at Cork, now turned over for this cause to the Parliament side. He wrote to his brother Henry, who held Wareham with his (Inchiquin 's) regiment, for the King, to deliver that town to the Parliament, and bring the regiment to Ireland; and wrote letters to Colonel Mynn, Colonel Poulet, and Colonel St. Leger, urging them also to bring back their forces to Munster. 2 These were regiments that had been sent over to aid the King against the Parliament, in the year 1643, on the Cessation made with the Irish. He impressed upon them his conviction that ' ' deserving men would have the estates of their enemies conferred upon them by the Parliament at the end of this war, as it was at the end of the last war, i.e., Tyrone's wars. ' '^ This could not be expected if the King were to put down the rebellion of England by the aid of the Irish. Meantime he drove out all the Old English inhabitants of Irish birth, pretending he could not be safe with them because they were " Irish " and Catholic, though they had shut the gates 1 " A Letter from the Right Hon. the Lord Inchiquin and the other Commanders in Munster to His Majestie, expressing the Reasons for not holding tlie Cessation any longer with the Rehells, &c. ; with several other Letters to Friends here in Eng- land, advising them to return to their former Charges in Ireland, c^'c. Published hy authority," 4to. London: 1644. 2 lb. 3 lb. I OF lEELAND. 167 against the Irish in 1641, and had ever since joined with the King's forces, defending the town against them. Sending for the mayor and corporation at 6 in the morning, on 26 July, under pretence that he had to make a journey to Doneraile, and would speak with them before his departure, he got them into his garden, and there kept them surrounded by soldiers, horse and foot, with lighted matches. Then, attended only by the sheriffs, he proceeded through the streets ordering all the Irish inhabitants (as they were called), both old men and young men, to withdraw out of the city; which done, he ordered out the clergy, and also the women of what quality soever, but to carry nothing with them, his lordship observ- ing, in answer to the remonstrance of the mayor, " that if they w^ere all lords, they must all begone." While thus de- tained, the troops with their petronels ready spanned in their hands, were driving the rest of the inhabitants out of the city, locking up their houses and taking their keys into their keep- ing; so that in less than two or three hours' time the city was depopulated, and not an Irish inhabitant left therein, and they and their wives and children left with no other lodging but under hedges and ditches, being not able to put one bit into their mouths. i When Inchiquin returned again to the King's interest in 1648, the Irish inhabitants, or such of them as sur- vived, were let back, but only to be again driven out on the revolt of the English garrison to Cromwell, 23rd October, 1649, " when they were plundered of all that ever they had, insomuch as for the space of twenty-four hours one did not know the miseries of the other, by which means (says Phihp Martel, in his petition of 22nd December, 1649), the poor ^ " A Relation of the passadges between the Lord Inchiquin and the Mayor and Aldermen of Corke, upon his LoPP's expelling the Irish inhabitants of the citty, subscribed bv Robert Coppin- ger, Mayor, and John Gahvaye, Sheriffe, July", 1644." " Carte Papers," vol. xi., 402, 168 THE CKOMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT inhabitants have a greater sense of the last than of the former plundering."^ At the same time that Inchiquin turned out the Irish in 1644, he wrote over to England, suggesting that the Parliament should give the houses and lands of the ex- pulsed inhabitants to the English remaining in the city of Cork. 2 As Irish evidence is not to be beUeved unless it be to the prejudice of the nation (according to the maxim that an Irishman's oath is of no value except to hang another), the loyalty of the Ancient natives of Cork would probably not be credited unless upon English testimony. Against the calum- nious and interested charges of Lord Inchiquin, therefore, there is to be set the solemn report of the Duke of Ormond, the Earl of Anglesey, and Sir George Hamilton (no friends of the Irish), made at the order of the King, on the petition of these expelled inhabitants, who prayed at the Restoration to be restored to their lands and former habitations. By this report it was certified that the ancient natives of Cork had at all times from the breaking out of the troubles and disturbances acted with and for the English interest equally with the English Protestants ; that when they were put out of their houses and from their habitations, they, to hold still firm to their loyalty, had immediate recourse, and only refuge by their mayor, Eobert Coppinger, to the Lord Marquis of Ormond, as the proper centre, in whose hands they deposited the badges of their privileges — namely, the sword, mace, and cap of maintenance; and his Lordship, in acknowledgment of such faithful and loyal deportment, knighted the said Robert Coppinger; and then promised, in the behalf of his late Majesty, to render unto them in season- able time the said sword, and mace, and cap of maintenance, 1 " Carte Papers," vol. clvi., 499. ? " A letter," &c., p. 166, suprii, OF IKELAND. 169 and to testify to their advantage how properly they had deposited the same in due tinie.^ They further reported that it appeared by two several letters from his late Majesty of ever blessed memory, in the years 1643 and 1644, directed to the mayor, aldermen, and commons of that city, that they had, towards the mainten- ance of His Majesty's army, issued in loans and otherwise the sum of £30,000, besides their other sufferings mentioned in their former petition, amounting to £60,000; and when their stock in corn was totally exhausted, they willingly gave up their plate, household stuff, and moveables, to advance his late Majesty's service, which the said late King declared himself so sensible of, that he said the same should be in due time remeinbered to their great advantage, and returned to their loyal bosoms. ^ The inhabitants further alleged, that in the beginning of the Kebellion they invited the English into the city. And when the ancient natives were expelled, some of them had their throats cut by the Tories (the rascal Irish), for their joining with the English."* The case of the Ancient inhabitants of Kinsale is to be found in the report of Cromwell's Commissioners. The Court was opened on the 22nd of July, 1656. On the 29th, the case of Thomas Toomey (otherwise Thomas) was heard. Most of the claims depended upon it. The judges heard it at great length. They adjourned to the following morning, to allow the counsel at the bar to speak to it. The claimant owned a house in Kinsale, under a lease made in 1635. He was a ship- wright, and worked in the King's dockyard there. It was proved that he shut the gates against the Irish in 1641 ; that he served as a corporal under Captain John Farlo; that he 1 Report, dated 13th February, 1661, Liber D., of a series of volumes, folio, relating to "the Act of Settlement, in the Record Tower, Dublin Castle. 2 lb. 3 " Concerning Innocency." " Carte Papers," xliv., 132, 170 THE CKOMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT kept watch and ward when the rebels besieged the town. It came out, however, that after Inchiquin revolted from the ParUament, in 1649, and returned to the King's side, contri- bution was collected by the magistrates, and paidby Toomey^ (as by all the other inhabitants) to his receivers; that dis- tresses were taken on everybody ; none durst refuse payment of contribution to Inchiquin. This, however, was the claimant's ruin. It deprived him of the plea of Constant Good Affection, which but for this he might have maintained. He had ' ' contributed money or victuals not levied by actual force," and this brought him within the Eighth qualification. The consequences appear from the following special report of these proceedings made by the Commissioners to the Government : — " COURT AT MALLOW FOR THE QUALIFICATIONS OF THE IRISH THAT FORMERLY INHABITED THE TOWNS OF CORKE, YOUGHAL AND KINSALE. "29th of August, 1656. " This day the claimants' counsel demanded the judgment of the Court upon the point of Constant good affection; and first in the case of Thomas Toomey of Kinsale, whether upon proof he hath manifested Constant good affection. "Mr. Justice Cooke. — Negative. "Mr. Justice Halsey. — Negative. " It is adjudged that Thomas Toomey hath not manifested Constant good affection ; but falls within the eighth qualifica- tion, to have two parts of his estate in Connaught. " Court. — The counsel for Thomas Toomey is to proceed upon his title. 2 1 It would seem from this that the ancient inhabitants of Kin- sale continued to dwell there during the whole war. 2 That is, to prove what lands he was formerly possessed of, in order to regulate the quantity to be now set out to him in Con- naught, OF lEELAND. ITl ^' Mr. Silver.— He is resolved not to go into Connaught. "Mr. Hoare. — And so they are all. "Mr. Silver.— My clients do further demand the judg- ment of the Court, whether they, and how many of them, have proved their Constant good affections? "Court. — We have seriously considered of the several cases and several claimants named, as George Gold Fitz- William, Dominick Sarsfield, David Terry, Patrick Galway, James Gough, Patrick Meagh, Stephen Coppinger, Patrick Eoth, John Coppinger, James Murrow, John Levallyn, James Levallyn(and so all the claimants were named particularly). "Justice Halsey. — ^If you demand of us any further judgment in any particular client's case, you shall have it; though you see we have run over them all. " Claimants' Counsel. — We humbly demand the judg- ment of the Court upon the whole, whether any Claimant hath proved Constant good affection ? "Justice Cooke. — Negative. "Justice Halsey. — Negative. " Kesolved by the Court, that not any one of a Popish claimant hath proved Constant good affection. "Justice Cooke. — Now proceed upon the title distinctly. "Claimants' Counsel. — Not one of our clients will pro- ceed. "Court. — You had best to advise your clients what to do. We shall stay your leisure. Therefore adjourn till the afternoon. " Saturday Afternoon. "Justice Cooke, present; Justice Halsey, present. "Court. — Will the counsel, or any of the attorneys for any of the claimants, proceed to their titles? "Mr. Silver. — James Gough, Patrick Meagh, Stephen Coppinger, Patrick Eoth, John Coppinger, James Murro, 172 THE CROIMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT John Levallyn (and so all the claimants were named particu- larly). " Court. — We have considered of the several causes of every claimant in Court, and have singled out about thirty which may come nearest to Constant good affection. And we cannot find that any of them hath manifested Constant good affection according to the strict rule of law, but all fall short in some point or other. " Claimants' Counsel. — We hope in equity our clients shall not be sent into Connaught amongst their enemies. " Court. — We must proceed, as our Commission requires, according to law ; and we cannot find how the Irish can be in a better condition than the English (who are to forfeit a fifth for their delinquency) had it not been for His Highness' Ordinance of Indemnity.^ " Claimants' Counsel. — Our clients would willingly lose a great deal more. " Court. — Wo cannot alter the law, but must judge ac- cording to law. Mr. Silver — Our clients will not take any lands in Con- naught. We have demanded the judgment of the Court con- cerning the several estates of our clients that are Protestants, as, namely, Mr. Robert Southwell, William Chidley, William Howell, Christopher Sugar, and others, who were Protes- tants and proprietors at the time of the Act of Settlement. " Court. — We shall consider of the several cases of the Protestant claimants who had bond fide purchased from Papists before the Act of Settlement, as to that point only. 1 Protestants who had not shown a constant good affection to the Parliament were liable to transplantation. By an ordinance of 2nd September, 1654, they were allowed to compound for tAvo years' annual value of tlieir real and personal estates, which was equal to one-fifth as lands were then rated, viz., at ten years' purchase, and to be s^jared from transplantation. OF IKELAND. 173 whether they can be in n better position than those from whom they claim. " Justice Cooke. — Proceed, therefore, to the titles of your Irish clients. " Claimants' Counsel. — We have advised with our clients, and they are resolved not to take any lands in Connaught. " The First proclamation was made. "Court. — Crier, make proclamation again, that all per- sons who have any business here to do may come in and be heard. " Second proclamation was made. " Court.— Will you proceed before the last proclamation be made, or else it will be too late? " Claimants' Counsel. — W^e humbly pray the Court to ad- journ tillMunday, that we may better advise with our clients. " Court. — Adjourn till Munday, at 8 of the clock. " Munclay, Sept. 1, 1656. "Cooke, present; Halsey, present. " Court. — Will any of the claimants proceed upon their titles, that they may have their proportions in Connaught? "Claimants' Counsel. — There being only present Mr. Hoare and Mr. Silver, Attorneys (Mr. Fisher, Mr. Jones, Mr. Barber, and all the other Protestant practizers having left the Court), "Mr. Silver. — The claimants will not a man of them proceed unless they may enjoy their own estates ; they will not go into Connaught. " Court. — They must transplant according to law. " The Court urged them several times to proceed, but they would not, " Court. — Make proclamation, requiring all that have any business at this Court to come in and proceed. " Third proclamation made. 174 THE CKOMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT " Nothing moved. " The chiimants made a noise, some of them saying they had rather go to the Barbadoes than into Connaught amongst the rebels. " Court.' — We shall consider of the claims of the Protes- tants, and they shall know our jvidgment thereon. "The Court arose, and day to" ^ They append the following letter : — " May it please your Lordships, " Upon mature consideration (so far as the Lord hath enabled us) we have proceeded to judgment in the causes depending before us, and have not adjudged Constant good affection to any one of the claimants ; but the law will be clear for most of them to have two parts in Connaught. We have en- deavoured to the utmost of our apprehensions to convince and satisfy the claimants and standers by of the legality and jus- tice of our proceedings; and because in so great an expecta- tion we feared that, if all should be transplanted, it might seem to carry some face of rigour, we spared no pains to dis- tinguish the merits of each case ; and as we were selecting ten or twenty that might best pretend to be legally restored to their own estates, the next claimants had instantly as much to say for themselves ; and when he had named and weighed about eighty-six cases, which possibly might come nearest to the mark of Constant good affection, presently the claimants' counsel named others to us, which we in our reason could not deny but that they did equally merit with the rest ; so as we found an absolute necessity to deny Constant good affection to all or none (some very few exceptions that will fall within 1st or 7th qualification) ; and that which turned the scale was their residence with Inchiquin after his revolt. 1 Blank in the Report. OF lEELAND. 175 " We have called upon them to proceed to their titles, and adjudged the 8th qualification to many of them, which for the present they decline and refuse, and will not proceed upon their titles, so as we can proceed no further therein. " They make great asseverations that they dare not go into Connaught for fear of their lives, and that they had rather be sent to the Barbadoes, which we tell them are vain and frivolous allegations, and that by law they are transplantable. So most of them have left us. We have caused several pro- clamations to be made that if any person have anything to do he may come in and be heard; and shall stay so long as any of them will proceed. Having done according to our Commission, to the best of our skill and knowledge, and so we humbly remain, " Your Lordships' most humble And faithful Servants, "John Cooke, Wm. Halsey. " P.S. — If your Lordships shall be pleased to enlarge our Commission until the 29th inst., my brother Santhy and myself will have ended the circuit (God willing), by the 16th inst., and be at Moyallo by the 18th inst., where we have ordered the clerk to stay for us. "J. CooKE. " To the Honourable the Lord Deputy and Council for the Affairs of Ireland.'"^ But Cromwell, by special Ordinance, exempted them from transplantation to Connaught, assigning them to dwell in the baronies of Barry more and Muskerry, two miles distant, 1 From a quarto volume in the Record Tower, Dublin Castle, endorsed, " Mallow Proceedings." 176 THE CROMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT at least, from any walled town or seaport. i And there they were continued by the Act of Settlement, and thence might behold the ancient dwellings of themselves and their families shared between the Cromwellian soldiers and the Forty-nine Protestant Royalist Officers. ^ CONCLUSION — WITH INSTANCES OF SOME TRANSPLANTERS' SUFFERINGS. Walter Cheevers, of Monkstown, descended from a family that came in with the Conquest^ of Henry II., was possessed in 1641 of a largo estate between Dublin and Kingstown. The ruins of his castle are still to be seen not far from the Salthill station of the Dublin and Kingstown railway. The Marquis of Orinond and Sir Maurice Eustace, by their report made to the King after the Restoration, certified that of their own knowledge he was very innocent of the rebellion, and had been very faithful to the King and his Royal Father of Blessed Memory, and knew no reason why he should be deprived of his estate more than that Colonel Edinund Ludlow had ob- tained a grant of it from Oliver Cromwell.* But he was a 1 "Abstracts of the Proceedings concerning the Rebels, or For- feited Estates in Ireland, from the 23rd of October, 1641, to 9th May, 1659." Volume B. " Collections concerning the Act of Settlement," p. 252. Record Tower, Dublin Castle. 2 14th and 15th Chas. 11. (A.D. 1662), chap. 2, xviiith clause of His Majesty's Declaration of Settlement of 30 Nov., 1660. 3 John Cheevers, of Mayston, in the county of Meath, in his petition to the Lords Justices, sets forth that his ancestors have until the usurper's time enjoyed the lands granted unto them by King Henry II. on the Conquest. Vol. M., p. 439, papers relating to the Act of Settlement; Record Tower, Dublin Castle. 4 Recitals in the King's Letter, dated at Whitehall, 22nd Nov., 1660. Addressed " To ike Chief Baron, to the Sheriff of the County of Dublin, and all other our loving subjects whom it may concerne." Book of King's Letters, Chief Remembrancer's Office, Court of Exchequer of Ireland. OF lEELAND. 177 Catholic and an Irishman (as that term was understood in England), and had not shown that Constant good affection to the Parliament of England that alone exempted the Irish from transplantation. He was, moreover, guilty of another crime (like the bear, who is often killed, not for what he has done, but for his skin) — he had a fine house and estate. This was granted by Cromwell to General Ludlow, one of the Commis- sioners of Parliament for the Affairs of Ireland; and Mr. Cheevers was ordered to transplant, wdth his family, to Con- naught. On the 16th December, 1653, he sent in to the Commissioners of Revenue of the precinct of Dublin the par- ticulars required by government from all transplanters, by which may be seen the number of his family, and the extent of his stock and crop, and what tenants or friends proposed to accompany him to Connaught. The certificate is as fol- lows— viz.: — "Walter Cheevers, of sanguine complexion, brown hair, and indifferent stature; his wife, Alson Netter- ville, otherwise Cheevers, with five children, the eldest not above seven years old; four women servants, and seven men servants, viz., Daniel Barry, tall stature, red beard, bald pate; Thady Cullen, of small stature, browne haire, nohaire on his face; Morgan Cullen, of small stature, blind of one eye, with black haire ; Philip Birne, aged about forty years, black haire, low stature; William Birne, tall stature, aged thirty-five years; Patrick Corbally, aged forty years, red haire, middle stature. The said Walter doth manure twenty colpe of corn, and hath twenty cows, sixty sheep, thirty hoggs, two ploughs of garrans. The tenants willing to remove with him are Arthur Birne, of httle stature, brown haire, aged thirty years; Dudley Birne, middle stature, brown haire, aged twenty-five years — which tenants have a plough of gar- rans, twelve cows, forty sheep ; Martin M'Guire, tall of sta- ture, and redd haire, aged thirty years, hath six cows, four P 178 THE CEOMWELLIAN t^ETTLEMENT garrans, twenty sheepe ; Thos. Eustace, low stature, browne haire, twenty-five years, hath ten cows, forty sheep, a plough of garrans, and ten hoggs. The substance whereof we con- ceive to be true. " In witness whereof, we have hereunto set our hands and seals, the 19th day of December, 1653. "H. Markham, E. Doyly, "Thos. Hooker, Isaac Dobson.''^ When proceeding to Connaught, to obtain a Einal Settle- ment there from the Commissioners sitting at Athlone, he took a letter to them from the State, directing them to assign him lands with a good house upon them, so as to enable him and his family to subsist and render his being there comfortable, in consideration that he had parted with a fair house and a con- siderable estate near Dublin, ^ of which they all probably had personal knowledge, as it is only natural to suppose they must have often dined at Monkstown Castle with their brother Commissioner, General Edmund Ludlow. But the Athlone Commissioners were either unable or unwilling to comply with the order; for Mr. Cheevers had recourse again to go- vernment, complaining that he had not obtained the favour the government intended for him.' The truth was, it Was found in July, 1657, that the lands in Connaught had fallen short to satisfy the decrees of the Athlone Commissioners, " except what was so remote and waste as to be useless; and many Irish who (like Cheevers) had parted with considerable 1 Book of Transplanters' Certificates, returned from the several precincts in the Province of Leinster, viz., Dublin, Wexford, Car- low, Kilkenny, Athy, Athlone, and Drogheda. Records of the late Auditor-General's Office, Custom House Buildings. 2 Letter from the Council^ dated 27th August, 1656. A (30), p. 179. 3 Ib„ ib, OF IKELAND. 179 estates and convenient habitations, were thereby reduced to little better than a starving condition." And, notwithstand- ing the Commissioners had contracted the three-mile line along the sea coast to one mile, and had given up to trans- planters the lands about different garrisons, reserving only 500 acres around Clare Castle, 100 acres round Cahir na Mart (or Westport), 700 acres about Athlone, and lands of a mile compass about Carrigaholt, the government were informed there would still not be sufficient to satisfy the decrees given to the transplanted.^ Pierce Butler, Viscount Ikerrin, was the ancestor of the Earls of Carrick, a younger branch of the house of Ormond. He dwelt in Lismalin Park, in the barony of Ikerrin, in the county of Tipperary, contiguous to the county of Kilkenny, where the ruins of his ancient castle may still be seen on a hill side, overlooking a pleasant valley. Like the rest of his house (with the exception of the Earl of Ormond, who, being a king's ward, had been brought up, by order of the Court of Wards, a branch of the Court of Chancery, a Protestant), he was a Roman Catholic ; and having, with the rest of his coun- trymen of that persuasion, taken the king's side against the Parliament, and been Lieutcnant-General of the Leinster .army, under Lord Mountgarret, he was included in the Decree of Confiscation pronounced by the Parliament of England, on the 12th August, 1650, against all who had not manifested their Constant good affection to their interest. After the sur- render of the Leinster Irish to the Parliament forces under the articles signed at Kilkenny on 12th May, 1650, he returned to the neighbourhood of Lismalin Park, and was there employed as tenant at will to the state, farming those lands that were so soon to pass to the conquerors, when the order of 14th October, 1653, was proclaimed, directing the Irish nation to transplant lA (30), Letter of 27th July, 1657. 180 THE CEOMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT themselves into Connaught before the 1st of May following. On the 25th of January, 1654, he proceeded to Clonmel, and presented to the Commissioners of Revenue there the parti- culars of his family and establishment, their names, ages, and descriptions, the extent of his stock and tillage, and the names of those of his tenants and friends who were disposed to go down with him into captivity in Connaught. By an abstract of this certificate it appears that between his family and tenants he had seventeen persons to accompany him. He had already tilled and cropped sixteen acres of winter corn ; he had foior cows, five garrans (or cart horses), twenty -four sheep, and two swine ;^ which he was to leave behind him in charge of Lady Ikerrin, while he was to go forward into Connaught to build a hut to shelter her and his daughters, who were to fol- low in autumn with the cows, sheep, swine, and household fur- niture. For on a general complaint that transplanters would be great sufferers in their corn in ground, and other substance, if they were not permitted to look after their, harvest, they obtained licence for their wives and families to continue upon their holdings until harvest came in (with a general provision for all aged, decrepit, and sickly persons, that they might not be put on hard things), M'hich gave the government, according to the usual practice of rulers, cause to praise them- selves for their great mercy a,nd kindness, because of this mo- dification of their cruelty. 2 Lord Ikerrin, having fallen sick, as the 1st of May, the ti.me for transplanting, approached, got licence on account of his distemper. to repair to the Bath in England for six months, necessary, according to his phy- sician's advice for the recovery of his health ; and Lady Ikerrin 1- Book of Transplanters' Certificates of the precinct of Water- ford. Records of the late Auditor-General's Office, Custom House Buildings. 2 Lawrence, " Interest of England in the Irish Transplanta- tion Stated," p. 7. London- 1655. IN IKELAND. 181 was dispensed with from transplantation for two months from the 1st of May, and her servants till the harvest was gathered in.i On his return to Ireland some judgment may be formed of his poverty by an order of the Council of 27th November, 1654, by which Sergeant Mortimer (Sergeant-at-Arms attending the Council) was to pay the Lord Ikerrin £20 in consideration of his necessitous condition; after which the said Lord Ikerrin was to acquiesce in the late order of this board for prosecut- ing his claim at Athlone, and not to expect any more money by order of this Council. ^ Lord Ikerrin, however, still evaded transplantation ; for in 1656 he went over to London, and in liondon found means to approach the Lord Protector, who finding him in an extremely poor and miserable condition, without means to subsist in London, or to return back to Ire- land, bestowed upon him some relief, and wrote to the Lord Deputy and Council of Ireland to allow him some proportion of his estate without transplanting him, or to provide some relief out of the revenue for him and his family ; "For indeed;" adds the Lord Protector, "he is a miserable object of pity ; and we desire that care be taken of him, and that he be not suffered to perish for want of subsistence. "^ How this poor nobleman fared after Cromwell's interference does not appear. But 1 Order of 24th April, 1654. A (85), p. 304. 2 Volume of Treasurj- Warrants (No. 14). Late Auditor- General's Office, Custom House Buildings. 3 " To the Bight Hon. ye Lord Deputy and Conncell in Ireland. " My Lord and Gentlemen, — We being informed by several persons, and also by certificates from several officers under our command in Ireland, that the Lord Viscount Ikerrin hath been of later times serviceable to suppress the Tories; and we being very sensible of tlie extreame poor and miserable condition in which his lordship now is, even to the want of sustenance to sup- port his life; we could not but commisserate his sad and dis- tressed condition by helping him to a little reliefe, without which he could neither subsist here nor returne back to Ireland • and 182 THE CROMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT Lismalin had passed irrevocably to the soldiery ; for it gave Sir William Petty opportunity of retorting upon his adversary, Colonel Hierome Sankey, " his unhandsome dealings with the soldiers in the matter of Lismalin Park." No further pay- ments appear inade to Lord Ikerrin, and he probably soon sank under his misfortunes, for at the Restoration his grand- son claimed the estate before the Commissioners of Claims.* But even after getting an assignment the poor transplanter was not secure ; the Commissioners by mistake or fraud might haye given it to another; such was the case of Maurice Viscount Eocheof Fermoy. Viscount Eoche's grandfather had three sons slain in Tyrone's wars, fighting for Queen Eliza- beth. His father was of such constancies, that when all Mun- ster in general combined against their anointed sovereign, he continued himself within the lists of an obedient subject. ^ His father was the emblem, as it were, of English fidelity ; for when one of the Irish chieftains came in and submitted, and promised to be loyal, but was asked, " But what if the therefore do earnestly desire you to take him into speedy con- sideration, by allowing him some reasonable proportion of his estate without transplanting him, or otherwise to make some provision for him and his family elsewhere, and to allow him some competent pension or money out of the revenue. Indeed he is a miserable object of pity, and therefore we desire that care be taken of him, and that he be not suffered to perish for want of a subsistence : " And rest, your loving friend, " Oliver, P. A (28), " Whitehall, 27th Fehritary, 1657." Book of Letters from the Lord Protector, Record Tower, Dub- lin Castle. 1 " 7th June. 1666, Viscount Ikerrin claims as an innocent Pro- testant; was born in 16.39; was a student at Maudlin, Oxford, where he went to church ; at Athlone went to church ; Dean Blood administered the sacrament to him at St. Owen's Church, Dub- lin. Decree adjourned." Minute Book of Court of Claims, Hanaper Office, p. 43. 2 Sir B. Burke, " Extinct Peerages." OF lEELANi). 183 Spaniard should come?" " Then," said he, " trust neither me, nor yet Lord Eoche, nor Lord Barry " — as if theirs was the utmost loyalty known in Munster. The Lords Eoches' castle, from the days of the first invasion, crowned a rock in a gorge opening into the valley of the Blackwater; and at the base of the rock flowed a rapid river, running southwards into the Blackwater. From this rocky seat the Lord Eoches, no doubt, took their name. Viscountess Eoche defended this castle in 1649 ; and Crom- well, in his march to Tipperary and Kilkenny, passed it by without caring to assault it. On 26th July, 1650, Lady Eoche wrote to Ormond, then Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, for relief from taxation for herself and the inhabitants of that poor barony, " from among the relics of those places she held until God should favour her lord and husband with the re- possession of them." She signs herself His Excellency's kinswoman, and humble servant.^ But not only was her lord never to repossess them, but he was to lose what she so loyally defended for him. And dreadful as was her fate, it was almost preferable to his. She was brought before one of those High Courts of Justice (or injustice) set up immediately after the surrender of the Irish in 1652, when they hanged women, for want of men, as victims were required to justify the former fury of the English, who had denounced all the Irish as murderers. There she was tried, condemned, and afterwards hanged, on the evidence of a strumpet, for shooting a man with a pistol, whose name even was unknown to the witness; and though it was ready to be proved that Lady Eoche was twenty miles distant from the spot, and that the sight of a pistol was enough to fright her from the room. 2 1 " Carte Papers," vol. xxviii., p. 260. 2 " A continuation of the Brief Narrative, and the Sufferings of the Irisli under Cromwell," p. 7. Small 4to. London: 1(361). [By Father Peter Walsh.] 184 THE CEOMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT Lord Eoche was in 1654 dispossessed of his whole estate, having (as his petition sets forth) the charge of four young daughters unpreferred, to whose misery was added the loss of their mother by an unjust and illegal proceeding, for whose innocence he appealed to the best Protestant gentry and nobility of the county of Cork. Thenceforth Lord Eoche and his children lived in a most disconsolate condition, destitute of all kind of subsistence (except what alms some good Chris- tians in charity gave them), the consequence of which was, that one of his daughters fell sick and died for want of requisite accommodation either for her cure or diet. After ten months' attendance on those in authority at Dublin, all the succour lie got was an order to the Loughrea Commissioners to set him. out some lands there De Bene Esse.^ With this order he was necessitated to travel on foot to Connaught, where he spent six months in attendance on the Commissioners at Athlone and Loughrea, and in these attendances and the prosecution ran himself £100 in debt. Yet, at the last he had but an assign- ment of 2,500 acres in the Owles in Connaught, and part in the remotest parts of Thomond, all waste and unprofitable; and from these he was evicted before he could receive any manner of profit, by others to whom the Commissioners had disposed of the same by Final Settlements, both before and after. 2 With such spectacles daily and hourly before their eyes, it is no wonder that the transplanted who could find means to fly, or were not tied by large families of children, sold their assign- 1 That is, temporarily, conditionally, for his present habitation and support, and to maintain his cows and other cattle, until he could prove at Athlone the extent of his estate confiscated, and his qualification, i.e., the class of his demerit or delinquency, or amount of want of affection for the Parliament of England. 2 " The humble petition of Maurice Lord Viscount Roche, of Fermoy, to the Right Honourable the Lords Justices, March, 1661." Records of the late Auditor-General's Office, Custom House Buildings, vol. xvii., p. 112. OF lEELAND. 185 ments for a mere trifle to the officers of government, and fled in horror and aversion from the scene, and embarked for Spain. Some went mad; as Christopher Eustace, of the county of Kildare,i restored to his estate at the King's Restora- tion, as "mad Eustace " (for though he recovered his estate, he never recovered his wits) -^ others killed themselves, like Molly Hore, wife of Philip Hore of Kilsallaghan Castle, seven miles north of Dublin, who, on getting the summons to trans- plant to Connaught, went down to her stable and hanged her- self.* Others lived on, and founded families there in their 1 A (91), p. 32. 2 14tli and 15th Clias. II. (A.D. 1662), Art. 8 of the King's Declaration of 30th November, 1660, embodied in the Act. 3 P. 19, " Threnodia Hiberno-Catholica, &c., &c. The Wail of the Irish Catholics ; or, the Groans of the whole Clergy and People of the Kingdom of Ireland, in vvliich is truly set forth an Epitome of the unheard of and transcendental Cruelties by which the Catholics of the Kingdom of Ireland are oppressed by the godless English vmder the Arch-tyrant, Cromwell, the Usurper and Destroyer of the Three Realms of England, Ireland, and Scotland. By Friar Morison, of the Minors of Strict Observance; Lecturer in Theology; an Eye-witness of those Cruelties." Inns- bruck. Printed by Michael Wagner : A.D. 1659. 12mo. In the month of January, 1852, I went to see the lands of Kilsallaghan, lying near Saint Margaret's, seven miles north of Dublin, preparatory to bringing them to sale in the Inciunbered Estates Courts for the arrears of jointure of a kinswoman. It was church-time when I got there; and while waiting in a farmer's house till the service was over, as the church was on the lands attached to the ruined castle of Kilsallaghan, I asked the farmer's daughter if she knew who dwelt in the castle in old times, knowing very well that it had belonged to the Hores. She was quite aware of it; and on my asking if there was any- thing bearing the name of the family in the neighbourhood, she said there was Molly Hore's Cross up the road a bit. I was getting ready my note book to copy the inscription, when she informed me that it wasn't a stone cross, but a cross of the roads so named. I asked how it got the name? She said, " When the orders came from Cromwell to put the people out^ Molly Hore couldn't stand it, and she went into a stable they had down there, and lianged herself;" and they buried her, o"f course by the crowner's 'quest law, as a suicide, at the cross roads. 166 The CiiOMWELLiAN SETTLEMENT Final Settlements which subsist to this day, like some of the Talbots and the Gheevers, and some laid their bones in Con- naught, whose heirs got restored after the Restoration of the monarchy, — as Lord Trimleston, on whose gravestone, with- in the ruins of the Abbey of Kilconnel, hard by the fatal field of Aughrim, may be still read the epitaph: "Here lies Matthew, Twelfth Lord Baron of Trimleston, one of the Transplanted." A TRANSPLANTER'S GRAVE. iMMS^E '^rn: -^ ^LgagTiE^jCl^gT': rFrom a Photograph taken a. d. 186-^, by the Rev. H. E. Mdrikl, licctor of Kilconnell.] [MITRAL TABLET above the Grave of Mathyas Barnewall, twelfth Lord Baron Trinilestown, hi " The Strangers' Room " in the ruined Abbey of Kilconnell, in the County of (jalway. OF IRELAND. CHAPTER IV. THE OFFICERS AND SOLDIERS. THE CIVIL SURVEY. The officers of the army (for the common soldiers had no voice in the matter) had now obtained their desires. The army, consisting of about 35,000 men, were to have their arrears satisfied in land at the Act rates — that is, to have 1,000 acres plantation measure (equal to 1,600 English measure) in Leinster for every £600 of arrears — a like quantity in Munster for £450 of arrears, — a like quantity in Ulster for £800 arrears; being at the rate of twelve shillings for the acre, plantation measure, in Leinster, eight shillings in Munster, and four shillings in Ulster. THE DIFFERENT KINDS OF ARREARS, AND THE ORDER OF THEIR SATISFACTION. The first to be satisfied were the arrears of the present army (26th Sc^pt. 1653), and of those who had been of it, for their service in Ireland since 5th June, 1640. ^ For it was on 5th June, 1649, that the Coimcil of State gave orders for Flemish ships to transport the horse into Ireland, and for the regiments to march to Chester and the other ports, and not to be above one night in a place. ^ This was, accordingly, 1 Act for vSutisf action of the Adventurers for Lands in Ireland, and of tlie Arrears due to the Soldiery there, and of other pidj- lique Debts, sect. 21 ; i)assed 26tli September, 1653. 2 " Memorials of English Affairs, from the Reign of Charles I. to Charles IF. his Restauration," p. 391. Folio. London: 1732. [By Sir J. Bulstrode Whitlock.] 188 THE CROAIWELLIAN SETTLEMENT the day that Cromwell's army began its march for the reduction of Ireland. The 22,000 English soldiers brought over by Cromwell were joined on their landing by the garrison of Dublin under Colonel Michael Jones, and of Derry, under Sir Charles Coote and Colonel Monk, the only places that then held for the Parliament. Their service together from their first vic- tory at Drogheda to the fall of Galway, in 1652, with their arrears to the day they should be disbanded, were to be first paid. They were to share the ten counties with the Adven- turers, and any balance remaining was a charge on the whole security allotted to the ariny. Arrears for service before 5th of June, 1649, in England, were next to be satisfied, shortly called "English arrears;" then any arrears of men who had served in Ireland before that date.i The services of the English part of this army, before coming to Ireland, were the conquest of both king and Par- liament. They had fought the king froni Edgehill to the fatal field of Naseby — a defeat that forced the King to fly (A.D. 1645), from Oxford, to take refuge with his countrymen, the Scotch, who basely sold him for £200,000 to the Parlia- ment. The Parliament having conquered the King, wished to get rid of the army. They were afraid of its " Anti-Par- liament," with the Council of Ofiicers, to assist the general, like a House of Peers, and another of agitators, mostly cor- porals and sergeants elected by the common men, as it were a House of Commons. The Parliament, therefore (A.D. 1647), ordered the army to Ireland, and " Eesolved " that such regi- ments as should refuse to engage in that service should be disbanded. Instead, they marched against the Parliament, encamped at Blackheath, made the House of Commons erase their resolution from the journals, purged the house to fit it 1 Act of Satisfaction of 26th Septenil)er, 1653. OF lEELAND. 189 to condemn the King, and, by his execution, made Cromwell and the army supreme. ^ This class received, in addition to their other security, the county of Mayo, which was taken from the transplanted Irish for this purpose, and given up altogether to English arrears. Two-thirds had been already set out to them, and was tenanted for the most part with Enghsh inhabitants; when, on 24th of June, 1656, the Loughrea Commissioners were ordered to allow DO Irish to sit down there either as proprietors or tenants to the Commonwealth, to the end it should be planted with such as were Protestants, or of the English nation. 2 Next came arrears for service in Ireland before the 5th of June, 1649, shortly called " 'Forty-nine arrears. "3 But of 'Forty-nine arrears there were two very different classes, Colonel Jones's, Sir Charles Cootc's, and Colonel Monk's men already mentioned was one class. They had seen eight years' warfare in Ireland before Cromwell arrived. Sir Charles Coote had ravaged Connaught from 1645 to 1648, with fire and sword, regardless of the Cessation and the King's com- mands. Colonel Michael Jones, by his doings at Dun- gan's Hill (A.D. 1647), had almost anticipated the term, "Drogheda Quarter," and revived that of "the Pardon of IMinooth,"* though it was not " upon second thoughts " (after 1 Clarendon's " History of the Rebellion," book x. 2 A (18), p. 123. 3 The officers and men were also called the " Old Protestants." " Lord Broghill, coming in July [A.D. 1650], to the camp, whilst Ireton lay before Catherloagh, was welcomed thither by the old Protestants (so tliey called the troops that had served against the Irish before Cromwell came over) with three huzzas." " Life of Ormonde," p. 134. By T. Carte. 2 vols. Folio. Lon- don. 4 In November, 1649, the Irish under Inchiquin laid siege to Carrick-on-Suir, then held by Commissary-General John Rey- nolds, and used to cry at the walls to the besieged that they 190 THE CEOMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT first receiving them to quarter like Cromwell at Drogheda),* that he cut to pieces 3,000 of General Preston's men, who, being deserted by their own cavalry, retreated to a bog, threw down their arms, were surrounded, and coolly slaughtered to a man;2 nor were there at Dungan's Hill screaming ladies, girls and boys, women and children, and unarmed and unre- sisting citizens, massacred as at Drogheda, to the glory of God and the interest of England.' These men, it was con- would soon give them " Tredagh (i.e. Drogheda) Quarter." Lord Leonard Grey, in the time of Henry VIII., having taken May- nooth Castle, which surrendered in hope of pardon, he hanged the whole garrison. Hence, the Irish saying, '" the pardon of Minooth." " Dismal Effects of the Irish Insurrection," &c., to which are added Letters from Oliver Cromwell, Ireton, Preston, and many others, relating to the sieges, battles, and remarkable passages in the following history, never before printed, taken from the original MSS. of Mr. Cliffe, an intimate of Cromwell's, and Secretary to General Ireton. Appendix, p. 9. Folio. Dub- lin : Oliver Nelson and Charles Connor, at the Pope's Head, near Essex-gate, 1743. 1 9th September, 1649, Cromwell storms Drogheda and puts all to the sword, " not sparing those upon second thoughts to whom, in the heat of action, some of his under officers promised and gave quarter." Ibid., p. 282. "The Dismal Effects," &c., is only an Irish Edition of Borlace's " Execrable Irish Rebellion," published in 1680, with the appendix of CUff's MSS. Dr. Henry Jones, Bishop of Meath, aided him with his Collections (Preface, p. xvi.). The bishop had been Scout Master General to Cromwell, and was employed to compile a narrative of the rebellion. " Ordered, &c., to Dr. Henry Jones, the sum of £85 for a quarter's salary, due unto himself, together with the allowance for a clerk, for compiling a narrative of the late bloody rebellion in this nation." Dublin, 30 Sept., 1656. " Treasury Warrants," p. 9. 2 An exact relation of the great victory obtained against the rebels at Dungon's-hill, August 8th, 1647, by H.M.'s forces under the command of Michael Jones. 4to. London : 1647. 3 " I wish that all honest hearts may give the glory of this to God alone, to whom, indeed, the praise of this mercy belongs." Cromwell to the Honble. John Bradshaw, President of the Coun- cil of State. " O. Cromwell's Letters and Speeches," by Thos. Carlyle, vol. i., p. 457. 2 vols. Svo. London: 1845. OF lEELAND. lOl ceived, were fittest to be first disbanded and set down as being longest in the Parliament's service, having most interest in Ireland, and most considerable arrears due before 5th of June, 1649.1 Besides it would be a succour and encouragement to English to come over and plant, to have those that had seen such service in arms to plant amongst theni.^ They were, accordingly, to receive their arrears in the baronies of Maghera Stephana and Clanowly, in the county of Fer- managh, lying along the southern shore of Lough Erne, as closing the pass against any junction of the Irish of Connaught and Ulster; in the barony of Ardee, in the county of Louth, one of the gates into the English Pale ; and in the baronies of Condons, Fermoy, Duhallo and Orrery in Cork, compris- ing the range of mountain that stretches in a right line from west to east of the county, from Ferinoy to Kanturk, with the River Blackwater running along its southern base. This was a position intended apparently to bar all junction between the Cork and Limerick Irish, as the assigning them further the rugged baronies of Kinalea, Carberry, and Kil- more, southward and westward from the city of Cork, was to guard the coast.' This body of 'Forty-nine men had just sat down in their lots M'hen the army was called upon to provide lands for another class of those that had also served in Ireland before 5th June, 1649, viz., the old Protestant army of Munster. These were the garrisons of Cork, Youghal, Kinsale, and Bandon, and their dependencies, that held for the King at Cromwell's land- ing. They had been under Lord Inchiquin's command since 1642, and revolted with him from the King's service to the Parliament's in 1644, and back again to the King's in 1648. 1 " Letter of the Council Board, 22 July, 1653." A (90), p. 517. 2 Ibid. s " Act of Satisfaction, 26 September, 1653," c. xii., sec. 5. " Scobell's Acts and Ordinances." 192 THE CEOMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT For Inchiquin deemed a commonwealth of Saints, which he foresaw to be now impending, unfit for a gentleman to live in. On the 3rd of April, 1648, he was at Mallow, and having pre- viously secured the adhesion of the main body of his officers, he sent for some surly Parliamentarians into the presence chamber of the castle there, and told them that the Parlia- ment were forced by the Independents' faction to break the National Covenant and their oath; which required His Majesty to be secured in his throne. He then said " he hoped to see this pretended Parliament on the flat of their backs before Michaelmas day." He would join, he said, with Lord Taaffe and the Irish for the King, and asked those officers he had sent for, to join with him ; and he addressed the rest next morning on parade. i To a few, all followed him; and when Ormond returned to Ireland as Lord Lieutenant in Septem- ber, 1648, Inchiquin received him into Cork. But Cromwell's arrival in 1649, altered all things. The garrison of Cork, on 23rd October, 1649, revolted to Cromwell. They declared^ that the question was no longer between King and Parlia- ment, but a national quarrel, meaning that the English had resolved to seize for themselves and their families the homes and lands of the inhabitants of Ireland, and that the relics of the nation should thenceforth for ever be the serfs or inferiors of the English in the land of their birth. The other garrisons followed the dance that Cork had begun, and revolted to 1 Declaration for the information of Parliament, subscribed, '' Christopher Elsynge, J. Grey, Thomas Chandler, Alexander Barrington, Thomas Davis. Dated this 7th April, 1647, aboard the Bonaventure, in Kinsale harbour." " Carte Papers," Ixvii. 151. 2 " The Remonstrance and Resolutions of the Protestant Army of Munster now in Corke. Dated 23 October, 1649." Signed, " Richard Townsende, Colonel, John Hodder, Colonel, Jo. Broderick, Captain, and 35 other Officers." Broadside, London. Printed, 1649. OF IRELAND. 193 Cromwell before 1st December, 1649. But this alone would not have availed them. Their temporary revolt from the Parliament made them transplantable; for it barred their claim to Constant Good Affection. On 27th June, 1654, how- ever, there was an Act passed, at the instance of the Lord Protector, for their indemnity. And such officers and soldiers as could show themselves active in the rendition of these Munster gai-risons were to have lands for their arrears since 1644, as if they had never swerved from the interest of the Parliameflt.* This body of 'Forty-nine men were to have equal satisfac- tion with the others, 2 and the army sullenly gave up to them the three counties of Donegal, Longford, and Wicklow,^ being the worst they had; and the Lord Protector added Leitrim, in Connaught, taken from the transplanted, and so much of the mile line, or belt round Connaught, as remained undis- posed of. It was each of these men's aim now to prove that he and liis comrades had been active in the revolt. Thus, Lieut. -Colonel John Widnam, of the garrison of Youghal, proved before Commissioners how he invited a party of cavalry under Colonel Giffard and Colonel Warden, from the revolted garrison of Cork, to secure Youghal, and met them and escorted them to the gate of the town ; and how the Governor, Sir Piercy Smith, having drawn the chain of the iron gate to bar their entry. Colonel Widnam called to Ensign Eichard Dashwood, and Town-Major John Smith, who were within, to seize the Governor, and open the gate, which they did, and so Youghal was rendered up to the Parliament.* And 1 " Indemnity of the English Protestants of the Province of Munster." Passed June 27, 1G54. Scobell's " Acts and Ordin- ances." 2 " Petty's Down Survey," by Lacom, p. 74. 3 Ibid., p. 74, p. 86. ' " Examination of Ensigne Michael Munckton, Englisli Pro- testant, now resident of Rallingarry, in the county of Limerick, Q 194 THE CEOMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT Colonel Widnam, who received Castletown Eoche, the ancient seat of Lord Eoche, as part of his arrears, kept it after the Eestoration, notwithstanding his treason. ^ Eor, though the Act of Settlement pretended to exclude the betrayers of the Munster garrisons, yet they were to be allowed to retain their debenture lands if they should prove they made some repair for their former faults by their timely and seasonable appear- ance for the King's restoration. 2 The only fault that could never be repaired or pardoned was to be an Irishman pre- tending to some portion of his native soil or birthright, pos- sessed or coveted by an Englishman. Consequently, Colonel Widnam, the betrayer of Youghal, could scarcely look down from the towers of Castletown Eoche, where Lord Eoche 's ancestors had for ages fixed themselves, and behold the ancient owner, descended of a long line of loyal forefathers, and his orphan daughters, wandering in beggary and slavery below. This section of the 'Forty-nine men had not received their allotments at the time of the Eestoration, owing to the late period of taking their examinations, and the delay in stating their accounts. On the King's return, the Eoyalist oflficers who had served under Ormond before the 5th June, 1649, and had got their lives but no lands from Cromwell, claimed a share in the 'Forty-nine security, and had the and at the securing of Youghal both first and second times for the Parliament of England, and for the then Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, in October and November, 1649, then an Ensigne in the said towne. February 19th, 1654." Before Commissioners appointed by virtue of the Act for the Indemnity of the Pro- testants of Munster. " Carte Papers," vol. Ixvi., 239. 1 " Lieutt-Colonel John Widenham, Castletown [Roche] alias Ballytona, barony of Fermoy, and county of Cork; 1627 a. (2635 A. 1 E. 35 P. Stat, measure). Patent dated 31st July, 1666. (Enrolled 20th August, 166). " Abstracts of Grants of Lands, &c., under the Acts of Settlement and Explanation," p. 75. " 15th Report of Irish Record Commissioners," 1820 to 1825. Folio. 2 14th and 15th Chas. II. (Irish), chap, ii., sect. 194. OF lEELAND. 195 benefit of it confirmed to Commissioned officers, to the exclu- sion of the common men."^ Great jealousies thence ensued between these disappointed private soldiers and those of Coote's and Monk's brigade, who had been set down in 1653. " This caused the Forty-nine for to suspect The Fifty-three, as though through tlieir neglect They were not satisfied with them ..." said a Cromwellian rhymer (himself one of the disappointed, as appears by his title page). He adds, " And I believe nothing liath drawn a curse On English new Int'rests, or proved worse, Than that the 'Forty-nine had no arrears Who served faithfully in want Eight years Against the Common foe : God grant it prove no rot To the Estates the officers have got." 2 1 " The Petitmn of Martha Ilatt. Widoio. " 4th Becemher, 1663. " That your petitioner's husband, .Simon Hatt, Esq., deceased, was enlisted in H. M.'s standing army in Ireland many years before the late Rebellion ; that her said husband and your poor petitioner were constant Protestants and loyal subjects ; that her husband served his late Matie under the command of Robert Lord Dillon, late Earl of Roscommon, from the 23rd October, 1641, until 27 August, 1643; that her said husband during his life received not the worth of one farding for his services, al- though it is evidently known that he maintained himself and 4 men well mounted and armed towards the maintaining of his late Majesty's right and interest in this Kingdom against the barbarous Irish I'ebels, yet notwithstanding her said husband's good service, his great losses sustained by the late war, to this hour your poor aged petitioner hath never had the least recom- pence or relief," &c. She accordingly prayed compensation for her husband's ser- vices, "with other H. M.'s. Commissioned Officers who served before 5th June, 1649;" but, as he had no commission, she could get no relief. " Carte Papers," vol. clix., 74. 2 " The Moderate Cavalier; or the Soldier's Description ot Ireland, and of the Country Disease, with Receipts for the same. 196 THE CROMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT Debentures.^ In 1652 and 1653 the officers and soldiers obtained de- bentures for their arrears from a Board for stating soldiers' accounts, and giving forth debentures, consisting of Mr. Nicholas Domviie, Robert Je off ries, Thomas Dancer, and five others, 2 sitting at the new Custom House. ^ With the Muster rolls before them,* they heard the claim of each officer and soldier either in person or by attorney, the officers frequently acting for their men, having probably bargained with them in private for their debentures. Captain Peyton Lehunte, for Francis Cheatley, a private soldier of his company, in Colonel Long's regiment, for his service from the 24th of June, 1647, to 5th June, 1649, obtained a debenture from this board for £8 16s. 5d.; and for Erancis Cheatley 's services in Colonel Trimble's regiment, from 6th June, 1649, to 7th August, 1653, being fifty-one months and fourteen days, another debenture for £16 14s. Od.^ The officers i^roduced their commissions; " From Gloucester siege till arms laid down In Truro fields, I for the Crowne Under St. George march'd up and down, And then. Sir, For Ireland came, and liad my share Of blows, not lands, gained in that warre; But God defend me from such fare Again, Sir." " A Book fit for all Protestants houses in Ireland." [8vo. Printed at Cork, Anno Dom. MDCLXXV.] 1 See Frontispiece. 2 " How Accounts of Officers and Sokliers of the Army of Ire- land may be stated." Passed August 25th, 1652. Seobell's "Acts and Ordinances." 3 Order dated 30 November, 1652. A (82), p. 457. * " How Accounts, &c., may be stated." As above. 5 " Accounts of Soldiers stated singly. Anno 1654." A (39). COPY OF THi: DEBENTURE FORMING THE FRONTISPIECE. By the Commissioners af pointed for Siateing ike Arreares of the Souldiery , And of Publiqzte ffaith Debts in Ireland. UPON Composition and Agreement made with\ Mrs. Ester Idimt, Administratrix to her late Htisband, Captain Thomas Hunt, deceased, in behalfe of herselff, And for the use of Henry, Thomas, Benjamin, Anne, Hester, aitd Sarah Hunt, Children of the said Defunct, for all the said Defiincfs Arrears for Service in Ireland from the last day of December, 1648, to the '^th day of June, 1649, as Captain in a Troop e of Horse in Coll. Chidley Coote's Regiment. There remains due from the Common-wealth to the said Ester Hunt and children of the said Defunct, their Executors, Administrators, or Assign's, the Sum of Seaven Hitndred and ffourteene Ponnds, seaventeen sJiil- lings, and sixpence, which is to be satisfied to the said Ester Htint and ye said Children of ye De- funct, their Executors, Administrators, or Assign's, out of the Rebels Lands, Houses, Tenements and Hereditaments, in Ireland; or other Lands, Houses, Tenements, and Hereditaments there, in the dispose of the Contmon-wealth of England. Signed and Sealed at Dublin, the six and twentieth . day of HI ay, 1658. / EDW. ROBERTS, {Seal). ROBERT GORGES, {Seal). ROBERT JEOFFREYS, {Seal). Examined and entered, THOS. HERBERT, Genl. Rcf^isler. ) 714 OF IRELAND. 197 and if any had received a debenture in England to be satis- fied in money, he might exchange it, and obtain from the Commissioners one to be satisfied in Irish land.^ The deben- tures were made in duphcate, one part kept by the Register, the other part given to the soldier, 2 who was to give it up when satisfied, to be returned to the Register to see that it agreed with the original, to be then cancelled. ^ The deben- ture was a mere acknowledgment of a debt to be satisfied in land,* but it conveyed none, though the land set out for it was familiarly called " a debenture." Thus, in a list of Colonel William Moore's estate, in the barony of Lower Ormond, and county of Tipperary, the lands are described (A.D. 1669), as "lately the debenter of Lieutenant-Colonel William Moore, who had a deep hand in the plot against his Majesty and his interest in Ireland (the Phanatick or Protestant plot of 1663), and is fled for the same."3 The title to the debenture land^ 1 " How Accounts of Officers and Soldiers of the Army of Ire- land may be stated." Passed August 25th, 1652. Scobell's "Acts and Ordinances." 2 Ibid. 3 " Ordered — That Colonel Robert Phaire, and the rest of the Commissioners for setting ovit lands to the Disbanded that were appointed to sit down in the county of Cork, do take care that tlie particulars and the subdivisions of the lands set out by tlieni to the said Disbanded and reduced party be returned forthwith to Benjamin Worsley, Esq.; as also all such debentures as liave been received from the said Disbanded upon their assigning them lands for the satisfaction of their arrears, to Colonel Tliomas Herbert, the Register-General of Debentures Office in Dublin. Dated at Castle of Dublin, 19 November, 1655. A (5), p. 285. " Thomas Herbert, Clerk of the Council." *See Frontispiece. " Carte Papers," vol. xlvi., 190 A. ^ " Militibus promissa Triquetra Prajdia CiBsar, Itala an est tellure daturus?" Horace, Sat. vi., Book ii. " Yet prithee Avhere are Ceesar's bands Allotted their Debenture lands?" Horace's Works, translated by Dr. Philip Francis, 1748. Dr. Francis' father was Dean of Lismore; hence Dr. Francis' know- ledge of Debenture lands, a term that could hardly have been intelligible to an Englishman in 1748. 198 THE CROMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT was not even complete by the allotment, but required a Cer- tificate under the hand of two of the Commissioners for Ire- land to give the officer or soldier legal seizin, as appeared in the case of Commissary-General Sir John Keynolds' will, the brother-in-law of the Lord Henry Cromwell, Ijord Deputy.^ Sir John Keynolds, after his campaign in Ireland, had the command of the forces sent to Dunkirk to aid Turenne and the French to take Mardyke from the Spaniards, but on his return was lost, in the month of December, 1657, on the Good- win Sands, as was believed, for nothing was ever found of the ship or crew that conveyed him, but a box with his sword and belt. By his will he left all his lands to his wife, and his personal property to others. It was found that though Car- rick Castle, with its demesne and deer park, and 16,000 acres, the ancient seat of the Earls of Ormond, was land in the strict legal sense, because given by Act of Parliament to Sir John Eeynolds,2 yet that 7,272 acres set out to him in the barony of Carbery, and county of Cork, for two debentures, amounting ' to £3,902 13s. Od., and the lands he bought of Colonel Fowkes, in the county of Wexford, were personal estate, his interest lying in the debentures, and not in the land, because he wanted the Certificate under the hand of the Commis- sioners for the Affairs of Ireland, and until then allotments might be altered by the Commander-in-Chief. ^ The setting 1 They married two sisters, daughters of Sir Francis Russell, Bart., of Chippenham, in Cambridgeshire. " Memorials of the Protectorul House of Cromwell," by Mark Noble. 2 vols. 8vo. London : 1787. 2 By order of the Commissioners for the Affairs of Ireland in execution of an Ordinance of Parliament for settlers in lieu of forfeited lands in Ireland to the value of £500 per annum. Dated at Clonmel, 20th May, 1652.— A (82), p. 232. 3 See the Case and Opinion of the Lawyers, and Henry Crom- well's letter, 27 January, 1657-8. Thurloe's " State Papers," vol. vi., p. 759, p. 761. OF IKELAND. 199 down of the soldiers, however, by " lot and string "^ was prac- tically the completion of the work.^ No such certificates or letters of possession were ever issued. There was, by the Act of Satisfaction, more debt charged on the lands of Ireland than half as much more would pay.^ The first instalment of lands set forth was for 12s. 6d. per pound of arrears, or five-eighths of the debt, which the council of the army accepted, hoping, nevertheless, that they might proceed on two-thirds, i.e., 13s. 4d., which they were put in possession of on 22nd May, 1655.* They still pressed for plenary satisfaction. Until they 1 In " Rules and Agreements concerning the present Proceed- ings of setting oiit Lands to the Army, assented unto by us, the respective Agents of the severall Regiments thereofF : — " 1st. That wee receive the proportion of lands according to the quota pars of 12s. 3d. in the pound, in part of the satisfac- tion due unto each regiment, together with the loose debentures, as they have been thereunto affixed by the Commissioners for setting out lands, contained in a list or file of contiguitie specifying the content of each townland within the said regi- mentall lott ; and that wee doe alsoe receive therewith lists of debentures belonging or affixed unto each troope and company within the said lott. " Dated this 8th December, 1656. " Rob. Phayee. Jo. Nelson. Dan Abbot. Wm. Meeedith. " Hen. Johnson." Petty's " Down Survey," by Larcom, p. 197. In " The humble Declaration and Petition of the Committee of Adventurers for Lands in Ireland, sitting at Grocers' Hall." " 9thly. Your petitioners desire that the county of Kildare may be sett out unto them by lott and string." — Ibid., p. 246. 2 _ " Monday, 10th December, 1666. " The three regiments claym for lands in the county of Kerry, sett out to them in satisfaction for their arrears .... The claymants produce a string whereby the lands were sett out .... Mr. Petty swears that the paper signed was the original, written by himself and Sir W. Petty — that these strings had as much force as injunctions — that they took possession under them." Minute Book of Court' of Claims, p. 3. Hanaper Office. 3 Petty's " Down Survey," by Larcom, p. 32. * Ibid., p. 72. 200 THE CEOMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT had it, they said, it would not be secure for the army to de- liver up their debentures. ^ They would give receipts to the Commissioners of Ireland for so much as was set out, and allow the part satisfaction to be endorsed on the debentures, but the debentures to remain in the soldiers' hands. 2 The Lord Deputy and Council bade them say how they would secure as equal provision with themselves for their poor brethren who served before '49, and were disbanded in 1653, who had received their lands at enhanced rates, if the govern- ment should yield to their request and part with the entire stock, and for the 'Forty-nine soldiers of the Munster gar- rison who were not indepmified till 1654, and were not yet satisfied, and might find the counties of Donegal, Leitrim, Longford, and Wicklow, short to satisfy them their arrears.^ In 1656, the army having given the required engagement, the Lord Deputy and Council, on 20th May, 1656, gave them plenary satisfaction, by giving out to their trustees for distribution all the land that remained.* When these were divided, and the officers and soldiers set down the following year, it only remained for the government to give out certifi- cates or letters of possession, and to receive in the deben- tures.^ The army, however, forbore taking out Certificates of possession, expecting that the Adventurers would be found on a re-survey of their lands by Petty, then pending, to have received too much, and as the surplus belonged to the army, there would be further lands to divide. But the Kestoration overtook them, so that the debentures, except some that 1 Petty's " Down Survey," by Larcom, p. 72. 2 Ibid., pp. 197, 201, 204. 3 Ibid., p. 66. 4 Ibid., p. 36. 5 By order of 9th April, 1657, a Committee, consisting of Sir Charles Coote, Sir Hardress Waller, Mr. Attorney-General Basil, and others, Avere to suggest a form of certificate (ibid., p. 206). The form they suggested is given (ibid., pp. 206, 207), OF IRELAND. 'iOl were taken in upon some of the early assignments of lands, remained in the hands of the ofl&cers and soldiers. Of 33,419 debentures issued, 11,804 were returned, and no more; so that the soldiery or their representatives held 21,615 in their hands, though lands had been long before given out in satisfaction.^ THE CIVIL SURVEY. The next step of the government was to take an account of what lands were forfeited, their extent and value. It was about Michaelmas Day, 1653, that the Commissioners for the Affairs of Ireland received the instructions of the Parliament for the survey of the lands forfeited on account of the rebel- lion. Commissioners were immediately sent into every county in the three provinces, to take an account of the lands in the disposal of the government, which included not merely the lands forfeited by the Irish, but the Church and Crown lands. ^ They were to hold courts of survey, and to summon juries, and charge thein, if necessary, to view and tread the metes and bounds of the premises; and the Commissioners were to summon and examine on oath all persons who could give evidence of the names of the late proprietor, of his conduct, and of the extent and value of his estate. Agents were to produce the rentals, and bailiffs to show the bounds; and where they should find it impossible through the wastedness and depopulation of the county to inform themselves of the metes and bounds, and other certainties directed, they were to discover it as best they could. ^ It must have been painful 1 " Touching- Souldiers' Debentures." " Carte Papers,"' vol. xliv., 155. 2 A (90), p. 544. 3 See a commission at full length in " Petty 's History of the Down Survey," by Major T. A. Larcom, R.E., pp. 383-386. 4to. Dublin; 1851. Published for the Irish Arehccological Society. % 202 THE CKOMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT to the owners of these estates and then- famihes to see them valued before they had actually passed out of their hands, being only a preparation for their banishment, and for others to occupy their ancient hereditary seats, endeared to them by a thousand tender memories. But the Commissioners were enabled, by taking this inquiry before the proprietors were removed to Connaught, to obtain evidence not forthcoming two years later, when the Down Survey was executed, there/ being then in many places no persons remaining that knew the bounds, and families were obliged to be sent back from Connaught to show them to the survey ors.^ The purpose was to ascertain by the report of these Com- missioners what was the amount of the fund applicable to the payment of the debt due to the Adventurers and to the army, and of the extent and value of the tithes and lands reserved to the state ; so that the government might afterwards be enabled to contract with skilled surveyors for an exact admeasure- ment and maps of the lands, in order to a proper allotment of the army's lands amongst the officers and soldiers, and that grants and leases might be made with greater ease and secu- ^ " Whereas Mr. Henry Paris, late one of the Commissioners of Revenue of Clonmel, hath informed us that the transplanta- tion had been so effectually carried on in the county of Tipperary, and especially in the barony of Eliogarty, that no inhabitant of the Irish nation that knows the country is left in that barony, which may be a great prejudice to the Commonwealth, for want of information of the bounds of the respective territories and lands therein upon admeasurement ; it is therefore ordered, that it be referred to the Commissioners at Loughrea to con- sider of four fitt and knowing persons of the Irish nation lately removed out of that barony into Connaught, and to return them with their famihes to reside in or near their old habita- tions, for the due information of the surveyors appointed of the respective bounds of each parcel of land admeasureable, and to continue there till fiu'ther order. " Thomas Herbert, Clerk of the Council. " Dublin, loth December, 1654." A (5), p. 54. OF lEELAND. 203 rity by the government of the lands reserved to them, and that the assessments might be equally levied. This report was duly returned for all Ireland, and was called the Civil Survey.^ Having thus ascertained, by as near a computation as could be made without actual admeasurement, the extent and value of the lands seized from the former proprietors in each of the three provinces on this side of the Shannon, a general coun- cil of officers next apportioned the amount of arrears to be satisfied in each province. They then proceeded, like the Ad- venturers, to draw the first or grand lot, to ascertain in which province each regiment of horse, foot, and dragoons was to be satisfied its arrears. For on debate of the matter whether they should take their lands by lot, or have them assigned to them respectively by some competent authority, they resolved for the former mode, declaring that they had rather take a lot upon a barren mountain as a portion from the Lord, than a portion in the most fruitful valley upon their own choice. ^ But when the officers in the Munster lot found that all the coarse mountain land in the baronies of Iveragh and Dunker- rin, in the county of Kerry (the neighbourhood of the Lakes of Killarney), considered by them "the refuse county, "» of Ireland, which they expected to have thrown in to them^m//.s as unprofitable, was counted as profitable (though ten, twenty, and thirty acres of it were sometimes counted for one),* they called a meeting with the agents of the Leinster and Ulster 1 For a specimen, see "A Survey of the Half Barony of Rath- down, in the County of Dublin, containing the parishes follow- ing, viz., Donnebrook, Tannee, Kill, Monkstown, Killiny, Tully, White Church, Kilternan, Killgobbin, Rathmichael, and Con- nagh. By order of Charles Fleetwood, Lord Deputy, October 4th, 1654," p. .528. "2nd De.siderata Curiosa Hiberni'ca; or, a Select Collection of State Papers," &c. 8vo. Dublin 2 vols 1772. 2 Potty's " Down Survey," by Larconi, p. 91. 3 Ibid., p. 210. ■ 4 Ibid., p. 96. 204 THE CROMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT regiments, and proposed to get rid of them. They wished to take the baronies of Gualtier and Middlethird, in the county of Waterford, instead.^ The Leinster and Ulster agents, however, said if the Munster officers ^^'ere allowed to pick and choose, they desired the same privilege for Leinster and Ulster, and that Upper Ossory, and the Duffry, in the county of Wexford, in Leinster, Orier, the Fews, and Cremorne, in Ulster, be laid aside ; and, with a spice of humour, fixed them with their two coarse baronies, by reminding them of the pious intent upon which they had agreed to the lottery .2 THE DOWN SURVEY. The officers of the army next agreed with the government to join them in contracting with Dr. William Petty, Physician to the Forces, to make accurate maps of the forfeited lands belonging respectively to the government and to the army, in the three several provinces of Leinster, Munster, and Ulster. Connaught was assigned to the Irish ; and good maps of most of the lands in that province had been made about fifteen years before, by order of Lord Strafford, when he intended the English plantation there, by which the government were enabled to set down the transplanted Irish there the more readily. It was characteristic of the period, that this great step in perfecting the scheme of plantation was consecrated with all the forms of religion, the articles being signed by Dr. Petty in the Council Chamber of Dublin Castle, on the lltli of December, 1654, in the presence of many of the chief officers of the army, after a solemn seeking of God, performed by Colonel Tomlinson, for a blessing upon the conclusion of so great a business. ^ Such is the account given by Dr. Petty, 1 " Pettv's Down Survey," pp. 89, 90. 2 Ibid., p. 91, 3 Ibid., p, 22. OF lEELAND. 205 this able man being himself all the while a freethinker, ^yho was indifferent to the wrangles and jangles of the Churches,i and laughed at the many different sects of that day, con- sidering sects to be like worms and maggots in the guts of a commonwealth. 2 He was also of opinion that the gathering of churches might be termed, "listing of soldiers. "^ By his contract, Dr. Petty engaged to mark out upon the map the subdivision of the lands into so many parcels as might satisfy each man his particular arrears, thus showing each of&cer's and soldier's particular lot,* with an index of their names and position on the map. But this provision was afterwards dispensed with, as the army were not ready to sub- divide at the time of the survey being taken, and the sub- divisions were only returned by the officers in descriptive lists to the Chancery. These being sent at the Kestoration to the Commissioners for executing the Act of Settlement, they re- mained among the documents they had had recourse to, and were destroyed in a great fire that burned down the Council Office, where they were then deposited, in the year 1711 — an irreparable loss. Had they been marked in the Down Survey, there would have been seen regiment by regiment, troop by troop, and company by company, encamping almost on the lands they had conquered ; for they were thus set down without intervals, and without picking or choosing, the lot of the first regiment ending where the lot of the second regiment began. ^ The field work of the survey was carried on by foot soldiers ■ instructed by Dr. Petty, and selected by him as being hardy men, to whom such hardships as to wade through bogs and 1 " Reflections on some Persons and Things in Ireland," p. 86. 12mo. London : 1660. 2 Ibid., p. 110. 3 Ibid., p. 82. * " Articles of Agreement between tlie Svn'veyor-Cieneral and Dr. W. Petty," dated lltli December, 1654, Article 8. " Petty's Down Survey," bv Larconi, p. 25. s Order of"22n;rMay, 1655. J bid., p. 64. 206 THE CEOMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT water, climb rocks, and fare and lodge hard, were familiar.^ They were fittest, too, " to ruffle with " the rude spirits they were like to encounter, who might not see without a grudge their ancient inheritances, the only support of their wives and children, measured out before their eyes for strangers to occupy; and they must often when at work be in danger of a surprise by Tories. Some of the surveyors were captured by these bold and desperate outlaws, when the sending away of the forces for England and Scotland, about the beginning of the work, left him naked of the guards ho had been pro- mised.^ Eight of them were surprised by Donogh O 'Derrick, commonly called " blind Donogh " (who, however, could see well enough for this purpose), near Timolinn, in the county of Kildare, and were by him and his party carried up the mountains of Wicklow into the woods, and there after a drumhead kind of court martial, executed by them as acces- sories to a gigantic scheme of ruthless robbery. ^ THE BOXING OF THE ARMY FOR LANDS. Sir William Petty says, that as for the blood shed in the contest for these lands, God best knows who did occasion it ; but upon the playing of the game or match the English w;on, 1 " Articles of Agreement," &c., as before, p. 17. 2 Ibid., pp. 123, 125. 3 " Ordered, that Mr. James Standish, Receiver-General, do pay unto Col. Henry Pretty, Governor of Carlow, £100, to be by him disposed of to such persons as lately took Donogh Doyle or Derrig, alias called blind Donogh (the notorious Tory, Rebel, and Thief), at Timolinn, in the house whence he and his party took the Eight English Surveyors, who were thence carried into the woods, and most barbarously murdered. Dated at Dublin Castle, December 25th, 1655. " Henry Cromwell. Richard Pepys. Myles Corbey." A (1), p. 325. 01'' TRELAXD. 207 and had, among other pretences, a gamester's right at least to their estates ;* and like gamesters they proceeded to divide the spoil. The lands they had won were to be set out to the army by lot, and were to be so assigned to the different regi- ments in the several provinces, that the lands might be set out together without intervals, and without picking and choosing. Accordingly, it was ordered that the several regi- m^ents whose lots had fallen in any of the three provinces should be put into possession of their lands successively one after another, each regiment beginning to take their posses- sion from the bounds of si oh places v\heve the lots of tlie respective regiments preceding respectively ended.' The agents of the different regiments in each provincial lot were to agree v.-hat barony in each, of the several counties should be first set out unto them, and what regiment or troop sliouid bo first set dovv-n in each barony and county, and so successively in tl'.e next adjacent })arony or county. ^ The regiments in each provmeial lot cast lots to aseertriin in what county and baronies t-ach r-jglment shouM bo satisfied. A lot or ticket was then made for every tro(jp rir company, containing the names of the several ofucers and soldiers of the troop or corn- pan} , the arrears duo to each, and the nujnber of acres due to the ent're troop ov company.* These lots or tickets wt-re prepared on jumpers ot equal hize, and sealed with Vvax wafers i '■ The roliticiil Anatomy of Irelund," 1672, by Sir W. Potty. p. 28, 1st vol. " Tracts and Treatises relating to Ireland," by Alexander Thorn and Sons. 2 vols. 8vo. Dublin: 1S61. 2 pp. 64. 6o, " Petty's Down Survey," by Major Thcnnas A. Larconi, Irisli Archieologieal Society's Publication. 4to. Du'olin: 1801. 3 Order of 22 May. 16o5, ibid., p. 60. * " Ordered, that the officers of tlie army now at lieadq;ir.rter.s do oon.sider how the lotts of the party now to be disbanded may be drawn most equally. 2{)th Avgust; 16.j5." A (5), p. 2*J3. '• Ordered, that the Surveyor-General do prepare lotts for each regiment, and for each company and trcopo of eacli regimeiit, 208 THE CKOMWELIilAN SETTLEMENT or glue, so as one might not be distinguished from the other without opening them. They were then to be put in a bois:,* out of which they were to be drawn as lots, to distinguish in which of the baronies the proportion of land due to each com- pany was to fall. The lands in the several baronies having been already ar- ranged by the Surveyor-General in a fixed sequence, called a file or string of contiguity, ^ specifying the contents of each inserting tlie name of each regiment, troope and company in the lotts, that the troopes and companies may know who are to begin, and in what manner they are to proceed successively to taliP their satisfaction." 1\)., p. 224. 1 Hence the term boxing in common use in that day : thus, " Waste land.= and undisposed of may be lett to anj' English v/eil affected, not exceeding three years, without putting ye same to ye box, rendering such reasonable rent, &c. Dated at Corkj 7th Juhj, 1652. " Mii.es Cokbett. Johm JoNEa." Order Book of Council, vol. vii.. Landed Estates Record OfKce. 2 " The Stkixg of Ensign Thomas hts Lott. Com. MeatJi — l^ar. KelJs. P.ARISH OF DUNLANE. Proprietors [Anno. 1641.] Deiionunations. Acres Prodtahle. A. R. P. Thomas necaeh, . . Part of Laurencetowne, . IBS 2 0 Gan-ett Mappe, . . f iVfaprath, 254 0 0 Idem J The Mote, 128 0 0 ' \ Corn sasse, 192 0 0 I, Curragh and Clonfenane. 303 0 0 Plunkot^, of Castle, Pathbrake ' . 242 2 0 Garrett Mappe, . . Mountainpole, .... 176 2 0 Kfxls Parish. f Part of Kells. I In ye same, with Coimnou, 5b 2 0 T> 1 f , ,. ,• ,, •, Part of Kells 611 2 0 Kocluort, or Ivilhride, i ,i--,i • .i -.,- ,, - ,i ' ' \ \\ithm the VVails or the \ 'j'owiu; of Kelts ... 29 2 0 j Part of Mulaghev, intor- I mixl, with snia"ll poells 16G 2 0 OF lEELAND. 209 townland within the regiinent;il lot with the lists of the de- bentures belonging to each troop or company,^ the Conimis- Proprietors [Anno. 1641.] Denominations. Acres Profitable. A. R. P. Sir John Dungan, Knt. Norbynstowne, .... 13S 0 0 Parish of Emlagh. William Betagh, . . . Ballreaske, ..... lot 2 0 Kells Parish. Plunkett. of Balrath, . Tatrath, 5."?:3 0 u Baniewall. of Turvey, . Sydeiisrath, ' . . . . 211 2 0 Jpnies f. Jones, , . . Fyanstowne. pAr.ISli OF TfiLLTOVtNE. Sr William Hill, . . . Hurriltowiie. Richard Barrewwil, . \ Richard I-ed\vicht, . . i r-n™ • i t-.oo r. 1 J. 11 1 Ivilmainhajn, lO-H Kooert l>egg, and ; ' Biirnewall, of Breyoiore. j Parish of Kjells. Richard Barnewall, . Christopher piunkett, Richari Led.viche, . . j Pari of KiltJ-.aiiihani, . . I'iS 0 0 Robt Begg, of Feathers- \ tovne I Begg, of Navan, and |Cnrdtn fith ]49 2 0 Barnewell, of Breymore,. j Sir John Draycott, . . Phebog, 29 0 0 Totall, .^072a. 2r. COp., at lis. t' acre. £2789 lO.s. Id. " The aforementioned lands were sett fortli unto Lieut. -Coloiiel! Steepheas and his Company, in satisfaction of their arrears. " TnoJiAS Elliott, " Depy Surveyor-Genh " April 6th, 1C66." In this String (j.-roperly the String of Lient. -Colonel Stei.^hens find hi.s coi.'ipany), for the endorsement is by a later hand), are the lands of Kilniaiiiham convoyed by the following Deed: — i Petty's " Down Survey," by Iiarcom, p. 1P7, R OF lEELAND. 211 arroara in the debenture, and the number of acres to be set out m the barony to satisfy it.^ Thus Lord Broghill, Colonel Phaire, and others, were appointed Commissioners, on 10th January, 1654, to set out lands in the baronies of Fermoy, Duhallo, Condon, Orrery, and other baronies in the county of Cork, to satisfy arrears due to the officers and soldiers of the regiments, troops, and companies named in a schedule annexed to the commission, amounting to £60,611 8s. 6J., which required 75,735 acres, 2 roods, to satisfy them — lands in the county of Cork being rated by the army, as between themselves, at £800 per thousand acres. The Commissioners were to fix a time and place for drawing lots, of which they were to give seven days' previous notice at least, in Cork, Mallow, Youghal, and Bandon. They were directed by the commission to begin to draw out the lots for the barony of Fermoy, and so lot by lot, until all the land in the barony was exhausted; and if the number of acres in the lots drawn for any barony should ex- ceed the amount of land in the barony, the defect was to be supplied out of the adjacent barony — the particular parish or townland where to begin the supply having been appointed before drawing the first lots, in order to avoid controversy or imputation. The officers and soldiers who fell to be satisfied in any one barony or allotment were immediately to take possession; and, having sub-divided it between them, were to send up the subdivision, with each man's lot described by such bounds and other certainties as it could be known to the Commissioners of Ee venue of the precinct. ^ Upon getting i The proceedings thus described are set out in "A Commission for ye Setting out Lands in ye County of Corke to ye Disbanded Forces in lieu of their Arrears. Dated at Duhlin, ye lOth day of January, 1653-4." A (81), p. 31. 2 "A Commission for ye Setting out Lands in ye County of Corke to the Disbanded Forces in lieu of their Arrears." A (81), p. 31 212 THE CKOMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT possession, the half-pay of the officers and soldiers ceased. But, in addition to the original list of those to be satisfied by the Commissioners, additional lists were constantly sent down of soldiers whom they were to admit to receive their satisfaction as if they had been in the original lists. ^ OF THE EQUALIZING OF COUNTIES AND BARONIES. The state gave all the forfeited lands to the army at the Adventurers' or Act Eates; but the several regiments com- posing each provincial lot were unwilling to cast the regi- mental lots, or lots to ascertain in what counties and baronies within the province the several regiments were to be satisfied their arrears, without some regard to the value of lands. They thought it too desperate a hazard for a regimxent to cast 1 " A list of several persons of Captain Lewis Jones's troop of horse that desire satisfaction for their arrears in the county of Sleigo : — Corporal John Jones, . Alexander Irwin, . Christopher Jones, Richard Jones, . James Hugh, . Quarter-Master Nicholas Goulding Pence excluded, total is 43 19 22 14 21 15 20 8 21 3 232 14 ;^367 13 o A. 97 45 43 40 42 465 R P. 3 24 1 24 2 o 3 8 I 8 I 24 735 " These are to certify that the arrears of the above persons are stated, and amount to the several sums according to their names respectively annexed, for which proportions of land are required at the rate of £500 for 1000 acres ; as are likewise to their sums affixed, which amount in tlie whole for the said £367 13s. Od. to the sum of 735a. 1r. 8p. 30^/i. March, 1655. " William Digges. " To Majnr W. Shepherd, Major John King, and the other Com- missioners for setting out lands in the county of Sleigo, that they he added to the list of those to he satisfied there, and be perm tted to draw lots as if they had been named in the original list," A (85), p. 220. OF lEELAND. 213 a lot and find Itself paid off with 10,000 acres of land in the mountains of Kerry, while the next regiment received 10,000 acres in the rich pastures of Tipperary or Limerick as of equal value, though the army received all the Munster lands from the state at £450 per 1,000 acres. Accordingly, they equalized or set an approximate or more real value on the lands in the several counties and baronies, when casting lots for lands in discharge of their pay. Thus the regiments in the Munster lot valued the barony of Glaneroughty, contain- ing the mountain land of Kerry, at £250 per thousand acres; but the barony of ClanwilHam, containing the Golden Vale of Tipperary, at £1,100 per thousand acres.* THE COUNTIES AS VALUED BY THE ARMY. In the following hst will be seen the valuation of the several counties by the army, to make them more equal among themselves, preparatory to casting the first " Grand " or "Provincial Lot," to determine in what province each regiment was to be satisfied its arrears. FOR EVERY THOUSAND ACRES IN THE PROVINCE OF LEINSTER. Rates in the Act. Counties. New Rates. i 6oo Wicklow. Six hundred pounds. 6oo Longford. Six hundred pounds. 6oo King's County. Six hundred pounds. 6oo Waxford. Nine hundred pounds. 6oo Catherlo. Eleven hundred pounds. 6oo Kildare. Thirteen hundred pounds. 6oo Kilkenny- Eleven hundred pounds. 6oo Queen's County. Nine hundred pounds. 6oo West Meath. Nine hundred pounds. 6oo Meath. Thirteen hundred pounds. 6oo Dublin. Fifteen hundred pounds. The barony of Athi rdee in the county of Loath, twelve hundred pc )unds ; the rest of the county being reserved w lolly for the Adventurers. 1 A (84), p. 354. Order dated 28th July, 1653. 214 THE CKOMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT FOR EVERY THOUSAND ACRES IN THE PROVINCE OF MUNSTER. Rates in the Act. Counties. New Rates. A 450 450 450 450 450 Cork. Waterford. Tipperary. Limerick. Kerry. Eight hundred pounds. Eight hundred pounds. One thousand pounds. Eleven hundred pounds. Four hundred and fifty pounds. FOR EVERY THOUSAND ACRES IN THE PROVINCE OF ULSTER. Rates in the Act. Counties. New Rates. 200 Antrim. Five hundred and twentv pounds. 200 Armagh. Four hundred and sixty pounds. 200 Tirone. Four hundred pounds. 200 Fermanagh. Four hundred and twenty pounds. 200 Donegal. Four hundred pounds. 200 Londonderry. Four hundred and fifty pounds. 200 Cavan. Four hundred pounds. 200 Monaghan. Four hundred and twenty pounds. 200 Down. Five hundred and twenty pounds. For every th ousand acres in the baronies of Sligo, Five hunc [red pounds.^ VALUATION OF THE BARONIES. The lots for provinces having been cast, the officers of the several regiments in each provincial lot, before lotting for counties, valued the different baronies in their lot. 1 " DuUin, the 21st November, 1653.. " A Particular of the Rates in the several] Counties in the Provinces of Leinster, Munster and Ulster, as they were agreed to by the Generall Councel of Officers to be settled upon each of the said Counties respectively, in order to the setting out of Lands for the satisfaction of the Arrears of them that are dis- banded until tlie iileasure of the Parliament shall be further known therein, or a more exact account had of the quantity of OF ICELAND. 215 The setting down of the army was effected in three great disbandings and assignments of land to the soldiery, which took place in September, 1655, and in July and November, 1656.1 -phe following list concerns the first of these disband- ings : "On 18 August, 1655, Lieut. -General Ludlow's, Sir Charles Coote's, Colonel Pretty's regiments of horse, and Colonel Ingoldsby's regiment of dragoons, and Colonel Axtels', Colonel Slubber 's, and Colonel Clarke's regiments of foot, and some non-regimental companies were disbanded. "^ About sixty troops and companies were then satisfied.^ In the list will be found not only the equalization of the several baronies, but the names of the different captains, troops, and companies, they were set out to in succession. Forfeited Lands in Ireland." From an original printed Declara- tion, small folio, of six pages, in the library of Charles Haliday, Esq., of Monkstown Park, Monkstown, county of Dublin: by William Bladen, Dublin: A.D. 1653. 1 " Petty's Down Survej'," by Larcom. p. 274. 2 " Merciu-. Politicus," p. 5580. 3 " Petty's Down Survey," by Larcom, ]). 185. 2l6 PROVINCE OF 1 Names of the Counties where The Names of the Regiments Names of the particular Troops the Disbanded out of which the Disbanded are and Companies that are Dis- are to be reduced. banded. Satisfied. Wexford. Lord Henry Cromwell's Re- giment of Horse. Captain Barrington. Lieutenant-Generall Ludlow's His owne Troope. Regiment of Horse. Captain Ivorie's. Captain Nunn's. Captain Claypole. Colonel Daniel Abbott's Re- Captain Packenham. giment of Dragoons. Sir Hardress Waller's Regi- Captain Holmes. ment. Captain Candler. Captain Wilkinson. Lord President's Regiment. Captain CoUis. Colonel Phair's Regiment. Captain Cartrett. Loose Companies. Captain Morgan. Major Cuppage. Captain Highgate. Major Shepherd. Captain Skinner. Supernumeraries of the Lord Henry Cromwell's Regi- ment to be added to this Lott. West Meath Colonel Ingoldsby's Regiment. His owne Troope. and Captain Napper. East Meath. Captain Cam bell. Captain Wrenn. Captain Gibbons. General Venables' Regiment. Lieutenant-Colonell Pinchion. Captain Bownell. Colonel Axtell's Regiment. Captain Cornock. Captain Gardiner. Colonel Clarke's Regiment. Captain Talbott. Captain Disney. Loose Companies. Captain Waltham. Supernumeraries of the Lord President's Regiment of Horse. Kilkenny and Colonell Stubbers. His owne Company. Queen's Co. Captain Burrell. Captain Helsham. Captain Lynocks. Captain Garrett. Captain Mathews. Captain Pennyfather. Captain Richards. M U N S T E R. 217 The Names of the Baronies that are to be set out to the Disbanded in succession. Rates of the severall Baronies. Forth. Bargy. ShilmaHer. Bantry. ;^8oo per thousand acres. 700 per thousand acres. 600 per thousand acres. 600 per thousand acres. Delvin. Half Fore. Corkerrie. \ Moygoise. / Kells. Ferbill. Moyfenrath. Clonlonan. ") Moycashel. )- Kiscoursie. J ;^8oo per thousand acres . 800 per thousand acres. 600 per thousand acres. 650 per thousand acres. 800 per thousand acres. 1000 per thousand acres. 600 per thousand acres. Liberties of Kilkenny. Upper Ossory. ;{8oo per thousand acres. 500 per thousand acres. 2l8 PROVINCE OF Names of the 1 Counties where The Names of the Regiments Names of the particular Troops the Disbanded out of which the Disbanded are and Companies that are Dis- are to be reduced. banded. Satisfied. Limerick and Lord President of Connaught's Colonell Chidley Coote. Kerry. Regiment. Colonell Richard Coote. Major Ormsby. Major King. Captain St. George. The Lord President of Con- naught, his owne arrears, and the Supernumeraries of his owne Troope. The Supernumeraries of the Lord Broghill's Troope. • Colonell Richard Lawrence. Captain Mould. Lieutenant-Colonell Jones. Captain Eudes. Supernumeraries of the Life Guard, Generall Officers and Traine. Tipperary and Colonell Prettie's Regiment. Captain William Bolton. Water ford. Captain Alland ; each of them to have thirty out of their respective Troopes to place with them if they can gain so many to be free there- unto. Colonell Sadler's Regiment. Captain Thomas. Captain Nicholls and Major Brereton. Loose Company. Major Richardson. Supernumeraries of Colonell Prettie's Regiment to be added to this Lott. Cork. Loose Company Captain Dutton. Lord Protector's Foot. Captain Seagrave. Captain Pelham. Colonell Hewson. Captain Turner. Captain Hincham. Loose Companies. Captain Jordan. Captain ftlarkham. Major Walters. Supernumeraries of Commis- sary-General Reynolds, and Colonell Sankeys. M U N S T E R 219 The Names of the Baronies that are to be set out to the Disbanded in succession. The Rates of the severall Baronies. Coshlca. Small County. Coshma. Iracht I Connor. Clannoris. Corkaguiny. GlanerouEiht. Clanwilliam. ;^6oo per thousand acres. 800 per thousand acres. 700 per thousand acres. 350 per thousand acres. 350 per thousand acres. 250 per thousand acres. 250 per thousand acres. 1 100 per thousand acres. Gaultier and Middlethird. ;^500 per thousand acres. 350 per thousand acres. Kinalea, and Kerricurrihie. £'570 per thousand acres. 220 THE CROMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT PROVINCE OF ULSTER.! Names of the Counties where the Disbanded are to be satis- fied. The Names of the Regiments out of which the Disbanded were reduced. Names of the particular Tro- opes and Com- panies that are Disbanded. Tirone. Lord Deputy's Regiment. Captain Morris. Supernumeraries of the Lord De- j)uty's Regi- ment of Horse OF THE EQUALIZING OF THE LANDS IN THE LOT OF A TROOP OR COMPANY. Thus the different regiments provided for some degree of equality in value as between themselves. But as the lands to satisfy each troop or company were set out by lot in a gross sum to the troop or company after the rate set upon the county or barony, without regard being had to the different and unequal value of the lands in themselves, it would neces- sarily follow that if a subdivision were not made in propor- tion to the real difference, some would have lands of a much greater value than others. It was therefore provided that the different regiments, troops, and companies, should nomi- nate out of themselves persons to subdivide and set out the lands fallen to the regiment, troop, or company, according to their true and real value. ^ Accordingly, after the troops or companies were assigned a barony, the officers of the troop or company proceeded to rate the lands at their exact value, before casting lots or proceeding to divide them by agree- ment amongst the troop or company. Thus the generals of the army, the gentlemen of the hfe guard, and officers of the 1 A (81), p. L36. 2 " Petty's Down Survey," by Larcom, p. 278. OF IKELAND. 221 train (the artillery of that day), having received the Liberties of Limerick, as a supply, in case their lot of the barony of Clanwilliam in the county of Limerick should prove insuffi- cient to satisfy their arrears, the Liberties being valued at the rate of £1,500 per thousand acres, they particularly and distinctly equahzed the several towns and seats belonging to the Liberties, according to the respective goodness, quality, and condition of the land, and according to the nature of the improvements in each of them, and set a value upon the particular places, in order to make the lots then about to be cast equal among themselves.^ SALE OF DEBEXTURES BY THE COMMON SOLDIERS TO THEIR OFFICERS. In the interval between the surrender of the principal Irish armies, in 1652, and the perfecting of the scheme for setting out the lands in Ireland, which was not published till Michaelmas, 1653, the distresses of the men, and even officers, for want of payment of their arrears, became very great. To raise moneys for their subsistence, they were found to be seUing their debentures, the poor soldiers' dearly earned wages, at inconsiderable sums, thus depriving themselves of a future comfortable subsistence intended for them by those in authority, who would never have given out the lands at such low rates, but in tenderness to the soldiery, and in order to plant the country with those poor creatures whom the T-ord had preserved in hardships and dangers, that they might enjoy the fruits of their labour. ^ Debentures were accord- ingly forbidden by the Act to be sold imtil the soldiers were 2 " Order dated 28tli July, 16.53." A (84), p. 354. 1 A (81), p. 168. 222 THE CEOMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT actually in possession of their several allotments. ^ But the prohibition seems to have been unheeded, and practically void, because of the general desire of the men to sell, and of the officers to purchase ; for it appears by the claims sent in at the Eestoration to the Comixiissioners for executing the Act of Settlement (still subsisting^), as well as the many deeds of assignment in private custody, signed by all or nearly all the privates of different troops and companies, that the men conveyed their rights to their officers. ^ The government 1 Act for the Satisfaction of the Adventurers for Lands in Ire- land and Arrears due to the Soldiery there, &c. Section 3, Scobell's "Acts and Ordinances." 2 " Lists of Claims," among the Records of the late Axiditor- General and Surveyor-General's Offices, Landed Estates Record Office, Custom House Buildings. 3 Soldiers' Assignment of their Debentitres to their Officer. " Know all Men by these presents, that wee, John Kingfoot, Thomas Etherett, Thomas Goodg, Ambrose Bayley, John Thomas, Lawrence Scott, Richard Gumbleton, Henry Frampton, Richard Boxley, Beuiamin Fox, Thomas Right, John Finer, John Samon, William Yelding, Tobias Burt, John Lewis. Thomas Smith, Thomas Padle, John Jones, John Cads, John Davis. James Blow, William Hill, Evan ap Lewis, Thomas Dalton, William Johnson, Henry Fidey, Vincent Watkins, Gregory Bolton, Robert Rutter, William Weaver, Robert ap Richard, George Symes, and Robert Davis, Souldiers in Lieuteuant-Colonell Richard Steephen's Company, of the late regiment of foote belonging to Colonell Daniel Axtell, in consideration of one hundred and thirty-six pounds to us and every of us, respectively, and pro- portionably in hand paid by Arnold Thomas, Ensigne to the said company, bv these presents do grant, assign, bargaine and sell to the said Arnold Thomas, his heirs, and assigns, all our right, interest, and estate in anie parcels of land, of what nature and qualitie it shall happen, and of what number of acres they shall happen to be and amount unto, lying and being within the dominion of Ireland, which are to be assigned and ascertained unto us in recompense of our services under the Parliament and Commonwealth of England in our service heare in Ireland, together with our severall debentures, with the sums therein mentioned to be due unto us and to be satisfied out of the for- feited lands of delinquents by the Commissioners appointed for stating accompts. To have and to Hold to the said Arnold Ihomas, his heirs, and assigns, to be held of the chief lords of OF lEELAND. 223 themselves were obliged to license the sale of them. Thus Lieutenant Goulburn got liberty, on 23rd of November, 1653, for him and his three servants to make sale of their debentures for their present necessities, notwithstanding the late printed declaration inhibiting the sale.^ Often the government were obliged to advance money from the trea- sury on security of the debentures, as in the case of dis- tressed widows of men or officers whose husbands had been killed in the service, often " slaine by the Toryes," leaving them a great charge of small children behind, and their dis- tress increased by the great cost of coming to Dublin in hopes of possession of their lands, and long attendance there abo\it taking out their husband's debentures. In such cases small sums were ordered to be paid to enable them to return to their children, the advance to be endorsed on the debenture, so that it might be defalked thereout when lands should be the fee by services thereupon due and of right accustomed for ever. And wee have constituted and in our places severally put our well beloved friend, Richard Woods, late Marshall to the said Colonell Richard Axtell's regiment, our true and lawfull attvirney, to enter and take possession for us and in our names of all such parcells of land wherever they shall fall, happen, or be assigned by lott or otherwise, within the dominion of Ire- land ; and after such possession so taken, them and everie of them for us and in our names peaceable possession thereof to the aforesaid Arnold Tliomas, to deliver, according to the tenor of these presents. In witness Avhereof wee have hereunto put our hands and seals, this 26th day of June, 1656." Copied from the original in the possession of Joseph Hanly, Esq., 25, Lower Gardiner-street. The deed is above a yard in length, though little more than six inches in width, and the thirty-six seals, being attached by parcliment labels, give it something of the appearance of a fringed window vallance. Three only of the soldiers sign their names; all the rest, as well as the attesting witnesses, are marks- men. At page 210 see the " String " of this company, and the names of the lands sold by these men to Ensign Thomas. Also his conveyance to George Mathews. i Dated 28th July, 1653. A (84), p. 354. 224 THE CKOMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT given in satisfaction of the debenture.^ At last debentures were freely and openly sold '} and there were regular deben- ture brokers, and a market rate, and prohibitions (of course eluded) against buying under eight shillings in the pound. ^ 1 " Upon consideration had of the low and necessitous condi- tion of Dorothy Arthur, widow, ordered that Mr. Standish, Receiver-General, do out of the first publique moneys, &c., pay unto the said Dorothy Arthur £4 Os. Od. ye same to be on accompt of j'C moneys due upon ye said Widow Arthur's debenter, and to be endorsed on ye same, that it may be defalked thereout when lands shall be given in satisfaction thereof. lOf/i January, 1654. " Chas. Fleetwood. Miles Cokbet. MAxth. Thomlinson." Order Book of Council, p. 209. Late Auditor-General's Re- cords, Custom House Buildings, vol. x. " Upon reading the petition of Elice Morton, and considera- tion had thereupon, and of her present necessitous condition by reason of her husband's death, who was in ye Parliament's ser- vice, and slaine by ye Toryes, leaving her a greate charge of small children behinde, as also by reason of her long attendance att this place about taking out her husband's debenters, whereby she hath suffered much poverty and wante;" ordered twenty shillings. January Sth, 1654-5. " Charles Fleetwood. Miles Corbet. Robert Goodwin." lb., p. 208. " Upon consideration had of the petition of Jane Piatt, widdow, it appearing that her husband, Ensign George Piatt, deed, was about two years since slaine in the Commonwealth's service, leaving the petitioner in a poor distressed and helpless condition, with three small children depending on her for main- tenance; it is ordered that J. Standish, Esq., do, &c., pay unto Mr. T. Edwards, in trust for the said Jane Piatt, the sum of £32, the same to be in full satisfaction of her debenture, which is to be delivered up to be cancelled. Dublin, June 11, 1655." Ibid., p. 92. 2 " Anno 1653, debentures were freely and openly sold for 4s. and 5s. per pound." Petty's " Political Anatomy of Ireland," p. 26. 3 " Bee it knowne unto all men by these presents, that wee Richard Thornton, John Peake, John Ffanow, Samuel Dowler, William Ffensome, souldiers of Sir George St. George's com- panie in Sir Charles Cootte's Regiment of ffoot, commanded to America for and in consideration of a certain summe of money by us received from Lieutenant Christopher Mathews, hath bar- gained sold & made over unto the foresaid Lieutenant Chris- OF IRELAND. 225 Aud Dr. Petty prides himself uj^on always buying from the regular debenture brokers, and never at first hand from the necessitous soldier (though trepanners were sent to entrap him into purchasing) ; while officers were notoriously guilty topher Mathews, his heirs, exors, and admors for ever, all and everie parte & parcell of our landes due unto us for our arrears for our service in Ireland, or whatever we or either of us shall be allowed for the said service in landes or otherwise according to the tenor of our debentures. In witness whereof wee have hereunto putt our liandes and seales this twentieth day of May, 1656. " Signed, sealed & delivered Rich, x Thornton, in i:)resence of us whose names his niarke & seale. ensue : John x Peake, " Alexf. Aitkens. his marke & seale. Robert Ffloyd. John x Ffanon, George Harte. his niarke & seale. Samuel x Dowler, his niarke & seale. William W. x Ffensome, his niarke & seale. Lieutenant Christopher Mathew, brother or cousin of Captain George Mathew, purchased largely of the men of Sir George St. George's Company in Sir Charles Coote's Regiment and those of Colonel Richard Coote's troope in Colonel Henry Pretty's regi- ment, " commanded to America." The assignments are all on small pieces of paper; they make a good handful. Lieutenant Mathew was then quartered at Carrick-on-Shannon. " Knowne unto all men by these presence, that I Daniel Keeffe doe acknowledge to have received of Lieutenant Christr. Mathewes the sum of tou pounds tewle shiUings, it being in lew & full satis- faction of my Debenture sould unto the said Lieutenant Mathewes at the rate of eight shillings the pound : in witness whereof, I have hereunto put my hand and seale the 20th of March, 1656. " Daniel x Keeffe. " Signed & Delivered before me, one of his highnes Justices of peace : " BenJ. Currigan. Alex. Editkins. David Rue." "Knowne unto all men by these presence, that I James Millborne doe acknowledge to have received of Lieut. Christoplier INfathcwes s 226 THE CKOMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT of buying of their own poor soldiers remaining under their command, " whom we may well conceive frightable into any bargain, by what aweings or other means may be left to con- sideration."^ In this manner a considerable part of the debentures were sold before the assignments of lands ; and when the disband- ing took place, the common soldiers who had not parted with their debentures refused in many instances to plant. THE COMMON SOLDIERS DISCONTENTED AT BEING FORCED TO PLANT. On the 1st of September, 1655, was to take place the first and largest of the three great disbandings of the army, and the assignment of lands to them for their arrears of pay,^ the two years which had elapsed since the passing of the Act of Satisfaction of 27th September, 1653, having been con- sumed by surveys, and by the contest of the officers with the government as to the quantity of land applicable to their immediate payment. The different regiments of the army, which had been for three years garrisoning towns or posts of strength, tilling fields in the neighbourhood of their garrisons the sum of ten pounds, it being in lew & full satisfactiort of my Debenture soukl unto the said Lieutt. Mathewes at the rate of eiglit shillings the pound : in witness whereof, I have hereunto put my liande and seale the 28th of October, 165G. " James Milborne. " Signed, sealed & Delivered before me one of his highness's Justices of Peace : " BenJ. Currigan. ALExr. Editkins." 1 Petty' s " Reflections \ipon some Persons and Tilings in Ire- land," &c., pp. 34, 36. 12mo. London: 1660. 2 Petty 's "History of the Down Survey," by Major T. A. Larcom, p. 174. OF lEELAND. 227 as part of their pay, were now to march under command of their officers to the different counties in which each regiment was to be satisfied its arrears, there to cast lots, to determine in what baronies the several troops and companies should sit down. In 1646 the army, secretly worked upon by Cromwell, then aiming at supreme power, were mutinous at being ordered to Ireland, protesting that they were Volunteers, and could not be forced out of England.^ Commissioners were em- ployed to persuade them. They cried, " Fairfax and Crom- well, and we all go."^ In December, 1648, both King and Parliament were subdued. Cromwell's next step towards the Protectorate was to make the army completely his own, by leading it to victory in Ireland. The following was probably written at his suggestion: — "'From Pontejnict, December 29, 1648. " It is a great pity the Militia of this country should be disbanded. We hear of some overtures made by the army for engaging them, and all the supernumeraries of the kingdom. The service will be gallant, and the design superlative; and if Old Noll, or any man of gallantry and fidelity, do accept of that brigade, he cannot want men or monev."' In April following, four regiments of horse, and four of foot, out of fourteen regiments of the army of England, were ordered by the Parliament for service in Ireland. The officers, knowing the temper of the men, called a council of the army ; and the council, after a solemn seeking of God by prayer, cast lots which regiments of the old army should go. Fourteen 1 6th Rnshworth's " Collections," p. 471. 2 " Perfect Diurnal," April 15, 1616, p. 1558. 3 Ibifl., p. 2283. 228 THE CEOMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT paper lots were prepared, ten of the papers being blank, and four of them with " Ireland " written on them; and all being put into a hat, and shuffled together, they were drawn out by a child, who gave to an officer of each regiment in the lot the lot of that regiment ; and being drawn in this inoffensive way, it was pretended that no regiment could take exception to it.* The army, however, was mutinous; and it required the presence of old Colonel Skippon, then in the House of Com- mons, and many other influences, to appease it. Once embarked, however, others easily followed, and Cromwell's successes brought numbers to his standards. In December, 1649, "we hear by letters from York of a rendez-vous of Colonel Lilburn's party that are marching for Ireland, about a hundred old blades, stout men, and well horsed, ready for the service. 2 In 1653, the comiTion soldiers do not seem to have been too well satisfied that their arrears should be satisfied in Irish lands. The State in Ireland were fully aware of the temper of the men ; and the anxiety of the Lord Deputy is evident in the tone of his circular letter addressed to each Commanding Officer of the several troops and companies to be disbanded on the 1st September, 1656. "Dublin Castle, 20 Augt., 1655. " Sir, — In pursuance of his Highness's command, the council here wdth myself and chief officers of the army having concluded about disbanding part of the army in order to lessening the present charge, it is fit that your troope be one. And accordingly I desire you would march such as are willing to plant of them into the barony of Shelmaliere in the county of Wexford, at or before the 1st day of September, where you i Whitelocke's "Memorials," p. 397 b. 2 lb., 434. OF IRELAND. 229 shall be put into possession of your lands for your arrears, According to the rates agreed on by the committee and agents. As also you shall have upon the place wherein you are so much money as shall answer the present three months' arrear due to you and your men, but to continue no longer the pay of the army than upon the muster of this August. The sooner you march your men the better ; thereby you will be enabled to make provision for the winter." After some sweetening hints that they will be perhaps paid hereafter as a militia, he concludes: — "And great is your mercy, that after all your hardships and difficulties you may sit down, and, if the Lord give His blessing, may reape some fruit of your past services. Do not think it is a blemish or underrating of your past services that you are now disbanded ; but look upon it as of the Lord's appointing, and with cheerfulness submit thereunto ; and the blessing of the Lord be upon you all, and keep you in His fear, and give you hearts to observe your past experience of signal appearances. And that this fear may be seen in your hearts, and that you may be kept from the sins and pollu- tions which God hath so eminently witnessed against in those whose possessions you are to take up, is the desire of him who is " Your very affectionate friend to love and serve you,i "Charles Fleetwood." The news writers for the State, who always represent the disposition of people actually to be what the government wishes it should be believed to be, described the soldiers as quite content with being disbanded: — 1 " Mercurius Politicus," p. 5582. 230 THE CKOMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT "Dublin, September 5th, 1655. " I have little to add to my last besides the enclosed. My Lord Deputy^ takes shipping for England to-morrow, and the officers and souldiers are all marcht (that were disbanded) to their lots in the counties of Wexford, Lymerick, East- meath, Westmeath, &c. They are generally fully content; I never saw a business of the kind go on with less repining, so great have our blessings been under the government of him who is departing from us. Our loss will be your gain; it will be your mercy to make better use of such a mercy as he is than we have done. We doubt not but God will furnish him that shall succeed, viz., the Lord Henry Cromwell, with a spirit fit to his work, which in this nation is much, and re- quires much of the Lord's assistance, as he hath found to his comfort that is now leaving us. The several Commissioners for setting out land to the disbanded officers and souldiers are hasted out of town, that the souldiers may be speedily settled, and comfortably lie down on their portions, which is so much the more to be accepted, in that they are not at the M'ill of their cruel enemies to seek their bread at their hands ; but having by the blessing of God obtained their peace, they may sit down in the enjoyment of their enemies' fields and houses which they planted not, nor built not; they have no reason to repent their services, considering how great an issue God hath given. "2 The Commissioners, however, gave a different account from the spot. They informed the government that divers officers and soldiers of the regiments and companies of foot appointed to be disbanded, when they appeared before them, 1 Fleetwood, wlio had married Bridget, Oliver's eldest daughter, widow of Major-General Ireton. 2 P. 5620, "Mercurius Politicus." OF IKELAND. 231 would not sit down upon their lands, notwithstanding the encouragement offered by a new suit of clothes,^ and one month's half -pay ;2 and notwithstanding the government pro- mised to consider of their demand that a sufficient number of Irish labourers, husbandmen, and servants might be allowed to stay amongst them until they should be better enabled to plant without them.^ It was the officers only, in point of fact, that promoted the design of taking land for their arrears ; and some even of them seem to have shared the discontent of the common men, as Lieutenant-Colonel Scott was arrested for agitating the disbanded companies sitting down in the county of Wex- ford, in September, 1655, by treasonable words against his Highness, tending to mutiny and distemper.* In Ireland the common men found no beer, no cheese ; they had no ploughs nor horses, nor money to buy them. The Irish were for the most part transplanted, or had betaken themselves to the woods and mountains as Tories. But beyond all other wants was felt that imperious want, the want of women. Irish girls there were, and only too charming. An English officer of Queen Elizabeth's army paints them gambolling by wood side and river like groups of Grecian nymphs. He had seen them in the brooks, 1 " 29 August, 1656. " Upon consideration had of the petition of John Fforsett for self and other disbanded soldiers, praying satisfaction of cloth allowed to others disbanded at the same time, which they have not yet received ; ordered that it be referred to the Auditor-General of his Highness' s Court of Exchequer to examine the truth of what is suggested in the within petition ; and if they find the same to be true, and within tlie rule, to prepare orders for the same, as formerly for others in like cases. " Thomas Herbert, Clerk of the Council." 3 A (30), p. 94. 3 A (.5), p. 245. * A (5), 243. 232 THE CROMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT (" For bathing is their sweet delight, So long they do remain ") — and he thus expresses the attractions of these sportive beauties at their bath : "To see what games they can devise, And sundrie pastimes make, 'Twould cause, I do assure you, A horse his halter break." ^ But Cromwell 's soldiers were forbidden under heavy penalties to take Irish girls for wives. For any amours with them during their service in the army they were severely flogged;^ 1 " Image of Ireland," by John Derrick, A.D. 1581. Somer's " Collection of Tracts," vol. i., pp. 573 — 575. 2 " June 15, 1655. " By the Court Martial. " Whereas, by a court marshall this day held at Whitehall, Hugh Powell, souldier in Captain Lieutenant Hoare's Company, of Collonel Huson's regiment, was convicted and found guilty of fornication within the third article of warre, and for the same was adjudged to be whipped on the bare back with a whipcord lash, and have forty stripes while he is led through the four com- 13anies of the Irish forces before Whitehall, at the time of the parade on Munday next, and twenty stripes more after that at Putney, while hee is led through those of the Irish party that quarter there, neer the AVidow Nashe's house there; You are hereby required to cause the said sentence of the court marshall to bee put in execution with effect ; and the chief officers present with the said Irish companys at the time of the parade at White- hall, on the said Munday, as also the chief officers present, with those of the Irish party quartering at Putney, are hereby desired to draw the said companies into two single files, to the end the said Hugh Powell may bee led through and receive his punish- ment accordingly. " Signed in the name and by the order of the said Court. " Thos. Maegets, Advocate. " To the Marshall General of the Army, or his Deputies. P. 4795, " Mercurius Politicus." July 16, 1655 : William Sword, a foot soldier, in Lieutenant- Colonel Venables' own company, belonging to Ireland, for like offence was adjudged "to be whippt at tlie limbers of a piece of ordnance in Windsor, from the Castle gate to the Churchyard gate, in the High Street, and back again, with a whipcord lash." " Mercurius Politicus," p. 4797, OF IKELAND. 233 and as the soldiers always pretended that the Irish girls they married were converts to English religion, Ireton declared it was to be feared that these women were still Papists and only for some corrupt or carnal ends pretended to be other- wise, and forbade all 'intermarriages, unless the girls first passed an examination into the real state of their hearts before a board of military saints, to ascertain whether the change flowed from a real work of God upon their hearts, convinc- ing them of the f;dsehood of their own ways, and the good- ness and truth of that way they turn to, or from but cor- rupt and carnal ends, under penalty, if the soldiers marrying were dragoons, of being reduced to foot soldiers — if foot sol- diers to pioneers — without hope in either case of promotion. i "Dublin Castle, 17 March, 1653—4. " Upon the information of Colonel Solomon Richards, that Cap- tain William Williamson is now a prisoner in Dublin upon sus- picion of committing fornication with a woman in the county of Tipperary, during the time of his service there ; and that the said Colonel has entered into a recognisance to prosecute the said Captain for the misdemeanour and offence aforesaid ; and forso- much as the said offence is alleged to have been committed within the precinct of Clonmel as aforesaid ; it is ordered that the said Captain AVilliamson be sent forthwith in safe custody from Dublin to Clonmel, there to be secured by the said Colonel Richards, and the rest of the Commissioners for administration of justice there in order to his tryal ; and that the recognizances be delivered to the said Colonel Richards to be cancelled : whereof all whom it may concern are to take notice. " Charles Fleetwood, Miles Corbet, John Jones." A (80), p. 187. 1 "By the Deputy Generall of Ireland. " Whereas divers officers and souldiers of the army doe daily intermarry with the women of this nation who are Papists, or who only for some corrupt or carnal ends (as it is to be feared) pre- tend to bee otherwise, and who, while remaining, or not being really brought off from those false ways in which they have or doe walk, are declared by the Lord to be a people of his wrath. And though a reall change in the blinde deluded people of this nation were to be wished and ought to be endeavoured by all good peopel (it being the joy and deliglit of any that God hatli brought home to himselfe to see the like worke upon others hearts also, 234 THE CROMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT After being disbanded, if thej married any of these attractive but " idolatrous " daughters of Erin, they were liable to have them taken from them, or to march after them to Connaught if they could not do without them. COMMON SOLDIERS CHEATED OF THEIR LOTS OF LAND BY THEIR OFFICERS. But even if the soldier had not sold his debenture to his officer, and was willing to plant, he was sometimes cheated by them of his lot. For they wrung elections of seats and demesnes they coveted from their own poor soldiers,^ who re- maining2 under their command, were frightable into any bar- gain, or on coming down to look for possession, the poor sold- ier would be shown a bog or other piece of coarse land, and the officer would tell him that was the lot set out to him, and by that means bought the good land which really was the poor which frame of spirit I trust all Christians in this army have towardes that people) ; yet that none be left to their own mis- guided judgments in things where usually blinded afFection makes them take any pretence for a reall worke of God on the heart, I think fit to lett all know that if any officer or souldier of this army shall marry with any women of this nation that are Papists, or have lately been such, and whose change of religion is not, or cannot be judged (by fitt persons, such as shall be appointed for that end) to flow from a real! worke of God upon their hearts, con- vincing them of the falsehood of their owne ways, and goodness and truth of that way they turn to, or that from any circumstance accompanying that action it shall be judged to be but from carnal! ends that they have made this change, I say that any officer who marries any such shall hereby be held uncapable of command or trust in this army, and for any soldier, &c. [as above], unlesse God doe by a change wrought upon them with whom they have married take off' this reproach. Given at Wafer ford, 1st May, 1651. " Ireton." " Severall Proceedings in Parliament from 17th to 24th Julv, 1651," p. 1458. 1 " Reflections upon some Persons and Things in Ireland, by Letters to and from Dr. Petty, with Sir Hierome Sankey's Speech in Parliament," p. 28. 12mo. London: 1660. 2 Ibid., p. 34, OF lEELANI). 235 man's at the price of the bog.^ In such eases one can easily conceive how the man might be wiUing to take a horse in ex- change, and a few shilHngs in his pocket to ride home with; and that thus the traditions so common in Ireland, like that of the White Horse of the Peppers, that the price of such and such an estate was a white horse, have their foundations in fact. Thus the scheme of an extensive plantation of Enghsh yeomanry in Ireland, ready at all times to furnish a stout military population to recruit the forces in England, or to turn out in arms to defend their own interests against the Irish or any foreign force coming to their aid, so often attempted be- fore in the course of the century, again failed. The former schemes, however, were better contrived, being plans for re- gular colonization; but the Croinwellian design was wild in the extreme, for of all bodies an army is the worst to colonize with. What chance would there be of a colony, if at this day a regiment of cavalry or infantry were marched into the wilds of Ireland, and there disbanded, and told to plant? ATTEMPTS OF THE OFFICERS TO TAKE UNFAIR ADVANTAGE OF ONE ANOTHER IN THE SETTING OUT OF LANDS. The opportunity for the officers to obtain unfair advantages seems to have been principally in the setting out of the lands. The surveyors either left out lands from the lot — sometimes in favour of an influential officer, not of the troop or com- pany, who had got possession of land under a lease in custodiam from the state, and who hoped by holding longer possession to get a grant of it in fee — or if an officer got a lot he did not relish, he endeavoured to throw out the coarse land, and encroach at the expense of his neighbours. 1 " Reflections upon some Persons and Things in Ireland, by Letters to and from Dr. Petty, with Sir Hierome Sankey's Speech in Parliament," p. 28. 12mo. London; 1660, 236 THE CEOMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT Colonel Le Hunte was captain of Cromwell's life or body guard of horse, a most influential person. He was in posses- sion by lease from the state of some of the rich lands in the suburbs of New Eoss, at the time when Major Samuel Shep- herd's company was to be set down with the disbanded party in the county of Wexford, the lot of the Major's company falling near the town and liberties of Ross. The lots ought in due course to be set out without interval ; but the surveyors left out 1,500 acres of this fine lands, pre- tending partly that it was on lease to Colonel Le Hunte, and partly that some of it was burgess land belonging to the town. Major Shepherd had influence enough to get Colonel Le Hunte 's lease suspended; and by an inquisition from the Ex- chequer got it found that the land was not corporation land, but forfeited land, and he recovered it for his company. ^ Colonel Warden having obtained an order of the Council Board to be satisfied his arrears in the barony of Gowran, in the county of Kilkenny, the lands of Jackstown, Kilbeg, and Kilmarry were assigned to him by the Commissioners for set- ting out lands ; but by leaving out all the coarse lands in his lot, he encroached into Columkill, and made up his pre- tended want out of the best part of Columkill, in the lot of Quartermaster Hugh Farr.^ Similar to this was one of the charges against Dr. Petty, that he reserved or withheld out of the strings of lands, when handing them to the Commissioners to be set out to different regiments, several choice places, under pretence that they were encumbered or doubtful, for the benefit either of himself or friends, and kept debentures in reserve to be placed there without lot. " So came he (said his anonymous opponent) by the North Liberties of Limerick, and the post town of Bal- 1 A (12), p. 7-5. 2 A (12), p. 71, OF IKELAND. 237 iintoy in Ulster. "^ Sir Jerome Sankey imputed to him another indirect course of deaUng with the Liberties of Limerick. General Monk got an order of the Lord Protector and the Council of State, equivalent to an Act of Parhament, to be satisfied his arrears of £2,637 in the county of Wexford, ^ the soldiers thereby removed to receive in satisfaction 5,860 acres, representing £2,637 at the Act Eates (which were at the rate of £450 per 1,000 acres in Munster^) on the Mile line, or Connaught belt, between Loophead in the county of Clare (the northern cape at the mouth of the Shannon), and the county of Galway.* Petty had bought debentures belonging to the Wexford lot to the amount of £1,000, and had secretly obtained an order to receive satisfaction in such places as he should himself make choice of. He selected 1453 acres in the North Liberties of Limerick, suggesting that there were not 5,860 acres undisposed of on the Mile hne if the North Liberties of Limerick (by law belonging to the Wexford lot^) should be excluded.^ And he concealed his purpose by acting in the name and as if in the behalf of the Lord Henry Cromwell.'' Captain Winkv.orth, having obtained an order for this coveted district, presented it to Dr. Petty, who simply told him that the lands were reserved, and that he could not have his debentures satisfied. Out of this incident, iPetty's "Down Survey," by Larcom, p. 260. 2 Dated 22nd August, 1654. Petty 's " Do-,vn Survey," by Larcom, p. 224. 3 P. 187, supra. 4 Order dated 22nd July, 1657. Petty's "Down Survey," by Larcom, p. 224. s " The north Liberties of Limerick did by law belong to tlie Wexford lott, and with debentures belonging to that lott I pur- chased them." Petty's "Answer to the nine charges, etc." Ibid., p. 285. 8 " Assignment of lands by the Commissioneirs for setting forth lands to the army, dated 25th February, 1657-8. Ibid., p. 225. ' " The situation of Ins lands, and that in His Excellency's name, and without lot." Anonymous opponent. Ibid., p. 262. / 238 7} IE CKOMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT Sir Jerome Sankey founded the charge in Parliament, of which Sir W. Petty gives a graphic sketch, that well illustrates the picture of these conquerors quarrelling among themselves over their prey. After a whole string of other charges, " Why then, Mr. Speaker (said Sir Jerome), there's Captain Winkworth : Captain Winkworth came with an order for the Liberties of Limerick; but the Doctor said, 'Captain, will you sell? will you sell?' 'No,' said the Captain, ' it is the price of my blood.' Then said the Doctor, 'Tis bravely said : why then, my noble Captain, the Liberties of Limerick are meat for your master, ' meaning the Lord Deputy;"^ Sankey 's cause of quarrel with Dr. Petty being that he stopped Sankey 's unrighteous order for reject- ing three thousand acres fallen to him by lot, and enabling him arbitrarily to elect the same quantity in its stead, ^ thus rejecting at his pleasure what God had predetermined for his lot. 3 1 Petty's " Down Survey," by Larcom, p. 299. 2 Petty's " Reflections on some Persons and Things in Ire- land," &c., p. G9. 3 Ibid., p. 85. A CriAT^ACTER of ijc (Jivid'uvj <)j ijc Darony of Connello, in the County of Liniericl:, as it ivas sent to Captain Robert 'Neii'comen and Mr. WiUia-ni Perkinson, Siirveyors for ye Irish Adventurers, u-hose Lotts fell in ye Barony of Connello^ from ye Co))/ niittee of Adventurers for Lands in Ireland, under ye hand of Mr. Deacon, Clerke of ye Committee.'*- May, 1658. PLOT OK CHAEACTEK referred to in Sir Nicholas Crispe's J\ 'tit ion. 1 Tlip town of A.skeaton would stand near the Nortli-Ea.storn, tlio town of (Jlyn near the North-Western angle of this Plot, both in the county of Limerick. OF lEELANB. ^39 CHAPTEK V. THE ADVENTURERS. Matters are usually badly managed from a distance ; and as the Committee of Adventurers directed their affairs in Ireland from Grocers' Hall in London, the business could scarce fail to become entangled. Their mode of proceeding was to quarter and sub-quarter baronies (without regard to the quantity of forfeited land in each barony), sometimes by a north and south line crossed by an east and west line, sometimes by parallel lines running east and west, or north and south, sometimes by diagonal lines, the rule being (in order to preserve denominations entire) that on whatever side of the quartering line the greatest part of a denomination fell, the whole was to be reputed to lie entirely on that side; which rule was also applicable to sub-quarter- ings.i But, instead of first reducing the townlands into one continued file or string of contiguity of "neat" lands, setting aside for a time encumbered or "dubiousc" lands, that so it might be known with certainty from the first to the last dispo- sable denomination in what order of priority each should be disposed of, the managers in London gave assignments on the different quarters and sub-quarters without proper oversight. 2 Not knowing accurately what quantities of forfeited land were 1 Petty 's "Down Survey," by Larcom, p. 238. 2 adventurer's certificate. " To All to whom these Presents shall Come, Greeting, — Whereas, by an ordinance made by His Highness the Lord Pro- tector, by and with the advice and consent of his Council, bearing date the 6th August, 1654, entitled an Ordinance appointing a Committee of Adventurers for Lands in Ireland, for determining 240 THE CEOMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT in each quarter and sub-quarter, they overloaded some, which thereby became deficient to answer the claims. Some ba- ronies, for like want of information (or perhaps from misdeal- ing) were redundant. In some divisions, lands set down as forfeited were found to be not forfeited, or were restored to delinquent Protestants on composition. Nor were the mana- gers of the allotments free from imputations of fraud. Sir Nicholas Crispe was a large Adventurer for Irish lands. He appears to have subscribed both for the land and sea ser- vice. For the land service he and his copartners subscribed £1,500. For the sea service he adventured of his own moneys £1,700. But the subscribers to the latter, having only an ordinance of the two houses for their security, were not recog- nised at the Eestoration. By his petition, presented to the King, in 1664, it appears that he was by the surveyor's fraud differences among the said Adventurers, Wee, Sir Thomas Dacres, Sir John Clotworthy, Alderman Thomas Andrews, Alderman John Fowke, Alderman Samuel Avery, Thomas Ayres, John Blackett, Senior, William Webb, William Hawking, Charles Lloyd, George Almery, Thomas Barnardiston, ' John Greensmith, Lawrence Bromeswold, Thomas Brightwell, Deputie Hutchinson [with many others], or anie eleven or more of us, are authorized to settle a method for determining by lott how many and which of the Ad- venturers proportions falling within one and the same particular barony wherein the escheated lands shall fall short of the allot- ment shall be continued and laid out in such barony, or how much thereof ; and wliich of the said Adventurers shall take his propor- tion or how much thereof elsewhere, according to the Act of Par- liament made on that behalf. And also to settle a method by lott for ascertaining the subdivisions of Adventurers proportions that shall continue in all and everie the severall baronies according to the respective allotments. Now wee do hereby Certify that the barony of Eliogarty, in the county of Tipperary, in the province of Munster in Ireland, being equally and indifferently divided into four quarters, that is to say, North East, No. 1 ; South East, No. 2; South West, No. 3; and North West, No. 4; Ellen Mil- borne, wife of John Milborne, of the parish of St. Clement Danes, in the county Middlesex, Bitt Maker, upon a lott made accord- ing to the method by us sett down, by virtvie of the said ordi- nance, and dulj' drawne in her behalfe, is to have to her and her OF IRELAND. 241 thrust from his proportion in the county of Limerick into a bog. The barony ought by rule to be quartered, and each quarter to be sub-quartered. But those that had share in the same barony with Sir Nicholas Crispe were men of power in that ill time ; and, contrary, to all justice, in that sub-quarter where Sir Nicholas's lot fell they divided one half into three parts, in- stead of by a cross line into equal quarters, and so left Sir Nicholas's proportion in a bog and coarse land, which he could not let for more than quit rent, which was his division for one thousand pounds. The better to exhibit the fraud, he attached the annexed "character" to his petition.^ heirs and assigns for ever two hundred and twenty-two acres, three roods, and thirty perches of meddow, arable land, and pro- fitable pasture, Irish measure, which amounts to 359 acres, 3 roods, 31 perches, English measure ; and all the woods, boggs, loughs, waters, fishings, and barren mountains, cast in over and above, together with the houses and edifices thereon, and in her said lott contained in the North West quarter, No. 4, of the same baronie, if the same be there to be had, the numbers one, two, and three, being first satisfied, beginning her said measure for the same with the rest of the Adventurers for the said quarter of such forfeited and profitable lands as aforesaid, where No. 3 shall end, in what part of tlie said four quarters soever of the said baronie the same shall liappen to be ; and soe measuring from thence- forward until slie and they shall have her and their full propor- tion of lands lying most contiguously together in that quarter of the same baronie if the same be tliere to be had : and in case of deficiency of forfeited and profitable lands for satisfaction of the isaid Ellen Milborne and the rest of the Adventurers in the said quarter in the residue of the said barony, the Nos. 1, 2, and 3, being first satisfied, then she and they are to have satisfaction for the same, or so nnich thereof as shall be so wanting elsewhere : in witness whereof, wee have hereunto sett our hands and seals, this 26th day of March, 1654." Attached are eleven seals. From the original in possession of Mr. Joseph Hanly. 1 " The Petition of Sir Nicholas Crispe, Knight. " Sheweth, — That your petitioner having a Lott for his adven- ture in the barony of Connello in Ireland, those that had share in the same barony with him (who were men of power in that ill time) being to divide the said barony into four equal parts, which was done, each fourth part to be subdivided into four eqiu\U quarters, T 242 THE CEOMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT The consequences were painful : some had too much ; others too little, or none at all. Some were found to have satis- factions consisting of several townlands in length, from one extremity to another, more than three times the breadth. Others had townlands not contiguous. i They had, in fact, skipped over coarse townlands, instead of proceeding regularly in the line of progression. Others had taken bites as it were out of several townlands, whereas, in making satisfaction, more than two denominations should never be cut : 2 for, as the next preceding satisfaction might not exactly have exhausted the last denomination, the following satisfaction might of course have to begin with a broken one, and for the same reason end with one ; so much cutting might be necessary, but not more. The deficient Adventurers looked to the county of Louth, allotted by the act for a supply in case of deficiency of the ten half counties, and even threatened to come upon the four reserved counties, the government reserve; while the army, which had only received lands to the amount of twelve shil- which, contrary to all justice and equity, in that quarter where your Petitioners' lott fell they divided the one half into three parts, which should have been by a cross line into equall quarters, as by a character thereof under the hand of the Surveyor here- unto annexed appears. By which unequal doing, contrary to order and practice, they left your petitioner his proportion in a Bogg and coarse land, which your petitioner cannot let for more than the Quit Rent, which is his division for one thousand poiinds. "It is, therefore, his most humble prayer that j^our Majesty will be graciously pleased to give order to the Right Houble. the Commissioners that by the Bill now preparing are to regulate the Adventurers interest in Ireland, that there may be a view had of this indirect dealing, and that right be done the petitioner therein." Referred (8th December, 1664), to the Duke of Ormond " and those other honourable persons who are appointed to assist His Grace in the consideration of the Bill [of Explanation] to be pre- pared for the settlement of Ireland" — to report. Vol. F., Record Tower, Dublin Castle, p. 266. i " Petty's Down Survey," by Larcom, p. 241. 2 ibid. OF IRELAND. 243 lings and three pence per pound of their arrears, and were eager for more, were also looking for Louth, and insisted that if Dr. Petty were employed to overhaul the Adventurers' pro- ceedings, they would be found to have had lands sufficient. Petty was accordingly, with the assent of the Adventurers, directed to arrange the whole ; and some light is thrown on the mode of distributing the lands to the army by his proceedings in this business. As a preliminary, he desired to know "Whether all the baronies were quartered? And all lands within the barony, or only forfeited lands? Which baronies were divided into four quarters by parallel lines, and which by north and south lines crossing each other? Whether the divisional lines ran straight, thereby needlessly cutting many denominations or parcels in the same barony ? Or whether it was so contrived that one parcel should only be cut for adjusting the whole? What rules also were given for the beginning or pitching upon the first parcel in the first quarter, and what rules to determine which parcel should successively succeed, and be 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, &c.,i or whether the same was left to discretion ? What rules they had in turning about so as to maintain contiguity, when they passed out of the South-East quarter into the South- West, forasmuch as in the South-East quarter they proceeded from North to South, and in the South-West Quarter, from South to North contrari- wise ?"2 Dr. Petty proceeded to London to Grocers' Hall, and having obtained the confidence of the Committee of Adven- turers there, he acquired the information on all these and 1 At p. 207, supra, will be found the method Dr. Petty adopted in this particular in setting out lands to the army. 2 The Lord Henry Cromwell, the Lord Deputy, to Methusaleh Turner, and Mr. Robert Hammond, and Mr. Manton, 27 January, 1657-8. Thurloe's " State Papers," vol. vi., p. 759. [The lan- guage, however, is plainly Petty's.] 244 THE CRO^IWELLIAN SETTLEMENT other particulars necessary towards giving the deficient Adventurers satisfaction. He tinally formed two parallel lists of deficient and redundant baronies, the first deficient barony to be repaired out of the first redundant, and so down- ward, till we were satisfied, and at the end it would be found if Louth were free for the army. The several denominations in each barony were to be made into one continued file or string of contiguity, and so be set out, and these strings to be arranged by three several artists, from ^\•hom the priority of the lots of the Adventurers were carefully withheld; and, when made, one of the strings was to be chosen by lot, as the only rule in the matter of succes- sion— provisions to prevent any charges of partiality. And these same artists were to determine by what line every townland should be cut in cases where there might be occasion for cutting, for making up a just number of acres answering to each lot or debt^ — a very necessary provision for Dr. Patty's safety; for he had found in the case of the soldiers, that when the surveyor did not lay the house and orchard on the right side of the line, the party disappointed was sure to say Dr. Petty employed incompetent surveyors. The priority of the certificates, or order of succession in which they should be satisfied, like as the succession of the debentures, was also fixed beforehand — in spite of which, in the soldiers' case, if they fell upon coarse land, better land being behind, it was said Dr. Petty had overcharged the lot, and stuffed in his own friends: 2 if better lands were before, then debentures were not equally and impartially fixed. ^ 1 " Petty 's Down Survey," by Larcom, where, in chapter xvi., pp. 227-256, these proce<^dings are set forth. 2 Petty 's " Reflections on some Persons and Things in Ireland " p. 113. ^Ibid., ib., p. 115. OV IHELANLV 245 CHAPTER VI. THE RE-INHABITIXG OF IRELAND. Ireland being now divided between the Adventurers, the English army, and the State, who may all be considered as new purchasers of their several portions, the great oppor- tunity so long looked for had arrived to make it another England* or (as Dr. Petty said), to replant and reduce it to its former flourishing condition. ^ The original design of the Parliament was to leave untrans- planted of the Irish, besides boys and girls entertained as servants in English families, only a few who had never been in arms, to serve as husbandmen and herdsmen to the Eng- lish, and thus to impose upon the new planters the necessity to bring tenants from England. However, having regard to the difhculty of this perfect and absolute English plantation, the Parliament of England resolved to divide Ireland into three districts or divisions — one of them to be a pure Irish plantation; another, a pure English plantation, to consist wholly of English (not excluding, however, Dutch, Swiss, and Germans, or other foreigners, provided they were opposed to the Irish) ; the third, a mixed plantation of English land- lords and masters, with a permission to take Irish tenants and servants, but only such as were without the rule of trans- plantation.* Connaught, as bounded by the Eiver Shannon, including the county of Clare, had been already ap])ointed by Parliament 1 P. 73, .supra. 2 " Petty' s Down Survey." by Larcom, p. 1. 3 " The Great Interest of England in the well Planting of Ire- land with English People Discussed," p. 21. By Colonel Richard Lawrence. 246 THE CBOMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT for the habitation of the Irish nation. The reason of this selection was, its peculiar suitableness for the purpose of im- prisonment. It is, in fact, an island surrounded (all but ten miles) by the Shannon and the sea, and the whole river easily made into one line mth the sea by the erection of three or four forts between Jamestown, at the head waters of the Shannon, and Sligo, the northern port of Connaught. On the eastern side of the kingdom was to be found, it was observed, a similar scope of land rendered nearly an island by the Boyne, the Barrow, and the sea. These two rivers, rising within four or five miles of one another in the Bog of Allen, and flowing respectively north and south, make their issue to the sea — the one at Drogheda, and the other at Waterford — the dis- tance between the head waters being, at the period of the Commonwealth settlement of Ireland, an impassable bog, or continued fastness, and no passage but through such passes as could be easily secured ; and the two rivers in winter ovei*- flowed, and in summer the few fords upon them readily spoiled or guarded. ^ In Henry VIII. 's day, this pass between their head waters was considered the door of the English Pale (of which O'Connor, as dwelling next to it, was by the Irish called their key), 2 and was closed by building the four castles of Kinnefad, Castlejordan, Ballinure, and Kishavann.3 It was now proposed that this well-secured district should become: a pure English plantation, or what might more properly per- haps have been called an anti-Irish plantation, to consist alto- gether of English (or foreigners who were Protestants), with- out a single Irish tenant or servant permitted.* It was only 1 "The Great Interest of England in the well Planting of Ire- land with EngHsh People Discussed," p. 21. By Colonel Richard Lawrence. 2 " State Papers of Henry VIII. (Ireland)," vol. i., p. 325. 3 Ibid., vol. ii., p. 241. * " Great Interest of England in the well Planting of Ireland with English People Discussed," p. 21. OV IBELAND. 247 the revival of a scheme of Eichard II. 's day, who made all the Irish engage to transplant from it, and find new homes for themselves by plundering their own countrymen west of the Eiver B arrow. ^ It was also among the projects for the new planting of Ireland in Henry VIII. 's day after Thomas Fitz- gerald's rebellion. The Earl of Surrey, when Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, discussed with Henry VIII. the plan of planting it with foreigners, as English in sufficient numbers were not then to be had. He suggested, however, the danger, if Spaniards, Flemings, Almains, or any other nation save the king's natural subjects, were planted there, that they might retain their allegiance to their foreign sovereign. 2 Religion had not in 1520 created a difference between the Irish and other nations ; but now, in 1653, tht?re were foreign nations to be found, who, agreeing with the English in religion, might always be trusted to continue enemies of the Irish, and might be invited to form part of this plantation. Being nearest to the succour of England, being coasted on the east by the sea, and to be rendered defensible on the land side by a few forta upon the banks of the rivers, the plantation might easily secure itself in case of any rising of the Irish inhabitants of the two other districts. ^ The third, or mixed plantation, was to be in the territories lying in the middle of Ireland, between the Irish plantation of Connaught and the pure English plan- tation enclosed by the Barrow and the Boyne. In this mixed plantation no transplantable persons were to be taken as tenants or servants, and only such Irish as should be in each case specially authorized by the state. The landlords were to be bound to make them speak English within a limited time, t " Sir John Davis, " Discovery why Ireland was never thor- ouglily subdued until tlie Reifj;n of King James I.," p. 615. 2 " State Papers of Henry VIII. (Ireland)," vol. i., p. 79. 3 " The Great Interest of England in the well Planting of Ire- land with English," p. 20. 248 THE CUoMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT and their children were to be taught no Irish ; they were to observe the manners of the EngHsh in their habit and deport- ment wherein the Enghsh exceeded them. Their children were to be brought up under English Protestant school- masters ; they were to attend the public preaching of Pro- testant ministers; they were to abandon their Irish names of Teig, and Dermot, and the like, and to call themselves by the significance of such names in English ; and for the future were to name their children with English names, especially omitting the (0') and (M'); and, lastly, should build their houses with chimneys as English in like capacity do, and demean them- selves in their lodging and other deportments accordingly. ^ IRELAND OPENED TO ALL FOREIGN PROTESTANTS ; ENGLISH PURITANS ALSO INVITED BACK FROM AMERICA. . Ireland was now like an empty hive, ready to receive a new swarm. 2 It was a season of blessed expectation. The English looked through both worlds for plants of a godly seed and generation to out-plant and out-grow the relics of the Irish race. " The expectation of this day," said one in his address on this subject to the Lord Protector, " is the hope of Israel. I look somewhat upon the hopeful appearance of replanting Ireland shortly, not only by the Adventurers, but haply by the calling in of exiled Bohemians and other Protestants also, but haply by the invitation of some well-affected out of the Low Countries. "3 And, accordingly, by the Act of September, 1 " The Great Interest of England in the well Planting of Ire- land with English People Discussed," p. 3. By Colonel Richard Lawrence. 4to. Dublin: 1656. 2 Ibid., p. 39. 3 " Ireland's Natural History, written by Gerard Boate, and now published by Samuel Hartlib, Esq., dedicated to his Excellency Oliver Cromwell, Captain-General, and to the Right Honble Charles OF IKELAKD. 249 1653, they suppleiiionted the plantation of Irekuid by making all foreign Protestants as free of Ireland as natives of Eng- land, i But one of the earliest efforts of the Government to- wards replanting the parts reserved to themselves was, to turn towards the lately expatriated English in America. In the early part of the year 1651, when the country, by their own description to the Council of State, was a scene of unparal- leled waste and ruin, the Commissioners for Ireland affec- tionately urged Mr. Harrison, then a minister of the Gospel in New England, to come over to Ireland, which he would find experimentally was a comfortable seed plot (so they said) for his labours. On his return to New England, it was hoped he might encourage those whose hearts the Lord should stir up to look back again towards their native country, to return and plant in Ireland. There they should have freedom of worship, and the [mundane] advantages of convenient lands, fit for husbandry, in healthful air, near to maritime towns or secure places, with such encouragement from the State as should demonstrate that it was their chief care to plant Ireland with a godly seed and generation. ^ Mr. Harrison was unable to come ; but some movement appears to have been made to- wards a plantation from America, as proposals were received in January, 1655, for the planting of the town of Sligo and lands thereabouts, with families from New England ; and lands on the Mile line, together with the two little islands called Oyster Island and Coney Island (containing 200 acres), were leased for one year, from 10th April, 1655, for the use Fleetwood, Commander-in-Chief (under liim) of all the Forces in Ireland." Dedication, p. 6. 4to. London: 1652. 1 " Act for the Satisfaction of AdventiU'ers and Soldiers." Scobell's " Acts and Ordinances." 2 " Letter of the Commissioners for the Affairs of Ireland," dated from Dublin, September 18th, 16.51. A {2). 250 THE CEOMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT of such English families as should come from New England, in America, in order to their transplantation. ^ In 1656, several families, arriving from New England at Limerick, had the excise of tobacco brought with them for the use of themselves and families remitted ;2 and other families in May and July of that year, who had come over from New England to plant, were received as tenants of State lands near Garristown, in the county of Dublin, about fifteen miles north of the capital. ^ And who knows but the time may yet come for the govern- ment of England to turn to the lately expatriated nation of Irish which peoples the northern, southern, and western States of America, and the more distant territories of Austra- lia, and invite them " to look back again towards their native country, " by changing the policy of near seven hundred years, and framing laws to proinote the acquisition of Irish lands, not by English capitaUsts, but by the sons of Ireland? Were some court to be again erected for the sale of lands in Ireland, offering as many millions of acres as were set up for sale by the late Incumbered Estates Court, and were due security given to the Irish, the Irish would probably be seen hastening in fleets over the Pacific and Atlantic oceans, armed with American and Australian gold, to purchase back the land of their fathers. For there be many who (like Doctor Petty) had rather live on their ancient patrimonies near lA (5), p. 78; p. 125, ib. 2 A (10), p. 227. 3 " Order on the Petition of John Stone to become tenant to the state for 40 or 50 acres at Garristown, he being desirous to settle himself with the families that came over from New England to plant in this country, 5th May, 1656." A (12), p. 9. " Order to let to John Barker (late come from New England, and now desirous to plant here) 30 acres of the lands of Garris- town, for the term of one year, paying only contribution for the same, in case they find the said Barker is willing to inhabit the same, and not to assign it to another. Council Cliamher, DuJiVm CasitJe, 30th July, 1656. Ibid., p. 187. OP IRELAND. 251 home, enjoy their old tried friends, and breathe their native air, than to cross oceans and pass to new climates, and have a partnership in the rich mines of Potosi.i PROCEEDINGS OF THE ADVENTURERS IN REPLANTING. The Adventurers, if their presence and activity may be judged of by their proceedings against the Irish, came over after their delays — so much complained of by the Commis- sioners for the Affairs of Ireland— in 1656, and 1659. It is probable they found great difficulties interposed by the officers of the army, their rivals as planters, who had been for some years in possession of the country, and had familiarized them- selves with its ways and inhabitants. And there is reason to think that many of the Irish proprietors, who had been hitherto left in possession of their lands in the Adventurers' baronies, or lingered there during the Adventurers' delay in coming over, got countenance from the officers. The latter had some reason to wish them to stay ; for they bore part of the assessment on account of their tillage and their cattle, and it fell heavier as the numbers to share the burden grew fewer. Even the poor wandering Ulster creaghts became objects to entice into a neighbourhood on this account ; and in the orders of the Council for forcing them to give up that barbarous mode of life, wandering up and down with their families and herds of cattle in order to fix them to tillage, inquiries were often directed to know by whose encouragement they came to the other provinces. 2 Consequently the officers may not have been very willing to drive off the Irish proprietors occupying the Adventurers' lands in their neighbourhood. Thus William 1 " Reflections on some Persons and Things in Ireland," preface, p. 3, and ibid., p. 183. 12mo. London: 1660. 2 A (10), p. 161. '252 'J'liE CltOMWEi.LlAX SE'lTLEMEXT WallacL', agent for the Adveiituivrs entitled to the barony of Duleek, in the county of J\Ieath, adjoining the town of Drog- heda, in April, 1657, complained that there were Popish pro- prietors still remaining in the barony, and prayed that they might be transplanted into Connaught according to the pro- clamation. It was referred by the Council to two justices of the peace of the county of Meath to examine the allegations, and, if true, to put the declaration into due and speedy execu- tion for removing them into Connaught.^ The M'Coughlan's Country, formed in the reign of James L into the barony of Garrycastle, in the King's County, was in the neighbourhood of Banagher, the navel of Ireland. The M'Coughlans of Kil- colgan were allied by marriage to the Earls of Clanricarde ; their neighbour, Terence Coughlan, after acting as Commis- sary of the stores to the King's army in 1649 and 1650, then commanded by Ormond, Lord Lieutenant, retired in 1651 with his son Francis to Flanders, leaving his wife behind, and there died in exile. Francis served King Charles II. as captain of one of his foot regiments in Flanders. ^ Gregory Clements, Adventurer, had got by lot 7,000 acres, plantation measure, in the barony of Garrycastle, ^ and complained (7th May, 1656) that Mrs. Coughlan had kept him two years out of possession of the house and lands of Kilcolgan, and had lA (12), p. 335. 2 Recitals in the King's letter of 18th December, 1660. '• Book of King's Letters." Exchequer, p. 38. 3 The barony of Garrycastle, in tlie King's County, in the pro- vince of Leinster [as divided among the Adventurers A.D. 1665] : North Quarter No. 1. ACEES. The Lord Wenman, COO Mr. Samuel Roles 1000 Mr. John Roles, 450 Mr. Parker, qOO OF IRELAND. 253 delivered the possession to others — officers probably who connived at her attempt. ^ ]\Irs. Coughlan, after obtaining a dispensation (20th May, 1656) for six months, ^ was finally transplanted, and assigned lands in Gahvay and Mayo.^ At North Quarter, No. 1, continued. ACHES. John Sadler 100 Richard Quiney, 100 Benjamin Banister, 100 Henrj' Hanwell, 100 3050 South Middle Quarter, No. 3. Mr. Gregory Clements, Mr. Botterill, . . . ACRES. . 3000 50 3050 North Middle, No. 2. ACRES. Mr. John Sweetinge, 400 Mr. Humphrey Markworth, 1700 Mr. John Marriott, 225 Mr. Hevingham, 600 Mr. James Cocks, 100 Mr. John Blenkhorne, 50 3075 South, No. 4. ACRES. Mr. Pye ,. looo Mr. Gregory Clements, 2000 Mrs. Mary Fountaine, 2210 3210 From Joseph Hanly, Plsq., 27, Lower Gardiner-street. i A (12), p. 14. 2 Ibid., p. 69. 3 " Petition of Mary Coghlan, widdow of Terence Coghlan of Kilcolgan, to Ormond, Lord Lieutenant," 28 August, 1663. "Carte Papers," vol. clix., 2. 254 THE CROMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT the Restoration, Gregory Clements suffered death as a regicide, and the king ordered Terence to be restored^ — but this was delayed. Meantime his mother lost her pittance in Galway by the Marchioness of Clanricarde's restoration; and all but a remnant of her final settlement in the barony of Gallen, in the county of May 0.2 But women are always harder to deal with in ejectments than men, and two others gave the Adventurers equal trouble as Mrs. Coughlan — the one Lady Thurles, the other Lady Dunsany. The Viscountess Thurles was the Earl of Ormond's mother. She was daughter of Sir John Poyntz of Acton, in Gloucestershire. The castle and town of Thurles, with 4,000 acres adjacent, was her dower land. There she had dwelt since the breaking out of the war in 1641, and had given her powerful protection to many English who fled to her friendly shelter. From 1643 to 1646 she had advanced considerable sums to the relief of the English army — £300 at one time, and £500 at another, and many other sums. When Major Peisley was forced to yield his neighbouring garrison of Archerstown to the Irish forces, and he and others of his com- pany were wounded and much spent out and weakened, she invited him and his whole company to her house, and enter- tained them for many weeks, and sent them to the English garrison of Doneraile, well cured, and refreshed with supplies of inoneys and provisions. But all this could not save her. She was a Papist ; for Lord Ormond was the only Protestant of his family, by the accident of being made a King's ward on his father's death, and brought up in the family of Dr. Abbott, Archbishop of Canterbury ; and though she had shown much 1 Recitals in the King's Letter, of 18th December, 1660. " Book of King's Letters." Exchequer, p. 38. 2 " Petition of Mary Coghlan, widdow of Terence Coghlan of Kil- colgan, to Onnond, Lord Lieutenant," 28th August. 1663. " Carte Papers," vol. clix., 2. OF IRELAND. 255 good affection, she had dwelt in the enemj^'s quarters. She therefore fell short of a Constant good affection; and forfeit her dower lands she must, and by rule transplant to Con- naught.^ The barony of Eliogarty had fallen to the Adven- turers; and Mr. John Gunn, their agent, claimed the lands in the possession of the Lady Thurles, " a Popish recusant and transplantable," and urged her removal. ^ The lands prob- ably the Adventurers obtained. It was not in the power of the Commissioners to refuse them; but Lady Thurles' per- sonal transplantation was dispensed with from time to time ; and she dwelt, perhaps, with the Marchioness of Ormond (who continued possessed of her property, though her hus- band's the Marquis's was confiscated), till her son returned with increased honours and power at the Restoration. Other Adventurers, whose lots had fallen in the barony of Skreen, in the county of Meath, were anxious to plant and commence the improvement of that neighbourhood. In their lot lay the castle and lands, late the estate of Lord Dunsany. He had taken no part with the lords and gentlemen of the Pale, beyond signing two letters of remonstrance to the Lords Justices, and protested he had no sympathy with Ireland. He said that he was an Englishman born — that his mother was an Englishwoman, his wife an Englishwoman; that his house had been lords under the Crown of England for 300 years; that never was there one of them disloyal; and that four of them. Lords of Dunsany, had been killed in the field in behalf of the Crown of England. He had, in short, an Irish estate, but an EngUsh heart, and was only an Irishman in so far as he did not hve in England. He held that Ireland was fit only to subserve the pride and purposes of England. To 1 " Book of Proceedings at the Mallow Commission, 18th July, 1656." Record Tower, Dublin Castle. 2 A (12), p. 45. 256 thp: oromwellian settlement use his own words, he had rather die a loyal subject and lover of the prosperity of England, even if he were hanged for it, than live in quiet, the possessor of all the north of Ireland.^ He therefore closed the doors of Dunsany Castle as well as his ears and his heart, to the call of his country, until at length he had to listen to Cromwell bidding him begone. At Lord Dunsany 's earnest prayer, however, he was allowed (9th March, 1653) to plough his forefathers' fields as tenant to the 1 Lord Dunsamj's Letter. "Rt. Honble. My very Good Lord, " Forasmuch as by the accident of fortune I have been involved in a business that doth trench upon my duty and creditt, which is upon the general commotion of this kingdom of Ireland. As your Lop. knows there was a great number of mistakes in the carriadge of ye cause, as was intimated by those wJio wished the same for their own particular ends, of which I was none, nor never will be. As for my part, I am now condenmed for my slowness in following their proceedings, and am, therefore, at this house in dread of my life and goods, yet I never corresponded with their councils, parleys, meetings, or camps, other than two letters, which were sent to the Lords Justices which was for the safety of my wife, and children, and families, which Nature leads a man unto ; and the reason that made me do the same was — first, I am an Englishman born, my mother an English woman, and my wife an English woman, the engrafting of which did alienate my heart from their cruel and base proceedings. " And withal the ancient loyalty my house hath borne to the Crown of England, being Lords under the same this three hun- dred years, and I the eleventh of the same family, and which time there was never any of them disloyal, and withal four of them. Lords of the house, killed in the field in the behalf of the Crown of England, and every one of the rest wounded in the same ser- vice, saving my father and myself, having no occasion to be put to the same. And being seduced by sinister information that his Sacred Majesty did allow of this rash attempt which was the reason of my innocent errors concerning the same ; In which I did never correspond either in particular or in general, other than when the present scourge did compell me to it. " And now that I have seen his Sacred Majesty's Proclamation to the contrary, I am become an humble suitor to your Lordship, that out of your accustomed favour to me, you would be pleased to accept of my humble submission, to dispose of me as you shall think fit : and in the mean time to send me your written protection Of IEELAND. 257 State, while waiting for transplantation. * When that day came, his wife, unable to face her bitter fate, clung with her children in frenzied despair to the seat of her former happiness. In 1655 the Adventurers sent their agents over to Ireland; and on the 13th Juh^ in that year they proceeded to the castle of Dunsany, accompanied by the high constable and sheriff of the county, bearing the order of the Council, and demanded entrance and possession of the place for the Adventurers. But the Lord of Dunsany 's lady denied the possession unless she were forcibly carried thence. There was a pause; probably the sheriff was friendly, and advised a delay — a report to the principals, perhaps, in London or Bristol. Next year they came themselves, Hans Graham and others; and on the 4th July, 1656, the high constable with his force was ordered peremp- torily to put the Adventurers into the quiet possession of the castle ; and Major Stanley, justice of the peace, was ordered' to keep the peace there, whilst poor Lady Dunsany and her children should be removed by main force from her home by the high constable and his men.^ If rank, then, and title and English blood could not save high-born ladies from being dragged out of their homes by the Adventurers, they were not likely to treat the Irish with much and pass, being [firm] in my resolve, rather to be hanged witli the imagination that I died a loyall subject and a lover of the pros- perity of England, than to live in the quiet possession of all the north of Ireland ; and thus expecting your Lops. favourable answer, I rest, " Your Lops, in all duty to be commanded, " Dunsany. " To flip. Earl of Onnond. " From my Ivord of Dunsany, " receaved the 11 March, 1641-2." " Clarte Papers," vol ii., p. 271. 1 A (82), p. 183. 2 A (12), p. 124. u 258 THE CKOMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT consideration. John Pitts, of Devonshire, Adventurer, cast a lot in London, which fell to be satisfied in the county of Tip- perary. Mr. Pitts came over in February, 1656, with his cer- tificates; and, having presented them to the registrar of forfeited lands, got an order to the being put into possession of a parcel of land in the barony of Iffa and Offa, in the neighbourhood of Clonmel. Under this order he made a formal entry upon his fine rich lands of Tipper ary, and then returned into England for the bringing over his family, for the planting and setting down upon his lot. On the 12th June, 1656, he came over in order to the taking up his abode in Tipperary; but was kept out of his- lot by ' ' the insolency of that Irish rebel [so he rejDorted to the Commissioners for Ireland] that formerly held the lands," who showed some delay in turn- ing out with his wife and daughters, to make way for him, Mr. Pitts and his establishment, from Devonshire. Mr. Pitts had recourse to the Council Board; and Kichard Le Hunte, high sheriff of Tipperary, was thereupon directed to call all parties before him ; and if it should appear that the said rebel, Philip O'Neale, one of the sons of Hugh 0'Neale,i was a pro- prietor of that or other parcel of land, that he should take care to secure the body of the said Philip, for his not trans- planting according to the rule in the Act of Parliament, in order that such proceedings might be had as should be agreeable to justice, and that the Adventurer be put into possession of the lands according to law.^ That the law in this case meant the will of the strongest, and the administering of justice meant the enforcing of that will, was probably the reflection of Philip O'Neale in his 1 It need scarcely be mentioned that this was not the historical Hugh O'Neil, who warred against Queen Elizabeth. He was simply some proprietor of land dwelling near Clonmel, and his son Philip a rebel like the Earl of Ormond and Lord Dunsany. 2 A (12), p. 108. OF IRELAND. 259 prison hours, and afterwards as he took his way with his weep- ing wife and daughters to Connaught : his love for Enghsh law was probably not much increased. What protection it afforded to Mr. Pitts is not recorded ; his safety (if safety he enjoyed) must have been secured by some other sanction than respect for the law and constitution of England. THE PROCEEDINGS OF THE OFFICERS IN REPLANTING. It might at first be supposed that the officers would pz'ove harder masters than the Adventurers. But the Adventurers differed much from the officers ; they were merchants and traders, full of all the ignorant prejudices of the English against the Irish, knowing no tie between man and man but interest or necessity, and unaccustomed to the management of land and tenants, which is a kind of statesmanship. The officers were accustomed to command men, and had been in Ireland over six years before the Adventurers began to come over in any numbers to take possession of their lots, and had by that time contracted ties with the Irish in many ways. After the surrender of the Irish armies, the gentry, who had almost all been officers, returned to their former neighbour- hood, pending the final resolutions of the Parliament concern- ing their faith, and took to the tillage of the ancient inheri- tances for their support. Between the English officers who occupied their mansions as military posts or under custodiums (i.e. orders for temporary possession by the State), and the families of the former owners, many friendships must have been formed. The late proprietor and the officer had probably been often engaged in conflict ; but now that the war was over, it would only the more dispose them to intercourse. Many of the officers were single men; they must have invited the, family from the offices to the house, and the officer would 260 THE CEOMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT scarce fail to become a conquest to some of his fair captives. Just as Strongbow and his followers, captivated by Irish- women, took wives of the native race, so did the captains and lieutenants of Cromwell's army intermarry with the Iiish, and that too long before peace had been proclaimed between the armies. Spenser has dwelt upon the danger from these man*iages to the Enghsh interest. An English rhymer — his contemporary in Ireland — as cynical in rhyme as the poet was in prose, has thus denounced him : — " We know from good experience It is a dangerous thing For one into his naked bed l A poisoning toad to bring; 1 Such was the custom in Europe till the 1.7th century. " Our woodcut," says Mr. Wright, " number 262 " [of a young lady of high rank with lier person very much exposed], " is a particu- larly good illustration of the habit which still continued in ail classes and ranks of society of sleeping in bed entirely naked. The same practice is shown in our other cuts, and, indeed, in all the illuminated manuscripts of the 15th century, which contain bedroom scenes." — "Domestic Manners in England dviring the Middle Ages." By Thomas Wright, M.A., F.S.A. Dedicated to Lady Londesborough, p. 411. Imperial 8vo. London : 1862. This custom was lately, perhaps, still in use in many parts of Ireland. Not manj^ years since, during a trial of some White- boys at Clonmel, an incident was related by a witness that raised a discussion more lively than learned among the young barristers in court in the absence of the Judge at his luncheon, concern- ing this condition of things. Some of them, liowever, doubted the practice. A young constabulary officer sitting under the Bench ioined in the conversation, and appealing to his brother officer, a Sub-Inspector of Police, said, " Don't you remember, Cox, the night we surrounded a farmer's house at the back of the mountain of Slievenamon, where we suspected a Whiteboy on the run to be harboured ; and that they might not have time to hide him, we thundered at the door, swearing we'd break it in, and drag every soul to prison if it wasn't opened instantly : and a fine girl, that we startled out of her bed, and nearly out of her life, opened it, holding a wlnte plate, snatched from the dresser, before lier, like the Venus de Medicis? " OF IRELAND. 261 Or else a deadly crocodile. When as he goeth to rest, To lie with him ; and as his mate To place next to his breast."! As if in taking any of these charming creatures he would find he had got a crocodile for his bed-fellow. Ireton, Lord Deputy and Commander-in-Chief in 1651, therefore, had to forbid the banns; his officers and soldiers were taking Irish wives ; he forbade any such marriage to any of them under pain of being cashiered. ^ In 1652, amongst the first plans for paying the army their arrears in land, it was suggested there should be a law that any officers or sol- diers marrying Irishwomen should lose their commands, for- feit their arrears, and be made incapable to inherit lands in Ireland.' No such provision, however, was introduced into the Act, because it provided against this danger more effec- tually by ordering the women to transplant, together with the whole nation, to Connaught. Those in authority, however, ought never to have let the English officers and soldiers come in contact with the Irishwomen, or have ordered another army of young Englishwomen over, if they did not intend this provision to be nugatory. Planted in a wasted country amongst the former owners and their families, with little to do but to make love, and no lips to make love to but Irish, love with all its consequences must follow between them as necessarily as a geometrical conclusion follows from the premises. For there were but few who (in the language of a CromwelUan patriot), " rather than turne From English principles, would sooner burne; i Derrick's " Image of Ireland," A.D. 1581. Somers' "Tracts," p. 573. 2 A (84), p. 341. 3 A (2), p. 286. 202 THE OEOMWELLIAX SETTLEMENT And rather than marrie an Irish wife, Would batchellers remain for tearme of life." i The strongest proofs of the frequency of these intermarriages are the various orders putting in force the provisions of Ireton's proclamation over officers still in the service. ^ Over those who were disbanded and set down on their lots they had no control, and these formed a very large proportion of the army. But even with an English wife the captain's family planted in Ireland soon degenerated or grew Irish. The process has been sketched from the life, and been mourned over by a Cromwellian soldier. He shows by what means the captain wrung from his neighbour and former comrade in the war, the poor soldier, his allotment of debenture land. "Thus Ireland was reduced," he begins : — " But let's see how The gallant souldiers are requited now. Some private souldiers were by their commanders Chous'd of their land, and packed away to Flanders; 1 " The Moderate Cavalier- or, the Soldier's Description of Ireland. A Book fitt for all Protestants Houses in Ireland." 4to. Printed [at Cork apparently], 1675. 2 Commissioners of the Revenue of the precinct of Galway to examine what civill or other officers within that precinct are married to Irish Papists, and to certify their names and employ- ments, respectively, forthwith to the Commissioners of the Commonwealth. January, 1654. A (85), p. 28. " Whereas we are informed that William Moreton, now Clerk to the Commissioners of Revenue at Wexford hath maried a Papist (contrary to the tenor of the declaration in that behalf), whereby he hath made himself incapable of continuing in hj-s said employment ; and forasmuch as there is recommended to us one Rowland Samuell, that hath a charge of wife and family, that is a person able and faithful to officiate in his stead ; it is ordered that the said William Moreton be dismissed his said employment from the date hereof, and that the said Rowland Samuell do serve tlie said place in his room. Dublin, lith July, 1654. " Ch.\rles Fleetwood, Miles Corbet." A (82), p. 499. OF IKELAND. 263 And he that would not go, but thought to stay, And live on 's kind they found another way:" The captiiin worries liiin with law, " Whereby the fruits Of all his hopes, his labour, and his land, He spends at law, his captain to withstand. Wearied at law, to purchase peace at last. He sells his land, and then that danger's past. Now while his money lasts, or some short space, His captain makes him serjeant of the place. i But this ne'er holds; for he, with cap in hand. To 's captain's wife cannot at all turns stand; Nor can he Irish speak to buy and sell. Nor tenants can procure with them to dwell. "2 The Irish retainers now win their way to the good graces •of the captain and his wife by their hearty manners, and sup- plant the English servants by their fondness for the children, and by the cheaper rate they are ready to serve at. The ser- vices of the poor soldier against the Irish are forgotten, his faults and blemishes only remembered: — " for he looks for cates, They say : is too fine mouthed, and at the rates 1 " To all Xtian people to whom these presents shall come Greeting, know yee that Wee have conferred upon Jasper White, one of our servants, the office or place of Serjeant or bailiffe of Kilfekill, in the county of Tipperary, to Have and to Hould the said office of Serjeant in as large, ample, and bene- ficial manner as any other bailiffe formerly exercising the said office held and enjoyed the same, together with all perqiiisitts and profitts thereunto belonging, and to continue therein during our pleasure. In witness whereof wee have hereunto sett our hand and seale, this 25th November, 1645. " Carte Papers," v. clxiv., 34. " Ormonde." Again — " Butler prevailed upon Sir Thomas Prendergast, Bart., to turn off one Kelly who was Serjeant and took care of his woods; and having appointed a Serjeant of his own, he and his agents cut, of 26,000 trees all but 2500 trees." " Theobold Butler, Applicant, against Sir Thomas Prendergast, Bart., Respondent." 4th Brown's " Parliamentary Cases," p. 174 (A.D. 1720). 2 " The Moderate Cavalier," A.D. 1675. 264 THE CKOMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT The Irish do can't live. Give them potatos, They'll boil and roast; then stroke up their mustachoes.l This makes them Teige emploj', 'cause he will serve For less than English can, so they must starve. Then out he's turned, and in comes Teige in's room. Now Irish Teige is just to the Captain's mind — VVhate'er his master says he'll swear. So kind, Besides, he proves to the children of his master. That when the maid chides them, he swears he'll baste her With " Voarneen glagal,"^ and " Agramacree,^'"^ He takes his master's son upon his knee. And then Teige laughs and swears by 's gossip's hand His father's son's the best in all Ireland. This pleases so the mother of the child That all Teige does is well. She's so beguiled 1 Spenser noted this as among the Spanish and Moorish customs he found prevalent in Ireland. "And this was the auncient manner of the Spaniards, as it yet is of the Mahome- tans, to cut off all their beards close, save only their mus- chachios, which they wear long. And the cause is for that they, being bred in a hot country, found much haire on their faces ancl other parts to be noyous unto them, for which cause they did cut it most away like as contrarily in all other nations brought up in cold countries do use to nourish their haire, to keep them tlie warmer, which was the reason that the Scythians and Scotts wore glibbes to keep their heads warm, and long beards to defend their faces from cold." " A View of the State of Ire- land," by Edmund Spenser, A.D. 1596, p. 483. " Tracts and Treatises concerning Ireland." Alex. Thom & Son. 8vo. Dublin: 1860. An Irish Statute, 25 Henry VI., c. 20 [A.D. 1447], unpubished, forbids crommeal (or moustache). It ap- pears that English living in the marshes or borders dressed like the Irish, and thus, by colour of being Englishmen, the Irish had opportunity to rob, &c. ; wherefore it was ordained that no manner of man, who would be accepted for an English- man, have any beard upon his mouth, " that is to say, that lie have no hair upon his upper lip, so that the said lip be sliaven once at least within two weeks, or of equal growth with the nether lip ; and if any man be found among the English con- trary hereunto, it may be lawful for every man to take them and their goods as Irish enemies, and to hold them to ransom as Irish enemies." Translated and transcribed by the Irish Record Commissioners, 1810 — 1825. 2 My bright love. 3 My heart's darling. OF IKELAND. 265 With flattering, that now Teige's wife must nurse The next child she shall have. Teige swears his purse Shall be the child's. Now that he's foster father, Not for his own, but for this child he'll gather; He'll give the child a ' Coat-i-haum of handle,"^^ And buy it ' Brogal gaiilda,"^ and then dandle The babe in 's arms, crying ' Shane poge,'^ ' Cade poye,'* ' Vic a me vaister '5 — ' Nah tousa Shane ogeP'e ' Yow tow Lawnah.''' This pleases more and more. Teige's now of kin that was not so before. Who now but Teige ? His counsel so prevails, That all the English servants by his tales Are threatened to be turned away : his cozins Come flocking round about him by whole dozens. Donagh the groom steps in in Richard's place, And Shevane oge doth turn out gentle Grace ; Then Gilla Patrick, Hugh, and the Mac Rorys, Are sent for home who're out among the Tories. The English neighbours (undegenerate). These furies cause their fosterer to hate ; Do trespass on their land, and drive to pound The honest men's cattle oft' their own ground. To law they go. Now all things are in fitness, And right or wrong, Teige is the captain's witness." Vuin, therefore, were Sir Jerome Alexander's measures to keep his posterity English, notwithstanding all the praises be- stowed upon them. This spiteful Englishman, Judge of the Common Pleas in Ireland, left his daughter and heiress the beautiful Abbey of Kilcooley, in the county of Tipperary, and all his estate there, but made the gift void by his will (A.D. 1670), if she married any Irishman, were he Arch- bishop, Bishop, Peer, or Prelate, or Irish Baronet, Knight, or Squire ; or any man born or bred there, or of Irish extraction, 1 A white petticoat of handle cloth. 2 English brogues or shoes. 3 Give me a kiss. * An hundred kisses. 5 Dear son of my master. 6 Aren't you young John ? 7 You sliall get it, my pet. " The Moderate Cavalier; or, Soul- diers Description of Ireland." A.D. 167i5. 266 THE CEOMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT or having his rehitions or means of subsistence there. For EngHsh pride and reserve, it has been long observed, dissolves in Ireland like ice in the genial western breeze.^ THE OFFICERS TAKE THE t)LD PROPRIETORS AS THEIR TENANTS. The otticers immediately upon obtaining a lease or custo- dium from the State (pending the preparation of the law that gave them land for their arrears), took the Irish as tenants for want of English ; for in a country where lands were to be had for the asking, no one would come from a better country to a worse, to labour as a servant or tenant on another man's lands, when he might till or pasture his own. As the impossibility of getting English tenants grew more evident, and the urgent want of tillage increased, the ofl&cers in Limerick, Cork, Kerry, and various counties, got general orders, giving dispensations 1 About forty years after the Cromwellian Settlement, and just seven years after the Battle of the Boyne, the following was writ- ten: " We cannot so much wonder at this [the quick " degenerat- ing " of the English of Ireland], when we consider how many there are of the children of Oliver's soldiers in Ireland who cannot speak one word of English. And (which is strange) the same may be said of some of the children of King William's soldiers who came but t'other day into the country. This mis- fortune is owing to the marrying Irishwomen for want of English, who come not over in so great numbers as are requisite. 'Tis sure that no Englishman in Ire- land knows what his children may be as things are now ; they can- not well live in the country without growing Irish ; for none take such care as Sir Jerome Alexander [second Justice of the Common Pleas in Ireland from 1661 to his death in 1670], who left his estate to his daughter, but made the gift void if she married any Irishman ; Sir Jerome including in this term ' any lord of Ireland, any archbishop, bishop, prelate, any baronet, knight, esquire, or gentleman of an Irish extraction or descent, born and bred in Ireland, or having his relations or means of subsistence there,' and expressly, of course, any ' Papist.' " " True Way to render Ireland Happy and Secure; or. a Discourse wherein 'tis shown 'tis the Interest both of England and Ireland to encourage Foreign OF IKELAND. 267 from the necessity of planting with English tenants, and libert}" to take Irish. The proprietors who had established friendships with their conquerors secretly became tenants under them to parts of their former estates, ensuring thereby the connivance of their new landlords against their transplantation. On the 1st June, IGoo, the Commissioners for the Affairs of Ireland (Fleetwood, Lord Deputy, one of them), being then at Limerick, discovered this fraud. " We found the officers," they said, " objecting in several places that some of our own orders obstructed the work of transplantation." They were made on behalf of Sir W. Fenton, Sir Hardress Waller, and other English proprietors. The \\ords of the orders were so penned as gave them liberty to keep Irish proprietors on their estates. But the words were disowned by the Council as not within their intention. " I clearly see," he concludes, " that \\e must encounter more and more difficulties when the Ad- venturers and Soldiers are in possession. But if the Lord hath Prote.stants to plant in Ireland; in a Letter to the Hon. Robert Molesworth." 4to. Dublin. Andrew Crook. 1697. It is not a little curious to find Irish harpers in their houses within five years of their planting. In 1663 the army lately planted in Ireland formed a plot to seize the Castle of Dublin, and to overthrow the government, being discontented at the proceed- ings of the Court of Claims. Amongst the vast mass of intelli- gence furnished to the Duke of Ormond, then Lord Lieutenant, is the following conversation between Colonel Edward Warren and an Irish harper :• — " Colonel Edward Warren, being at Rathmolyon in the barony of Moyfenragh, in tlie county of Meath, discoursing with Richard Malone, a blind harper, aged thirty-.six years, asked him how manj' governments he remembered in his tyme ? Malone answered that he remembered several, naming the several alter- ations during these twenty-one years. Whereunto the said War- ren answered, that before it were long he might add one more government to the rest." " Carte MSS.," vol. G. G., p. .'589. En- dorsed in the Duke's hand : " Concerning Cohjnel Edward War- ren." Wan-en was executed with Major Alexander Jephson, 15th July, 1663. Their dying speeches are given, ibid., vol. vii., Ire- land^ pp. 248, 249. 268 THE CKOMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT not a farther scourge for us here, he will strengthen our hands to the carrying it out."^ They, accordingly, issued a peremp- tory order revoking all former dispensations for English pro- prietors to plant with Irish tenants ; and they enjoined upon the Governor of Limerick and all other officers the removing of the proprietors thus sheltered and their families into Con- naught, or on before that day three weeks. ^ But, happily, all penal laws against a nation are difficult of execution. The officers still connived with many of the poor Irish gentry, and sheltered them, which caused Fleetwood, then Commander of the Parliament forces in Ireland, upon his return to Dublin, and within a fortnight after the prescribed limit for their re- moval was expired, to thunder forth from Dublin Castle a severe reprimand to all officers thus offending. Their neglect to search for and apprehend the transplantable proprietors was denounced as a great dishonour and breach of discipline of the army ; and their entertaining any of them as tenants was declared a hindrance to the planting of Ireland with English Protestants. "I do therefore [the order continued] hereby order and declare, that if any officer or soldier under my command shall offend by neglect of his duty in searching for and apprehending all such persons as by the declaration of 30th November, 1654, are to transplant themselves into Con- naught ; or by entertaining them as tenants on his lands, or as servants under him, he shall be punished by the articles of war as negligent of his duty, according to the demerit of such his neglect. "2 IJulv 4th, 1655, Thurloe's "State Papers," vol. iv., p. 612. 2 A (6), p. 173. 3 " Book of Printed Declarations of the Commissioners for the Affairs of Ireland " (formerly belonging to General Fleetwood). British Museum, 806 h. 14 (24). OF TEELAND. 269 OF THE FIVE COUNTIES. But, to turn to that district included within the Boyne and the Barrow, on the east coast of Ireland, which was to be a pure English plantation, to counterbalance the Irish one on the west, encircled by the Shannon and the sea, and to becoiTie a new English Pale — here, if anywhere, would be established that model of English life and manners, the great object of all the inhuman laws enacted for so many ages by the govern- ment. But first a word upon the extent of the district. It was contracted to narrower limits. Upon consideration that the land lying north of Dublin, between the Liffey and the Boyne, was the ancient residence of the English — the best tillage and grazing land in the kingdom, and part of that level plain that extended itself from the walls of Dubhn to the base of the Fews mountains that overhang Dundalk, without any fastnesses for Irish to harbour in — it was not thought necessary to keep that part within the scheme, and so much of the original plan was abandoned. It was now confined to that part of the county of Dublin lying south of the Eiver Liffey, with the counties of Wicklow, Wexford, Kildare, and Carlow. Thence- forth the territory was known as the Five Counties south of the Liffey and within the Barrow, or (shortly) the Five Counties. On 17th July, 1654, it was ordered that all this territory should be wholly transplanted of Irish Papists by the 1st of May, 1655, on pain of being taken as spies, and proceeded with before a court martial. The English proprietors, many of them officers who had received lands in the counties of Wicklow and Wexford for their arrears, fearing to be de- prived of their tenants and servants, and left without means to till their lands or save their crops, presented petitions to 270 THE CEOMWELLIAX SETTLEMENT the governiiiont against the measure, as the time' for carrying ■out the order approached. ]\Ir. Annesly, who brought up the petitions, was directed to be present at a meeting of the Council on 19th February, 1655, to offer what he conceived to be ma- terial in their support.* He urged that the English and Pro- testant proprietors and planters in the Five Counties were necessitated to employ Irish in their tillage and husbandry, to make some profit of their lands, which had long lain waste by the rebellion. After several debates he obtained an order of reference to Sir Hardress Waller, Colonel Axtell, Colonel Lawrence, and others, to consider what parts should be totally cleared of Irish ; in what parts should be allowed such Irish tenants as, being neither proprietors nor swordmen, might be dispensed from transplantation; and how the rest might be laid waste ; and how the towns and villages where such Irish should be suffered to inhabit might be disposed of with most security and least offence to the neighbouring English. ^ The order, however, was not withdrawn; for on the 21st May, 1655, the clearing was suspended until 1st August following, in order that the proprietors might have tiine to provide them- selves with English and Protestant tenants, and in the mean- time might have tenants and servants to reap their harvest. But English tenants and servants were not to be had, and the officers and the other planters were loth to lose their Irish ones : they connived at their stay beyond the 1st of August, and finally got liberty to keep a selection of them approved by Commissioners specially appointed by the State, on some very stringent conditions. The proprietor was to engage that such tenants and servants as he should be permitted to retain should become Protestants (and Protestants of whose real conversion the government should be satisfied) in six months; and as evidence of their candid and genuine compliance with being 1 A (5), p. 37. 2 A (5), p. 95. OF lEELAND. 271 instructed in the true Protestant religion, they were to come to the meeting-house to hear the Word every Lord's Day, if within four miles; upon every other Lord's Day, if within six miles; if further, once a month. Their children were to learn the catechism in the English tongue, without book, which the minister should teach. i But the government seem to have forgotten the naming of the children with English names, in- stead of Dermot and Teig; and the chimneys, and the English deportment in houses, lodging, and manners, wherein the English exceeded them. 2 But probably there was about as much use in the one as the other. The landlords wanted their labour, and not English piety or Anglo-Saxon elegance. For though the letter of one of the officers remains, request- ing the prayers of their friends, that now they had come to possess houses they had not built, and vineyards they had not planted, they might not forget the Lord and his goodness to them in the day of their distress, 3 one that knew them well a few years later said, he had hunted with them, diced with them, drunk with them, and fought with them, but had never prayed with them ;* and another, that an Irish Protestant was a man who ate meat of a Friday, and hated a Papist. s .1 '• Book of Printed Declarations by the Commissioners for the Affairs of Ireland." British Museum, 806 h. 14 (24). 2 P. 248, supra. 3 " Letter of Colonel William Allen, Adjutant-General of the Army and Commissioner of Cromwell's Court of Claims in Ire- land,^ dated April 6th, 1654. Thurloe's " State Papers," vol. ii., 4 "Civil Wars of Ireland." By W. Cooke Taylor, LL.D. vol ii p. 64, n. 3. Two vols. 12mo. London: 1830. ' ' '' 5 A Bandon ProtesUvnt, known to be such, " 'cause I ates meat of a Jriday, and hates a Papist." " History of Bandon " by George Bennett, B.A., p. 352. 12mo. Cork • 1862 272 THE CKOMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT THE TOWNS CLEARED OF OLD ENGLISH, FOR FRESHER ENGLISH TO INHABIT. The Parliament, by the Act of 26th September, 1653, for satisfying the Adventurers, the Army, and the pubhc credit- tors, reserved all the forfeited property in cities and boroughs for the State. In the early part of the war, in hopes to induce merchants and traders, English and foreign (provided they were Protestants), to whom houses in seaport towns were more useful than lands, to advance funds, the Parliament of England offered the principal seaport towns in Ireland for sale; Limerick, with 12,000 acres contiguous, for £30,000, and a rent of £625 payable to the State ; Waterford, with 1,500 acres contiguous, at the same rate ; Galway, with 10,000 acres, for £7,500, and a rent of £520; Wexford, with 6,000 acres, for £5,000, and a rent of £156 4s. 4d.i But this offer, though tempting, found no bidders : all these towns were still in the possession of the Irish, and merchants of all others are least inclined to buy the bear's skin before the bear be dead. The cities and towns, accordingly, fell into the hands of the Parliament of England, with all their habitations, the popula- tions being almost entirely of English descent. ^ Dublin, Droghoda, Waterford, Cork, and Ijimerick, were built by the Danes. ^ The Irish ever loved the freedom of the fields and hills. And it has been the complaint (of those who wished to take their lands or to tax their labour), that they never gave themselves up to commerce or trade. But in 1 Ordinance of 14th July, 1643. Scobell's " Acts and Ordi- nances," p. 74. 2 Take Waterford: — "This sea-town had no natui'all Irish in it, nor would admit any in during these troubles." " News from Dublin," 9th June, ]647, "Perfect Diurnall of Passages in Par- liament," p. 1629. 3 Giraldus Cambrensis, " Topographia," cap. xliii. OP IRELAND. 278 early times trade is usually driven by foreign exiles or domestic slaves. Strong nations, with all the arrogance of the powerful, take from those they are pleased to call inferior races (being such only as they expect no retribution from) their country, under the splendid pretext of civilizing them. And to deprive them of friends, and aid, and sympathy, they represent them as irrehgious, unruly, and unreasoning. In later periods the rich repair to the country, and drive out the rural inhabitants into the crowded suburbs of cities and towns, under the plea of improving it. The Irish would neither give up the country nor become slaves. Indeed, the foreigners who built or inhabited the towns would not allow - them to come into them, had they been so inclined. In every Charter of Incorporation of towns the Irish were forbidden to hold office, or occupy a house. Consequently the inhabitants in 1641 were all of EngUsh blood. But now to be of the new English religion was held equivalent to being an Englishman ; to belong to the old, still in general use in Ireland, and in- troduced originally by the English, was to be Irish. And, under this distinction, the Parliament of England determined to clear all the towns of Ireland within their power of their former inhabitants, though English by blood, and repeople them afresh with English of the birth of England. The town^ were at this time ruinous by the death or desertion of the inhabitants. Upon the outbi-eak in Ulster the old English gentry of the Pale fled to Dublin; but they were ordered back to their country seats, and thus forced to join the Irish, and were not again admitted, as the kingdom now became two camps. The burgess class, however, were left for a time in some of the towns, and remained faithful to their blood and national tradi- tions, and hated and despised the Irish with true English heart. They thus were continued in Cork, Youghal, and Kin- sale, until turned out by Inchiquin in 1644 (among their X 274 THE CBOMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT enemies, as they called the Irish), ^ and in Dublin and Drog- heda, until 1647, when Ormond gave up Dublin and the sword, when they were immediately expelled. This caused all these cities and towns to become ruinous. But Dublin had already become partly ruinous in 1645 ; and Ormond had to issue a proclamation (7 Feb., 1644-5), ordering the soldiers on pain of death to cease from pulling down the deserted houses to make fires of with the timber, in their guards and quarters. ^ To these ruins must be added those commanded by Ormond himself in 1646, when, having taken the field to oppose the advance of Owen 0 'Neil's forces on Dublin, he wrote back to the council (October 9th, 1646), in anticipation of being forced to retreat thither (as soon after occurred), that the walls should be cleared of all incumbrances, and a way be made beside them, both without and within, that at least a troop of horse, twenty in front, might commodiously travel and serve. ^ Every one was ordered to join in the work; and the Mar- chioness of Ormond herself carried baskets of earth for repair- ing the fortifications,* and the women all, " From ladies down to oyster wenches, Laboured like pioneers in trenches." When Ormond, in the following year, gave up the city to the Parliament, so rigorous was the expulsion of the Irish in- habitants, that Colonel Michael Jones, the Governor, made no exception but of Sir Thomas Sherlock, and he was only to stay till he could ship himself for England. This signal favour he owed to his having hunted and hanged 100 Irish marauders in December, 1641, in company with Sir W. St. Leger, and defended his Castle of Butlerstown, adjacent to 1 Supra, pp. 174, 175. 2 Broadside, in the Haliday Library, Royal Irish Academy. 3 " Carte Papers," vol. xix., 64. 'Carte's " Life of Ormond," vol. i., p. 585. Folio edition. OF lEELAND. 275 the city of Waterford, against Lord Mountganvt's Irish forces, until they took it, and stripped him of all, and turned him out of doors in his slippers without stockings, leaving him only a red cap and green mantle, so that himself, lady, and children, had not so much as their wearing clothes left, nor any relief, but depended solely on their friends. His losses amounted to Jt;4,000. Six weeks after he escaped by night to Dublin in a bare suit and mantle, and there was received by the English as one that had been their constant friend. Even Cromwell (with whom he returned to Ireland), pitied him, but could not help him ; for he had signed the roll of Association, though only by force of imprisonment, and in order to escape. He would have given him back his estate, but could not : — it had passed to the Soldiers.^ Nor could the King, who said he held him- self bound in honour and justice to see him restored : ^ nor did the Act of Settlement, which provided for his restitution. ^ Worn out by poverty and despair, he soon died broken- hearted, and his son (9 December, 1663), had allowance from the Council of the small sum he borrowed to bury him.* If the cities and towns were made, thus ruinous within, their de- solation without was as signal. By the order of 29 April, 1651 , all the habitations of the Irish within a circle of two miles round any garrison were thrown down, and no Irish suffered 1 " Report of Cooke, Santhy, and Halsey, Athlone Commis- sioners, to the Council of Ireland," dated 26th April, 1656; and " The Council of Ireland to the Lord Protector," 22nd July, 1656. Thurloe's " State Papers," vol. v., p. 238. 2 " King's Letter to Lords Justices of Ireland," October 10th, 1660. " Carte Papers," vol. xli., 54. 3 He was one of the thirty-six Nominees in " the King's Decla- ration for the Settlement of Ireland," of 30th November, 1660, embodied in the Act of Settlement, 14 & 15 Charles II. (A D 1662), chap. 2. 4 Treasurer of Ireland's account, Vol. i., p. 343. " To Paul Sherlock, sonn and heire of Sir Thomas Sherlock, deceased, for de- fraying the charges of burying the said Sir Thomas, as by Con- cordatum, dated 9 December, 1663, £50." 276 THE CROMWELLIAX SETTLEMENT to inhabit within these precincts. And the wives and chil- dren of any Irish without were to quit in fifteen days at latest, and join their husbands ; and any outstaying this time, or repairing thither were to be treated as spies and enemies, and to suffer death. ^ And to harbour a friend was death. Thus, at a Court Martial held 23rd September, 1652, at Dublin Castle, under the presidency of Colonel Arnop, Dud- ley Loftus, Advocate-General, being informant, and Murtagh Cullen and wife, defendants, it was put to the vote whether it appeared upon the evidence that one Donogh O'Derg had been harboured by the said Cullen and his wife? It was re- solved in the Affirmative, and Decreed that they should suffer death; but both parties after sentence pronounced w^ere per- mitted to cast lots, when the Lot of Life fell to the said Mur- tagh, and the Lot of Death to his wife, who, being with child, was reprieved until the time of her delivery. ^ During the war many Irish were continued under protection in the towns — not to increase the enemy ; but, the war once over, the Parliament resolved to clear them thoroughly, and re- people them from England. At the same time that proprietors and swordmen were to transplant to Connaught, the Burgher Irish were ordered to quit the towns, and (unless transplantable to Connaught) to 1 "A Declaration for the Removing of the Wives, Children and Families of such persons as are in rebellion, or live in the Enemies' Quarters, out of the garrisons of the Parliament, and demolishing all Cabins or Huts in or near the said garrisons. By the Commissioners of tlie Parliament for the Affairs of Ireland. " Dated at Kilkenny, 28th April, 1651. Signed, " Edmund Ludlow. John Jones. ■ Miles Corbet. John We.wer." " Several Proceedings in Parliament, &c., p. 1456. 2 Dudley Loftus, MSS., St. Patrick's Cathedral Library (Marsh's), Dublin, v. 3, 2, 19. OF lEELAND. 277 seek new dwellings, at least two miles distant from the walls. In 1654, by order of the Committee of Transplantation, no Irish or Papists were to be allowed in the city of Kilkenny after the 1st of May, except necessary labourers and artificers, not exceeding forty, and these to be persons not within the rule of transplantation. 1 On the 8th of July in the same year the Governor of Clonmel was authorized to grant dispensations to forty-three persons, in a list annexed, or as many of them as he should think fit, being artificers and workmen, to stay for such time as he might judge convenient, the whole time not to exceed the 25th March, 1655. ^ On 5th June, 1654, the Governor of Dublin was authorised to grant licenses to such inhabitants to continue in the city (notwithstanding the declaration for all Irish to- quit) as he should judge convenient, the licenses to contain the name, age, colour of hair, countenance, and stature of every such person; and the license not to exceed twenty days, and the cause of their stay to be inserted in each license. 2 Petitions went up from the old native inhabitants of Limerick,* from the fishermen of Limerick ;5 from the Mayor and inhabitants of Cashel,^ who were all ordered either to withdraw to a distance of at least two miles (if not trans- plantable), or to transplant; but, notwithstanding these orders, many of them still clung about the towns, sheltered by the English, who found the benefit of their services. Whilst the gentry were hurried off from their mansions and demesnes, which the officers and soldiers were in haste to enjoy and were obliged to transplant to such pittance of land as should be assigned to them in Connaught, the population of the towns who lived by trade or labour, such as apothe- 1 A (85), p. 157. 2 lb., p. 479 3 lb., p. 430. Mb., p. 244. 5 lb., p. 363. 6 ib., p. 247. 278 THE CPiOlNIWELLIAN SETTLEIMENT caries, basketniakers, butchers, bakers, carpenters, chandlers, coopers, harnessniakers, masons, shoemakers, and tailors, continued to reside upon their holdings and make themselves useful to their new masters. What little trade or commerce was driven in these poor ruinous towns, the seats of former activity and plenty, was done by them as factors or agents for English officers, as having more skill and experience in foreign traffic, the towns being for the most part occupied by strangers, who had come thither, induced by getting houses for nothing.! Thus, on the 15th of INIay, 1655, the Protestant inhabitants of Kilkenny petitioned against this practice; and it was ordered by the Commissioners of the Parliament ' ' for the better encouragement of an English plantation in the City and Liberties," that all the houses and lands lately be- longing to the Irish, and now in the possession of the State, should be thenceforth demised to Protestants • and none others, and that no English merchants or traders should drive any trade or merchandize in the City or Liberties by Irish agents or servants; and that all Irish should quit Kilkenny within twenty days, except such artificers as four Justices of Peace should, for the convenience of that Corporation, license to stay for any period not exceeding one year.^ Applications were frequently made in favour of some who were found particularly useful. Thus, on the 20th March, 1654, on the certificate of Colonel W. Leigh and other officers within the precinct of Waterford, Dr. Eichard Madden was dispensed with from transplantation into Connaught ; but as to his desire of residing in Waterford, it was referred to Colonel Lawrence, the governor there, to reconsider if he conceived it 1 " Tlie Roman Catholics of Ireland, their Answers relating to tlie Proposals offered in order to the Settlement of Ireland by the Commissioners from the Convention in Ireland in 1660." " Carte Papers," vol. xlviii., 6th Paper. —2 A (6), p. 367. or IKELAND. 279 fit his request should be granted.^ On the 12th September, 1656, application was made to the Commissioners for the Affairs of Ireland on behalf of Dr. Anthony Mulshinogue, whose good affection to the English by his faithful advice and assistance in his profession was proved on the trial of the qualifications of the ancient natives of Cork, by the certificate of Sir W. Fenton and Major- General Jephson, and several other persons of quality in the county of Cork, who prayed for his dispensation from transplantation, desiring that his residence among them might be permitted, being destitute of physicians of his ability. Dr. Mulshinogue was spared from transplantation, and was permitted to follow his practice in those parts, but not to dwell in any garrison there. ^ Yet the officers, when they first arrived, vented their calumnies (according to the national custom) against the Irish physicians — writing to their friends in England in 1651, that for want of a sufficient number of English doctors for the army, they were obliged to put themselves in the hands of Irish, " which was more [so they maliciously said] than the adventures in the field. "^ Testimony, however, to the ability and integrity of this profession came, as if to confute these calumnies. In Limerick, Doctor Thomas Arthur was, at this very time, attending Colonel Henry Ingoldsby, Cromwell's kinsman (high in command there), and most of the officers of the Parliament army.* After studying at Bordeaux, Eheims, and Paris, he returned to his native town. On 6 November, 1619, he visited Dublin in the train of the Earl of Thomond, and acquired such reputation that after his return home he was frequently sent for to come up to Dublin, and there at- tended Sir George Sexton, Viscount Dunluce (father of the 1 A (85), p. 184. 2 A (12), p. 223. 3 " Whitelock's Memorials," January, 1650-1, p. 4.'36. * " Limerick, its History and Antiquities," p. 183, n. By ]V[aurice Lenihan, Esq. 8vo. Podges and Sniith, Dublin : 1866, 280 THE CKOMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT Marquis of Antrim), Chief Justice Sarsfield, and others of the highest rank. He went to Carrickfergus at the call of Sir Arthur Chichester, Vice-Treasurer of Ireland, to visit his wife, dying of dropsy. ^ He was of old English blood — his ancestors had come in at the Conquest ;2 and he was loyal to those that the Irish deemed their oppressors and tyrants. For this reason, in 1642, he was plundered, and fled into Limerick, as Dublin was too far off to be reached without danger to his life from the Irish. But he got license from the Marquis of Ormond and Sir John Parsons to dwell in Limerick, though then rebels' quarters. He was driven thence by affronts, and forced to shelter himself elsewhere. He was excommunicated by the Irish national clergy in 1650, and put in prison for counselling the men of Limerick to be loyal.* On 21 July, 1656, in consideration of his great sufferings and his good services to the English, and having parted with divers good houses and castles in the counties of Limerick, Tipperary, and Dublin, the Lord Deputy and Council recom- mended him to the Loughrea Commissioners for an assign- ment of land with a house on the Belt or Mile Line round Con- naught, for his present subsistence and comfort of living.* When Dublin was cleared, Colonel Hewson was Governor of that city — one of the most religious men in the army (as ap- pears by the amount of Bible quotations in his letters), and therefore fullest of hatred against the Irish. The last Papist that dared to meet his eye in Dublin was a chirurgeon, a 1 " Fee-Book of a Physician of the 17th Century." By Maurice Lenihan, Esq., Author of the " History of Limerick." — " Kilkenny Archajological Journal," vol. v., New Series (January, 1867), p. 10. 2 Ibid. 3 " Petition of Thomas Arthur, Doctor in Physic, to the King. 24 September, 1664." " Collections relating to the Acts of Settlement," vol. D., p. 212. Record Tower, Dublin Castle, 4 A (30), p. 169. OF IKELAND. 281 peaceable man.i Similar calumnies followed the poor Irish midwives : imputations against their want of skill are mixed with suggestions of danger to Englishwomen in labour, and children in the birth, " from the evil disposition and disaffec- tion, as ixiight be presumed," of the Irish midwives. And Dr. Petty and others were ordered to consider of the evil, and propose a remedy. ^ And when an English midwife arrived in Dublin, all officers, civil and military, were ordered for her encouragement to be aiding and assisting her in the perform- ance of her duty.^ 1 " 19 June, 1651. " Mr. Winter, a godly man, came with the Commissioners, and they flock to hear him with great desire ; besides, there is in Dub- lin, since January last, about 750 Papists forsaken their priests and the masse, and attends the public ordinances, I having ap- pointed Mr. Chambers, a minister, to instruct them at his own house once a week. They all repaire to him witli much affection and desire th satisfaction. And though Dublin hath formerly swarmed with Papists, I know none (now) there, but one who is a chirurgeon, and a peaceable man. It is much hoped the glad tidings of salvation will be acceptable in Ireland, and that this savage people may see the salvation of God ; which that the Lord may accomplish shall be the desire of " Your loving friend, " John Hewson." " Several! Proceedings in Parliament, from 26th of June to 3rd day of July, 1651," p. 1412. 2 A (5), p. 317. 3 " By the Commissioners of Parliument for the Affairs of Ireland. " Whereas we are informed by divers persons of repute and godliness, that Mrs. Jane Preswick hath through the blessing of God been very successful within Dublin and parts about, through tlie carefull and skilfull discharge of her midwife's duty, and instrumental to helpe sundry poore women who needed her lielpe, which hatlie abounded to the comfourte and preservation of many English women, who (being come into a strange country) had otherwise been destitute of due helpe, and necessitated to expose their lives to the mercy of Irish midwives, ignorant in the pro- fession, and bearing little good will to any of the English nation. 282 THE CROMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT These orders for clearing the towns had to be frequently renewed, as the inhabitants were wont to creep back again when the storm had blown over. In the year 1656 there was a printed declaration published, renewing the order that all Irish and Papists withdraw to a distance of two miles from all walled towns or garrisons before 26th of the May in that year, which seems to have been executed with more rigour than usual; for on the 2nd of August the Mayor of Dublin was directed to report the progress made, because many trans- plantable persons, owners of houses in the city, still lingering in Dublin, were found on the 18th July to have refused to give up their houses to the new English lessees of the State. On 24th October the Mayor was directed to take effectual means to remove all that might be then dwelling in the city, and all places within the line, wdthin forty-eight hours after publication of the order. ^ And on 19th November a list of the names of all not removing was returned to the Council, with the view of ordering them for trial by court martial. The government, however, though baffled, still kept the great work in view. On 31st December, 1656, finding that And taking notice through divers examinations and depositions extant, that this Mi"s. Preswick hath of late received divers pub- lique affronts, and that violence hath been used by some evil disposed persons, to her great horror and discouragement, whereby she hath lost opportunities of giving desired helpe to women in labour of child birth, and through those affrights is become timorous, and consequently less able to exercise the midwife's function, much to the dissatisfaction of divers ; these are therefor to declare that in case any person shall offer any affront or violence for the future to the said Mrs. Preswick, alias Beere, in her daily going up and down to perform her public trust and office of mid- wife as aforesaid, such i^ersons are to expect a severe proceeding with according to law. And all justices of the peace, officers civil and military, and others concerned, are to take notice, and be ayding and assisting to her in the performance of her duty as aforesaid. Dublin, 23rd May, 1655. " Thomas Herbert, Clerk of the Council," A (5), p. 166, 1 A (5), p. 264, OF IKELAND. 283 divers Irish transphintable into Cunnaughfc had not only neglected to remove, but had continued to reside, or had in- truded themselves into sundry cities, walled towns, and garri- sons throughout this nation, they issued several special orders, directed to the governors of the several cities, towns, and gar- risons in the three provinces to send up lists of the names of all such persons, in order probably to the arrest and trial of some of them at the assizes, where numbers were often found guilty of not transplanting, and transported to theBarbadoes. The consequence of clearing the towns of their inhabitants was to leave them ruinous : the few English were not enough to occupy them, and the deserted houses fell down, or were pulled down to use the tiinber for firing. Lord Inchiquin, President of Munster, M'as charged in 1647 with having given houses in the city of Cork, and farms in the suburbs, to his own menial servants, as barbers, grooms, and others. His answer was, that upon the expelling of the Irish out of Cork, it was to the benefit of the State that he should place any per- sons in the houses on the sole condition of upholding them, which otherwise, being waste and uninhabited, would have fallen to the ground ; and though by this means many of the houses were preserved, yet for want of inhabitants about three thousand good houses in Cork, and as many in Youghal, had been destroyed by the soldiers, finding them empty, and for want of firing in their guards. ^ For such a scene of desolation as the cities and towns of Ireland presented at this period, recourse must be had to the records of antiquity ; and there, in the ruined state of the towns of Sicily, wdien rescued by Timoleon from the tyranny of the 1 Pp. 5, 6, " Articles humbly presented to the House of Com- mons against Murrough O'Brien, Lord Baron of Tnc hitiuiii, and Lord President of Munster, subscribed by Lord Broghill and Sir Arthur Loftus : with a clear Answer thereto made. By Richard Gething, Secretary to the Lord President." Small 4to, Londgn ; 1647. 284 THE CROMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT Carthaginians, there is to be found a parallel. Syracuse, when taken, was found comparatively destitute of inhabitants. So little frequented was the market place, that it produced grass enough for the horses to pasture on, and for the grooms to lie in by them as they grazed. The other cities were deserts, full of deer and wild boars ; and such as had this use for it hunted them in the suburbs round the walls.* And such was the case in Ireland. On the 20th December, 1652, a public hunt by the assembled inhabitants of the barony of Castleknock was ordered by the State of the numerous wolves lying in the wood of the ward, only six miles north of Dublin. ^ But this desolation was, as usual, only preparatory to the improveinent of Ireland. On the 4th of March, 1657, the Commissioners for the Affairs of Ireland pressed upon the government in England the improved condition of affairs, and that the towns were novf ready for the English, and urging them to make it public in that country that they had been cleared of Irish, as appears by the following letter: — " To Secretary Thurloe. "Dublin Castle, Uh March, 1656-7. "Eight Honourable — The Council, having lately taken into their most serious consideration what may be most for the security of this country, and the encouragement of the English to come over and plant here, did think fitt that all Popish re- cusants, as well proprietors as others, whose habitations is in any port-towns, walled-towns, or garrisons, and who did not before the 15th September, 1643 (being the time mentioned in the Act of 1653 for the encouragement of adventurers and soldiers), and ever since profess the Protestant religion, should remove themselves and their families out of all such 1 Plutarch, " Life of Tiinoleon." 2 a (82), p. 492. OF lEELAND. 285 places, and two miles at the least distant therefrom, before 20th May next; and being desirous that the English people may take notice, that by this means there will be both security and conveniency of habitation for such as shall be willing to come over as planters, they have commanded me to send you the enclosed declaration, and to desire you that you will take some course, whereby it may be made known unto the people for their encouragement to come over and plant in this country. " Your humble servant, " Thomas Herbert, Clerk of the Council."^ THE CLEARING OF THE CITY OF KILKENNY. But, since particular instances are sometimes found to strike the mind more forcibly than general calamities, though the general calamity is simply the misery of individuals mul- tiplied, it may be worth while to concentrate attention on three towns, such as Kilkenny, Waterford, and Galway, in order better to comprehend the scenes that were enacted in every town in Ireland, betwen 1650 and 1660. The towns of Ireland were English fortresses, and always, until 1641, considered the mainstay of the English interest in Ireland. In many of them there is, to this day, a suburb known as the Irish town. It lies just outside the principal gate. In modern days it is only known as a quarter inhabited by the poorest of the citizens. But the name serves to recall a period when two towns, occupied by different races, stood beside one another; the one, a kind of fortress or military town, wherein dwelt the invaders, with their wives, families, and servants ; the other, an assemblage of cabins or booths at the gate of the fortress, occupied by the native inhabitants, 1 A (30), p. 246. 286 THE CEOIMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT who supplied them with such wares as eggs, milk, butter, and fish, or were employed by them as masons, carpenters, curriers, carters, and day labourers. One has only to turn to India to behold at the present day a state not very dissimilar, where, at the gate of the English cantonments, occupied by the English officers, and their families, and the troops under their command, is the native town, or sometimes the bazaar, at which the garrison deal for their provisions. Such, in a great measure, was Kilkenny. Round the Norman Castle of the Butlers, seated on a cliS above the Nore, was the Eng- lish town, enclosed with embattled walls, salient towers, and bastions. Outside the gate lay the Irish town. It was founded by William, Earl Marshal, representative of Earl Eichard, Strongbow. It was an ancient colony from England (to use the language of King James' Charter of 16th October, 1608, making it a city),i which retained the English laws, language, and customs, while the neighbourhood had lapsed into Irish barbarism, and had ever manfully repelled and prosecuted the King's enemies. The citizens were proud of their old English blood; and the fair hair and clear com- plexion of the women of Kilkenny (due perhaps in some degree to their fires of smokeless coal), their sweet oval faces, and their tall and graceful figures, plainly tell of their descent. The burghers were all English. They collected the names of the chief of them in this distich, " Archdekin, Archer, Cowley, Langton, Lee, Knaresborough, Lawless, Raggett, Rothe, and Sliee." 2 As the favourite residence of the Earls of Ormond, it be- came a kind of second capital of Leinster. Here met the 1 Memorial of the family of Langton, by John G. A. Prim, " Kilkenny Archaeological Journal." vol. iv., New Series (April 1864). p. 72. 2 Ibid. OF lEELAND. 287 first convention or Parliament of English of the birth of Ire- land, in the reign of Edward III., to resist the resumption of grants (in other words, the seizure of their lands) by a Parliament at Dublin, packed with English Adventurers, to carry out this favourite scheme. " How be it (says Sir John Davis), there followed upon this resumption such a division and faction, between the English of birth and the English of blood and race, as they summoned and held several Parlia- ments, apart one from the other, "i In nearly similar circum- stances it became the capital of the Confederate Catholics in 1642. Here sat their Supreme Council and General Assembly, the Parliament of the Irish, while the Parliament of the English sat in Dublin. On the 27th of March, 1650, Kilkenny surrendered to Cromwell. For three years longer the relics of the in- habitants were continued in dismal protection, waiting for events. They beheld the High Court of Justice assemble (in the place where the Confederate Assembly sat for eight years), with such ceremonies as were used in England, the President being attended by twenty-four halberdiers, ^ and by the Ser- jeant-at-Arms, with the great mace sent down under military guard from the Council Chamber at Dublin Castle, ^ and other officers of the court with their staves tipped in silver. It was a great Court Martial of the conquering English to try the vanquished Irish, consisting as it did of near an hundred officers of Cromwell's army, with a few lawyers intermixed, 1 " A Discoverie of the true Causes why Ireland was never entirely subdued, &c.," by Sir John Davis, p. 660. " Irish Tracts," by Alexander Thorn. 8vo. Dublin: 1860. 2 " From Kilkenny in Ireland, October 14, 1652." " Mercur. Politicus," p. 1969. 3 " The mace to be taken from the Castle of Dublin to Kil- kenny for the High Court of Justice, 28tli September, 1652." Governors along the road to fvn-nish guards of horse to convey Serjeant Mortimer in coming to Kilkenny. A (82), p. 340. 288 THE CROMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT the decree of twelve being enough to sentence to death. i They saw the gallant Colonel Walter Bagnall, Ormond's cousin, led out from this slaughter house to be " bulleted alive"; they saw Mrs. Fitzpatrick, the mother of Colonel John Fitzpatrick, Ormond's future brother-in-law, hanged, both as murderers— a crime of which they were far less capable than their judges— and a whole crowd, many of them equally guiltless. 2 The citizens still hoped, probably, that when satiated with blood, there would rise for them a day of peace. Two years more elapsed, and they were commanded to quit the town and give place to a fresh colony from what has been, called their own " Cannibal " nation.3 Proprietors and swordmen were to transplant to Connaught ; the rest to seek shelter where they might, but never to come within two miles of their former happy home. Lady Fanshaw has described the terrors, and tears, and cries of men, women and children, the inhabitants of Youghal, driven from their ancient habitations in October, 1649.' There remains no record by any of the banished citizens of Kilkenny to paint their woes; or to tell " What sorrows gloomed that parting day That tore them from their native walks away." But amongst them was one widow with her children, who sought refuge with others in Ballinakill, a town in the Queen's County, about sixteen miles north of Kilkenny. She had been the wife of Michael Langton, deceased, one of the chief 1 Commission, dated 8th September, 1652. Library of Trinity College, Dublin, MSS. F. 3, 18. 2 " Mercur. Politicus," Dec. 27, 1652, p. 2151. 3 " The English Interest Anatomized," *c. A.D. 1666. MS. " Carte Papers," vol. ccxxxii., p. 113. * " Memoirs of Lady Fanshaw, wife of the Right Honourable Sir Richard Fanshaw, Bart., written by herself," p. 77. 8vo. London: 1829. OF lEELAND 289 old burgher families, nearly as old as the founding of Kil- kenny. Her eldest son, Nicholas, was apprenticed in 1649, to a merchant in Ross, on the Eiver Barrow, then, and for ages before, a port rivalHng Waterford in shipping. But being sent by his master as supercargo to France, the ship was taken by two Sallee Pickaroons, and he was kept in slavery for three years and four months on the coast of Barbary; conse- quently, he was not present at the putting forth of his mother, his sisters and the family, from the town. But he rejoined her on escaping from the Algerines, at Ballinakill, to find his country under English slavery almost as bad as the Algerine. There he dwelt with her in banishment for nine years ; there he married, and had sons and daughters born to him in exile. For there he copied " the memorials of his grandfather's and father's children in the year of our Lord God 1658," "being the fifth year of our banishment by Cromwell," as he him- self has recorded, adding that he again transcribed them in Kilkenny in the year of our Lord God 1679, being the sixteenth year after his return into his ancestors' house, and the nineteenth of the King's Restoration. i It may be easily conceived with what joy the exiled and transplanted Irish must have heard of the recall of the King by the Convention that assembled in Dublin in February, 1660. They prepared to recross the Shannon, and quit their other places of exile to get back to their ancient homes. But the Convention, composed entirely of Cromwellian officers, got the King, by the advice of the Parliament of England, to issue a proclamation (IJune, 1660), suggesting (most falsely), that the Irish had broken out into new murthers and violence, robbing and despoiling several of his Majesty's Protestant 1 Memorials of the Family of Langton, of Kilkenny, by John G. A. Prim, " Kilkenny Archasological Journal " (New Series), vol. iv., p. 85, Y 290 THE CEOMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT subjects there planted, and disquieting their possessions. The King, therefore, by the advice of the Lords and Commons assembled in Parliament at Westminster, declared that he held it his duty to God and the whole Protestant interest, to order that all Irish rebels remaining in England, or coming thither, or into Ireland, should be seized and proceeded against as traitors; and that the Adventurers and Soldiers should not be disturbed^ — thus implying " that the Irish were up in arms, when, in truth, they were up in prison," as was said. For the Lords Justices and Convention had alread}^ con- fined them under the severest penalties to their then abodes. The exiled inhabitants of Kilkenny considered themselves peculiarly happy in having a powerful patron at Court in Ormond. They addressed their petition privately to the King. Their ancestors, they informed his Majesty, were an ancient English colony, planted in Kilkenny by William Earl Marshal, Earl Palatine of Leinster in the reign of King John ; and that they had always continued true subjects to the Crown of England, and a terror to the King's enemies, as appeared by their many charters. Their city endured a seven days' siege, and had suffered the extremities of plague, fire, and sword, and four several storms at several parts of the city, which were repulsed. But after a great breach made by cannon shot of above fifty great bullets, all for standing for his Majesty's in- terest, at last, by direction of the Commander-in-Chief of his Majesty's Forces in those parts, Sir Walter Butler, Bart., Governor of the city and castle under Lord Ormond, the then Lord Lieutenant, they surrendered on 27th March, 1650, on terms granted by the late Usurper, of the governor and soldiers departing with bag and baggage, and security of the inhabitants in their lives and estates. After that rendition the said Usurper left with their then citizens and their mayor i Printed Proclamation. BocUey's Library. S. Jur. Folio. or lEELAND. 291 their ensigns of authority, declaring that he came not to destroy, but to cherish them. Yet Colonel Daniel Axtell, appointed governor under the Usurper, out of his innate quarter-breaking mind and quality, seized the city charters and ensigns, and dispersed and banished, as well the mayor, aldermen, and other officers, as the inhabitants, forcing them in an unseasonable time of the year to remove from their habitations, and to sell their goods at an undervalue. Since which time they lived, and do live, in a distressed and sad condition. They urged that it was against the honour of Eng- land (which the Usurper protected in his actions) that his capitulation should be broken ; and in conclusion, that it ap- peared in the Old Testament that the breach of the quarter given by Josue to the Gibeonites was, some hundred years after, severely punished in the posterity of King Saul, the breaker of that quarter. And as he that was then mayor of the city was yet living in Connaught in a distressed condition, they humbly conceived that he was still the rightful mayor, and those then pretending to be officers of that corporation were usurpers upon the Petitioners' rights.^ They at the same time addressed Ormond, " while still in durance in their old prisons of misery, poverty, and slavery," and said they doubted not that God had preserved him for the good of the three kingdoms, and especially for their distressed nation, where he had drawn his first breath. And, in conclusion, they told him they " had presumed, out of their coverts and lurk- ing places," to address his Majesty, and had sent the address to some friends in London ; but that it would die unless Or- mond gave life to it by his countenance and favour. 2 They 1 " The Clearing of Kilkenny, Anno 1651." iJy Jolin P. Pien- dergast. Kilkenny Arch.Lol. Journal. Vol. iii. (New tSeries), A.D. 18G1, p. 342. 2 Ibid., p. 340. Endorsed in Ormond's hand, *' Irish Inhabi- tants of Kilkenny. Reed ]8th Jm\e, 1661," 292 THE CKOMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT little knew that with Orinond, like every Englishman, the preservation of the English interest was the ultima ratio regum,^ before which all ties of family, comitry, humanity, go down. Their first rude awakening to this truth must have been to find the English just returned from banishment worse than the Puritans; for those that were spared by Cromwell were driven out by the Royalists. " Worthy cousin," wrote Eichard Shee from Kilkenny, the first Christmas after the King's Restoration, to Patrick Bryan, " the lawyer," in Lon- don, " there are thirty-two artificers and shopmen whom the late Usurper thought fit to dispense from transplantation, and are now commanded by strict order in twenty hours' warning (given them last Friday) to depart with their families. The poor people, with sighs and tears, desired me to implore you to obtain some countermand from the Duke or His High- ness, for which they will always remain your debtor. Their distraction [he concluded] hindered this request to b"e sub- scribed with their own hands. "^ 1 " The English Interest Anatomized," &c., ut supra. 2 Richard Shee "to Patrick Bryan, at his Lodgings at Gray's Inn." Dated December, 1660. " Carte Papers," vol. ccxiv., ji. 194. " Colonel [Richard] Talbot tells me Mr Bryan, the Lawyer, will shortly be here. I presume, by him the Letter in form from the King concerning your pretensions will come." Ormond to Secy Bennett, August 16, 1662. " Carte Papers," ibid. This is probably the Mr. Bryan recommended by Axtell, the Commissioner of Parliament for the Affairs of Ireland, to the Benchers of Lin- coln's Inn : " To the Society of LincoWs Inn. " Gentlemen, — Coming into these parts we received from Colo- nel Axtell, Governor of Kilkenny, very fair testimony of the carriage of Mr John Brien, of [ ],l in the County of Kil- kenny, Esq. At wliose request and earnest intreaty we recom- mend to your favour the bearer, Mr [ ] 2 Bryan, his eldest son, who (out of liis love to good literature and civil education) humbly desires he may be admitted a member of your >Society. Whereunto we are the rather induced in regard the. father is a gentleman of an ancient family and considerable fortune, and one OF IRELAND. 293 In the year 1663, some of the late mhabitants, as Walter Archer, Esq., Sir Eobert Rothe, John Bryan of Jenkins- town, Esq., Mary Bryan, and Garret Wall, of Coolnemuck, Esq., obtained the King's Letters for being restored to their houses and lands, within the City and Liberties of Kilkenny, as soon as they should obtain decrees of Innocence in Court of Claims. 1 For the Adventurers and Soldiers had so con- trived the Act of Settlement, that the banished Irish were not to be restored to their dwellings and properties in towns, even though decreed innocent. ^ They were given to the Protestant Officers who served the King in Ireland before the 5th of June, 1649,3 that they might not be worse off than the Crom- wellian Soldiery. By the Act, however, the King might restore Innocent Papists by name.* The Forty-Nine Officers now insisted that they must be first decreed innocent, and that the King's Letters for restoring these Papists were against the security of the English interest, against the words of the Act, and would deprive them of much of what was designed that hath been active against the enemy, killed a Captain of the Tories, and did some other good services to the Commonwealth in this nation. " And, besides, the Gentleman is young and seemingly in- genuous ; and who knows but the Lord may give him a self-con- vincing spirit to the forsaking the blindness of his father's house, and reducing him unto the way of truth ? Which is the many motives that put us upon this motion, which we commit to your consideration, and rest, Gentlemen, Yours, &c. " [Edmund Li'dlow.] 3 [Miles Corbet.] * [J. Weaver.] " s A (2), p. 302. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, blank in the entry. 1 The King to the Commissioners of the Court of Claims, June 1, 1663. " Carte Papers," vol. xliii., 110. 2 The King's Declaration of 30th November, 1660, for the Settle- ment of Ireland, clause xviii., embodied in Act of Settlement, 14 and 15 Charles II., chap. 2 (A.D. 1662). 3 King's Declaration. Ibid., clause viii. *Id., clause xviii. 294 THE CEOMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT for their arrears; and they appKed to Ormonde to support their objection, which he did.^ The Commissioners were ordered by the Council to suspend the giving of any decrees of innocence to Papists possessed of house property in towns ;2 and by the Act of Explanation (A.D. 1665), the King sur- rendered his power.* By the same Act of Parliament, all Innocents were for ever concluded. Hear their cry ! "It will be (wrote their advocate) a paradox to posterity that the most merciful King, that pardoned the murderers of his royal father, should now give an irrevocable sentence of death against so many thousand Innocents. I cannot foretell what opinion will be had hereafter of this English interest; but it seems it is now become the Ultima Ratio Regum , when no other can be given, and the No7i Plus Ultra to all human ratiocination. " The English interest alone is privileged to endure no com- panion. It is the only interest on earth that cannot subsist without the neighbours' ruin; that cannot be preserved with- out destroying all the rest of mankind where it is concerned. May we not, therefore, justly call it an unsocial, unchristian, and inhuman interest? Nay, a monster in nature — for it fat- tens itself with its own blood. For it appeareth that a great part of the Irish natives now destroyed upon account of secur- ing the English interest are of English extraction, descended from ancient English colonies, who first brought over that in- terest, and maintained it here to our times. If this Cannibal English interest gives no better quarter to the children of English, what can strangers expect? If the interest of Eng- 1 Orraond to Secretary Sir H. Bennett, June 13, 1663. " Carte Papers," vol. cxliii., p. 141. 2 Order of Council, dated 27tli July, 1663. " Carte Papers," vol. xliv., p. 404. 3 17th and 18th Charles II., chap ii., sect. 221. OF lEELAND. 295 land cannot be maintained in Wexford, Kilkenny, and Galway, without extirpating the old natives, whose English ancestors built those cities, and surrounded them with walls for the pre- servation of that interest, what security can the race of the now Adventurers and Souldiers have hereafter in Ireland.^ Or what security can they propose to themselves that, within an age or two at the most, new colonies shall not come out of England to dispossess them of their estates, upon the account of settling a newer English interest, ^ just as their fathers do now dispossess the offspring of the last English? Neither can these new English Colonies (that shall come over one hundred years hence, to extirpate the posterity of the now Adventurers and Souldiers), have any security for their chil- dren; so that to the world's end (according to this new form of government), the English interest can never be settled in Ireland, nor in any other subdued country. "^ THE CLEARING OF WATERFORD. As Kilkenny was purely of English foundation, so Water- ford owed its foundation to the Danes. And no sooner did the English get possession of it, in the days of King Henry II., than they thrust forth the Danes, to people it with English, just as they expelled the descendants of those new colonists, in 1654, to repeople it with newer English. When Kobert Walsh was indicted at Waterford, in 1384, for killing John, son of Ivor M'Gilmore, and pleaded that he was Irish, and that it was no felony to kill an Irishman, the King's Attorney 1 See p. 7, n. 2, supra. 2 He seems to have foreseen the Incumbered Estates Act. 3 " The English Interest Anatomized ; And the fallacie of ar- guments drawn from Obhgation and Necessity for tlie present Settlement of Ireland. Sufficiently demonstrated in a letter from an Irish gentleman to his friend in England.'- [Anno. 1665]. " Carte Papers," vol. ccxxii., p. 113. 296 THE CEOMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT (John fitz John fitz Eobert La Poer) repHed, that M'Gilmore was an Ostman of Waterford, descended of Gerald M'Gilmore, and that all his (Gerald's) posterity and kinsmen were entitled to the law of Englishmen, by the grant of Henry fitz Empress, which he (Mr. Attorney) produced. And issue being joined, the jury on their oaths found, that at the first invasion of the EngHsh, Eeginald the Dane, then ruler of Waterford, drew three great iron chains across the river, to bar the passage of the King's fleet; but that, being conquered and taken by the English, he was tried and hanged, by sentence of the King's court at Waterford, with all his officers, for this crime. They further found that King Henry II. banished all the then in- habitants of the town (except Gerald M'Gilmore, who joined the English, and then dwelt, so the jury found, in a tower over against the Church of the Friars Preachers, very old and ruinous at the time of the trial), and assigned them a place outside the town to dwell at, and there they built what was then (Anno 1384), called the Ostmantown of Waterford. ^ And the same seems to have taken place at Dublin at the first invasion; for King James I. (25th May, 1609), 2 in urging the city of London to inhabit the ruined city of Derry, re- minded them how Dublin, being desolate by the slaughter of the Ostmen, was given by King Henry II. to the city of Bristol, and (to their everlasting commendation) was rein- habited by the men of that city.^ And Waterford was pro- bably repeopled from the same source. 1 Plea Roll of 3rd to 7th year of Edward II. Membrane 18 (old number, 83). From the transcript made by the Record Com- missioners of 1810 — 1825. See also supra, p. 22, n. 2 " Close Roll of Chancery, 7th and 8th Charles I. (1632—33). Calendar of Patent and Close Rolls, of King Charles I., page 620. By James Morrin, Clerk of the Enrolments." 8vo. Dublin: Alexander Thom, Her Majesty's Stationer, 1836. 3 Hence, perhaps, the Ostmantown (or Oxmantown) of Dublin. OF lEELAXD. 297 It thenceforth continued to be, what Sir WilHam Temple desired (A.D. 1668), that Dubhn should for ever be kept, a chaste English town.i Not in the vulgar sense ; for at the time of Sir. W. Temple's wish, Dublin, in Mr. Justice Clodpole's opinion (so Ormond said), was but the lesser Sodom ;2 but pure of Irish. With the degenerate Poers of Donile, and their Irish confederates the O'Driscols of Baltimore, the mayor and citizens of Waterford, in 1368 and 1415, waged stout war. Yet this did not hinder the Mayor and a chivalrous party of his citizens from going by sea on Christmas eve (A.D. 1453), well armed, to Baltimore, and presenting themselves to O'Driscol and his family at their Christmas dinner in the hall. They soon relieved them of their terrors, by telling them they had come, not to injure them, but to carol and to dance. And having enjoyed his hospitality, they brought O'Driscol and his family back with them to Waterford, to partake of the city festivities, and to dance on St. Stephen's Day.* This city got liberty from Parliament, by 25 Henry VI. (A.D. 1447), to war against the Poers and the Welshmen, their wild neighbours, as Irish.'* The Parliament seemed to consider it a kind of English oasis in a desert of Irish. For in the year 1477 they found that in all the counties round the city there were no English demeaning themselves as English, but dressing and acting like the Irish ; and that Eichard Power had, for twenty years, been sheriff of the county, and had robbed and murdered French, English, Spanish, Portuguese, and Flemish merchants. The Mavor and Commons were, 1 " Life of Sir H. Coventry, by T. Peregrine Coiu'tnev," vol. i., pp. 382—384. 2 vols. 8vo. London : 1836. 2 Ormond to Lord Kingston, 16 December, 1674. " Carte Papers," vol. 1., p. 123. 3 MSS. Library of Trinity College, Dublin, F. 3, 16. * Unpublished Irish Statutes. 298 THE CROMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT therefore, authorized, by 16 and 17 Edward IV. (A.D. 1477), to elect a sheriff for the county.^ In 1647, this sea town (so the EngHsh newswriters reported) had no natural Irish in it, nor would admit any during these troubles. ^ It was considered by the Kings of England so true, that it got from them the name of the city of Unspotted Loyalty, which it bears as the motto to its arms to this day.' In 1650 (6th August) it surrendered to Ireton, after so gallant a defence by General Preston, that he obtained terms to march out under safe conduct to Athlone, standards flying, trumpets sounding, pistols and carbines loaded.* But in due time it shared the fate of its sister, Kilkenny. Its merchants, the Lombards, the Lincolnes, the Lynnets, the Geraldines, were dispersed and banished ; its thronged streets became de- solate, its houses dilapidated, and the breast of its broad river shipless. Ireton now (16th February, 1650-1), approved of Colonel Eichard Lawrence's proposals for the raising in Eng- land of a regiixient of 1,200 Footmen, for the planting and guarding of the city.^ None (or but a few) came. In 1650 (10th December), Waterford (as well as Limerick, Galway and Cork), so the Commissioners for Ireland informed the Lord Protector and Council of State, had become ruinous, the houses falling down, and by indigent people pulled down.^ But at length came the Eestoration; and the King's gracious Declaration of 30th November, 1660, drawn by the Cromwellians, where the King is made to comfort himself that God, who had wrought 1 Unpublished Irish Statutes. 2 " Perfect Diurnal of Passages in Pai-liament," " News from Dublin," 9th June, 1647, p. 1629. 3 " Urbs Intacta." * " The Articles of Siirrender in Several Proceedings in Par- liament, from 22nd to 29th August, 1650." No. 48, p. 710. 3 Ibid., p. 1129. 6 A (30), p. 217. OF IBELAND. 299 so much for him in England, would bring his work to the same perfection in Ireland, and not suffer his good subjects to weep in one kingdom, while they rejoiced in the other. i Some of the banished merchants of Waterford, hearing these happy tidings beyond the seas at Ostend, St. Malos, Nantz, and Kochelle, in France, and at St. Sebastian and Cadiz in Spain, on behalf of themselves (and of others, in far-off Mexico), petitioned (April 19, 1661), to be allowed to return, and to exercise, in their native abode, the skill they had gained in traftiquing during their eleven years' banishment, since the surrender of the city to Ireton, and the confiscation of their pro- perties. God had blessed their efforts. They had been enabled to relieve such of His Majesty's distressed officers and follow- ers as came in their way. And, if they were now restored to their little properties in Waterford, they would bring thither their stock, and exercise their insight and experience in their native city.^ No answer appears to have been made to their prayer. In 1664 (1st August), seven other merchants, in behalf of themselves and others, in all about twenty, young men dispersed beyond the seas, petitioned Ormonde from St. Malos. They had acquired by their industry, in the thirteen years last past, a reasonable stock, but much more in expe- rience and trafhque ; their insight into cominerce being such as they might boldly aver it to exceed that of all their pre- decessors in that city, and equal to that of all the merchants then in Ireland ; and that their being gathered together in one city would, in process of time, render Waterford as flourishing 1 Clause v., embodied in the Act of Settlement, 14 and 15 Char- les II. (A.D. 16G2), chap. ii. 2 " The petition of Mathew Porter, Nicholas Geraldin, Jasper Grant, Nicholas Lee the younger, James Lincolne, Mathew Everard, and Luke Hore, banisht mercliants of Waterford, now residing beyond the seas." " Carte Papers," vol. xxxiii., p. 35G. 300 THE CBOMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT as ever it was, and second only to Dublin. They hoped the Duke of Ormond would not deem the inconvenience greater than the benefit, if they should return home, and practise in their native soil the knowledge they had acquired in foreign nations. (And sure His Grace had, in his person, received such many advantages from his outlandish experience, not to regard the like in its degree in others?) They would be leaders of the rest. Their estates were not above £800 a year; and if restored. His Majesty would soon regain the loss of their re- turn.^ In answer they were bidden to send over one of their number, and they should be furnished with Letters of Marque against the apprehended war with the Hollanders. ^ They replied (31 January, 1664-5), that they would be willing to equip and send forth privateers from Waterford, if allowed to return and enjoy their properties and freedoms. These, they said, were their hopes; but they were balanced by their fears, grounded on^ the hard usage of those that were at home, who were so far from being allowed the freedom of citi- zens, that they were daily threatened to be expelled the town, and were as ill dealt with as under Cromwell. ^ Their allusion, no doubt, was to the scenes that took place two years before (with threats since of repetition), when the gentry, at the Restoration, having quitted their former tillage 1 " Letter to Sir Nicholas Plunket (towards Ormond), one of the Agents for the Affairs of Ireland, dated St. Malos, 1 August, 1664." Signed, " James Lincolne, Nicholas Lee, Junior, Mathew Porter, Mathew Everard, Nicholas Geraldin Redmon, Luke Hore, Jaspar Grant." P.S. — " They who are not concerned in Estates are, Anthony Carew, of Ostend ; Valentin Morgan, of Saint Sabas- tian ; Francis White, of Calls ; Andrew Geraldin, of Nantz ; Wil- liam Lee, of Rochell ; Nicholas and Theobald, of Saint Malos ; Walter Poore, in Mexico, and divers others, &c., Peeter Lynett." " Carte Papers," vol. xxxiii., p. 351. 2 Ibid., p. 353. 3 Mathew Porter to Ormond. Dated " Saint Malos, the last of January, 1664 — 5." " Carte Papers," vol. xxxiv., p. 22. OF IRELAND. 301 in Connaught, repaired for relief and habitation to other parts of the kingdom, and there took farms. On the 7th of December, 1661, a Committee of the Commons, then sitting in Dubhn, waited on the Lords Justices at 7 o'clock at night, with a letter alleged to be dropped from a priest's pocket, near Trim, importing a conspiracy of the Irish. ^ Whereupon they issued a proclamation, dated 10th December, 1661, ordering all Transplanters back to Connaught, and all merchants and tradesmen to depart the towns (even those who had been tole- rated there by the late Usurpers), on twenty-four hour's warn- ing, with their wives, children, and goods and families, which was executed with so much rigour, as many women (some of them big with child), staying at Waterford beyond the day prefixed for their banishment, were, in the depth of winter, dragged through the streets, and thrust out of the town. 2 The objections to the restoring of these poor banished merchants of Waterford (and other towns) was, that they were then planted with English who had brought trade and manufacture into the kingdom. ^ But Sir Nicholas Plunket answered, that they would prove (if allowed) that the cor- porations never had less trade, nor in man's memory been so poor and decayed as then. The reason (he said) being plain, that most of those transported thither were such as had not 1 " The More ample Accompt," &c., pp. 2 to 5. By F. Peter Walsh. Dated London, 3 February, 1661-2. 12mo." London: 1662. ■ 2 " Tlie Petition of Divers Roman Catholics of Ireland to His Majesty, desiring that they might have liberty to live in any County or Corporation in Ireland, being by orders of the Lords Justices, commanded into Connaught." [January, 1662?]. Liber H., " Collections concerning the Act of Settlement," p. 22. Record Tower, Dublin Castle. And see for description, " The More Ample Accompt," vhi supra; and "The Clearing of Kil- kenny," " Richard Sliea's Letter to Patrick Ryan," suprd, p. 292. 3 " His Majesty's Declaration for the Settlement of Ireland of 30th November, 1660," clause xviii. Embodied in Act of Settle- ment, 13 and 14 Chas. II. (A.D. 1062), chap. 2. 302 THE CROMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT stock or means to drive on trade, and went thither in hopes to have dwelHng houses without rent for their habitations. ^ THE CLEARING OF GALWAY. Galway seems to have been, even before the Enghsh con- quest, the seat of foreign traders. And some time after the invasion of Henry II., the town is found inhabited by a num- ber of families, all of French and English blood, who refused to intermarry with the Irish. Their relations with the native race may best be understood by one of the corporation by- laws, which enacts (A.D. 1518) that none of the inhabitants should admit any of the Burkes, M'Williams, Kellys, or any other sept into their houses, to the end " that neither 0 ne Mac should strutte ne swagger throughe the streets of Gall- way. "^ In 1641 the townspeople were all English. Eichard Martin, one of the principal inhabitants, in announcing, from Galway, the outbreak of the Irish in the neighbourhood, to Lord Ormond, informs him (December, 1641) that the town is disfurnished with arms and munitions, so that to defend those maiden walls they had but naked bodies. And in allusion to a rumour current that they would be allowed none, he says, God forbid it should be true. " If it be (said he) we are very unfortunate to be hated by some powerful neighbours for be- ing all English; and to have over four hundred years' con- stant and unsuspected loyalty without the help of a garrison (until the last year, when there was no need for it) forgotten and buried. "^ 1 " The Roman Catholics of Ireland, their Answers relating to the Proposals offered in order to the Settlement of Ireland by the Commissioners from the Convention of Ireland in 1660." " Carte Papers," vol. Ixviii., Paper 6th. 2 " History of Galway," p. 20. By James Hardiman. 4to. 3 " Carte Papers," vol. ii., p. 117. OF IKELAND. 303 Galway was the last fortress of the Irish in the war of 1641, and surrendered to Ludlow on the 20th March, 1652, on ar- ticles, securing the inhabitants their residences within the town, and the enjoyment of their houses and estates. The taxation was soon so great, that many of the townspeople quitted their habitations, and removed their cattle, unable to endure it.i Consequently the contribution fell the heavier on the remaining inhabitants. This tax was collected from them every Saturday by sound of trumpet; and if not instantly paid, the soldiery rushed into the house, and seized what they could lay hands on. The sound of this trumpet, every re- turning Saturday, shook their souls with terror, like the trum- pet of the day of judgment. ^ On the 15th March, 1653, the Commissioners for Ireland, remarking upon the disaffection thus exhibited, confiscated the houses of those that had de- serted the town. Those that fled were wise in time. On 23rd July, 1655, all the Irish were directed to quit the town by the 1st of November following, the owners of houses, however, to receive compensation at eight years' purchase; in default, the soldiers were to drive them out.* On 30th October this order was executed. All the inhabitants, except the sick and bedrid, were at once banished, to provide accommodation for such English Protestants whose integrity to the State should entitle them to be trusted in a place of such impor- tance; and Sir Charles Cooto on the 7th November received the thanks of the government for clearing the town, with a re- quest that he would remove the sick and bedrid as soon as the 1 A (82), p. 704. 2 " Pii Antistitis Icon, (^'C." " The Portrait of a Pious Bishop, or the Life and Death of tlie INfost Reverend Francis Kirwan. Bishop of Killala." By John Lynch, Archdeacon of Tuam. Saint Malos, A.D. 1669. Translated' by the Rev. C. P. Meehan. J. Duffy. 12mo. Dublin: 1848. 3 Ibid., p. 136. 304 THE CEOIMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT season might i">ermit, and take care that the houses while empty were not spoiled by the soldiery.^ Among the sick and bedrid was not counted Eobert French, a cripple, though not able to stand or sit without the assistance of another. He was helped out of the town by George French, and they be- took themselves to a village in the country. They had con- verted all their little substance into money, in hopes to bestow the same in some bargain of advantage to them. But their banishment was peculiarly unfortunate. On the 10 June, 16(34, in the dead time of the night, they were plundered of £44 12s. in money, and of gold rings, spoons, and other things, to the value of £20, and of their evidences, and writ- ings of great value, by four unknown and disguised horsemen, who, upon fresh pursuit, could not be discovered in the country — only of late one of them was hanged in Galway. Ever since they were in a miserable condition, living on the charity of friends. They, accordingly, asked liberty of the Lord Lieutenant and Council to live again and abide in Gal- way, out of the danger of further plundering. 2 Mathew Quin, and Mary Quin (otherwise Butler) his wife, asked liberty of the Lord Lieutenant to clear the graveyard of St. Francis's Abbey, without the w^alls, in the north Fran- chises of the town 'of Galway, of the stones laid in heaps upon the graves by the late usurped power. It was the burial place of the petitioners and their ancestors since the reign of James I., and of very many inhabiting the town and country near it. The late Abbey was demolished by the usurpers.^ 1 " History of Galway," p. 137, n. By James Hardiman. 2 " The humble Petition of Robert French and George French." Fiat by Ormonde. Dated Dublin Castle, 21 May, 1G69. " Carte Papers," vol. cxliv., p. 41. 3 Their Petition. Fiat by Ormonde. Dated Dublin Castle, 21 May, 16GG. " Carte Papers," vol. cxliv., p. 41. For Lord Forbes's and the Adventurers' desecration of St. Mary's Church, and digging up the graves in 1642, see p. 75, supra. OF IKELAND. .305 and the monuments defaced and taken away, and the stones laid down in great heaps upon the graves. So that the inha- bitants who ought to be buried there cannot be interred in their ancestral vaults and graves without great charge and trouble^ By such desolation the town was made ready for newer English to inhabit. On 22 July, 1656, the Commissioners for Ireland moved his Highness, the Lord Protector, and Council of State, that some considerable merchants of London might be urged to occupy it, to revive its trade and repair the town, which was falling into ruin, being almost depopulated, and the houses falling down for want of inhabitants. But the City of London had known enough of Ireland. Star-chambered in 1637 for their neglect at Derry, and "censured in" £70,000, and their Charter suspended, and their whole plantation effaced by the Irish war in 1641, they would venture no more. The Lord Protector and Council, therefore, turned to two less ex- perienced cities. There was a large debt of £10,000 due to Liverpool for their loss and sufferings for the good cause. The eminent de- servings and losses of the city of Gloucester also had induced the Parliament to order them £10,000, to be satisfied in for- feited lands in Ireland. The Commissioners of Ireland now offered forfeited houses in Gal way, rated at ten years' pur- chase, to the inhabitants of Liverpool and Gloucester, to satisfy the respective debts, and they were both to arrange about the planting of it with English Protestants. To induce them to accept the proposal, the Commissioners enlarged upon the advantages of Galway. It lay open for trade with Spain, 1 "To Mr. Henry Waddington, Receiver of His Highness's Revenue in the Precinct of Galway, £50 on account, being by him to be issued according to orders from Colonel Thomas Sadleir, for and towards demolishing the Abbey near Galway. 26 February, 1656-7." Treasury Warrants, p. 91, Z 306 ' THE CEO^IWELLIAN SETTLEMENT the Straits, the West Indies, and other phices ; no town or port in the three nations, London excepted, was more considerable. It had many noble miiform buildings of marble, though many of the houses had become ruinous by reason of the war, and the waste done by the impoverished English dwelling there. No Irish were permitted to live in the city, nor within three miles of it. If it were only properly inhabited by Enghsh, it might have a more hopeful gain by trade than when it was in the hands of the Irish that Hved there. ^ There was never a better opportunity of undertaking a plantation, and settling manufactures there than the present, and they suggested that it might become another Derry. The bait took. On 17th February, 1657-8, the houses in Flood-street, Key-street, Middle-street, Little Gate-street, south side of High-street, and other parts adjoining, valued to £1,518 8s. Ski. by the yearj were set out to the well-affected inhabitants of Gloucester. ^ Others of like value were set out to those of Liverpool. 3 But no new Gloucester or Liverpool arose at Galway. Nor did her ancient crowds of shipping re- turn to her bay. For it is a comparatively easy thing to unsettle a nation or ruin a town, but- not so easy to resettle the one, or to re- store the other to prosperity, when ruined.* And Galway, once frequented by ships with cargoes of French and Spanish wines, to supply the wassailings of the 0 'Neils and O'Donels, the O'Garas and the O'Kanes, her marble palaces handed over to strangers, and her gallant sons and dark-eyed daugh- ters banished, remains for 200 years a ruin; her splendid port empty, while her "hungry air" in 1862 becomes the mock of the official stranger. ^ 1 A (30), p. 255; ibid., p. 315. 2 A (81), p. 260. 3 ibid., p. 281. * " The Great Case of Transplantation Discussed," p. 26. 4to. London : 1655. s Sir Robert Peel, Bart., Secretary for Ireland. OF iHELAND. 307 CHAPTER VII. THE THREE BUUDEXSOME BEASTS. DESOLATIOX OF IRELAND. Ireland, in the language of Scripturo, now lay void as a wil- derness. Five-sixths of her people had perished. Women and children were found daily perishing in ditches, starved. The bodies of many wandering orphans,^ whose fathers had embarked for Spain, and whose mothers had died of famine, were preyed upon by wolves. In the years 1652 and 1053, the plague and famine had swept away whole counties, that a man might travel twenty or thirty miles and not see a living creatuiie. Man, beast, and bird were all dead, or had quit those desolate places. The troopers would tell stories of the places where they saw a smoke, it was so rare to see either smoke by day, or fire or candle by night. If two or three cabins were met with, there were found there none but aged men, with women and children; and they, in the words of the prophet, " become as a bottle in the smoke; their skins black like an oven, because of the terrible famine." They were seen to pluck stinking carrion out of a ditch, black and rotten ; and were said to have even taken corpses out of the grave to eat. 1 " Upon serious consideration had of the great multitudes of poore swarming in ail parts of tliis nacion, occasioned by the de- vastation of the country, and by tlie habits of licentiousness and idleness wliich the generality of the people have acquired in the time of this rebellion ; insomuch that frequently some are found feeding on carrion and weeds — some starved in the highways, and many times poor children who lost their parents, or have been deserted by them, are found exposed to, and some of them fed upon, by ravening wolves and other beasts and birds of prey." " Printed Declaration of the Council, 12th May, 1653." A (84), p. 138, 308 THE CKOMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT A party of horse hunting for Tories on a dark night discovered a light; they thought it was a fire which the Tories usually made in those waste counties to dress their food and warm themselves ; drawing near, they found it a ruined cabin, and besetting it round, some alighted and peeped in at the win- dow. There they saw a great fire of wood, and sitting round about it a company of miserable old women and children, and betwixt them and the fire a dead corpse lay broiling, which as the fire roasted, they cut off collops and ate.^ Such was thv3 depopulation of Ireland, that great part of it, it was believed, must lie waste many years — much of it for many ages.^ But these great wastes were haunted by these burdensome beasts, that troubled the comfort of the English. In the first united Parliament of the Three Kingdoms, at Westminster, in 1657, Major Morgan, member for the county of Wicklow, deprecated the taxation proposed for Ireland, by showing that the coun- try was in ruins; and, besides the cost of rebuilding the churches, courthouses, and markethouses, they were under a very heavy charge for public rewards, paid for the destruction of three beasts. " We have three beasts to destroy (said Major Morgan), that lay burthens upon us. The first is the wolf, on whom we lay five pounds a head if a dog, and ten pounds if a bitch. The second beast is a priest, on whose head we lay ten pounds, — if he be eminent, more. The third beast is a Tory, on whose head, if he be a public Tory, we lay twenty pounds ; and forty shillings on a private Tory. Your army cannot catch them : the Irish bring them in ; brothers and cousins cut one another's throats. "^ 1 The description of an eye-witness — " The Interest of Ireland in its Trade and Wealth Stated," Part ii., p. 86. By Colonel Richard Lawrence. 12mo. Dublin: 1682. 2 " The Interest of England in the well Planting of Ireland with English," p. .'U. Bv Colonel Richard Lawrence. Small 4to. Dublin: 1656. 3 " Burton's Parliamentary Diary," 10th June, 1657. OF lEELAND. 309 FIRST BURDENSOME BEAST, THE WOLF. When the Great Jehovah in his inscrutal)le wisdom directed the sons of Israel to return to the land of Canaan, where they had been humbly and hosjntably entertained for many years, and charged them to kill all the inhabitants without mercy, and divide their ancient inheritance by lot, he warned them against destroying them too suddenly. " Thou shalt smite them, and utterly destroy them; but thou must not consume them at once, lest the beasts of the field increase upon thee. "^ In Ireland, from too rapidly exterminating the people, the wolves multiplied in the great scopes of land lying waste and deserted in all parts of the country, and increased till they be- came so serious a public nuisance, by destroying the sheep and cattle of the English, that various measures had to be taken against them. Ireland had of old been celebrated for her wolf dogs, which, with her equally celebrated hawks, were consi- dered fit presents for kings. The officers quitting for Spain in 1652, proud of their dogs, were found to be taking them with them ; but the tidewaiters at the different ports, now crowded with these departing exiles, were directed to seize the dogs, on account of the increasing number of the wolves, and send them to the public huntsman of the precinct. ^ Public hunts were regularly organised, and deer toil brought over from England, and kept in the public store for setting up while driving the woods with hounds and horn for these destructive beasts of prey.^ Irishmen were occasionally em- 1 Deuteronomy, eliap. vii. 2 A (82), p. 202. 3 " Whereas some money hath been issued on account to Colo- nel Daniel Abbott and others, for providing of toyles for taking of wolves, which have been brouglit over for publique use ; and understanding that part tliereof is at present at Greenhill, near Kiktullen; ordered tliat Captain Tomlins, Comptroller of the Traine, do forthwitli take care that the said toyles and other 310 THE CEOMWELJAAX SETTLEMENT ployed, and furnished with i)asses to go with guns to kill them in particular districts, as in the county of Wicklow.^ This curse, one of the consequences of the great desolation, the go- vernment charged upon the priests. Eor if the priests had not been in Ireland, the trouble would not have arisen, nor the English have come, nor have made the country almost a ruinous heap, nor would the wolves have so increased. ^ By a similar process of reasoning it is proved that it is the Irish that have caused the ruin, the plundering, and desolation of the country from the days of the first invasion for so many ages. By a printed declaration of 29th June, 1653, repubhshed on 1st July, 1656, the commanders of the various districts were to appoint days and times for himting the wolf ; and per- sons destroying wolves and bringing their heads to the Commis- sioners of the Eevenue of the precinct were to receive for the head of a bitch wolf, £6; of a dog wolf, £5; for the head of every cub that preyed by himself, 40s. ; and for the head cf every sucking cub, 10s. ^ The assessments on several counties to reimburse the treasury for these advances became, as ap- materials thereto belonging be broiiglit from Greenhill, or any other place, and laid into the publique stores, and there kept until further direction shall be given concerning the same. Dated at Dublin, 29th August, 1659. " Thos. Herbert, Clerk of the Council." A (17), p. 45. . 1 " Ordered that Richard Toole, with Morris M'Wdham, his servant, with their two fowling pieces, and half a pound oV powder and bullet proportionable be permitted to pass quietly from Dublin into the counties of Kiklare, Wicklow, and Dublin, for the killing of wolves. To continue for the space of two months from the date of the order. Dublin, 1 November, 1652." A (82), p. 454. 2 " Declaration of the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland [Cromwell! in answer to the Declaration of the Irish Prelates and Clergy in a Conventicle at Clonmacnoise. Printed at Corke, and now re- printed at London. Ed. Griffin, at the Old Bayley, March 21, 1650." 3 A (84). p. 255. Republished 7th July, 1656.— '•' Book of Printed Declarations of the Commissioners for the Affairs of Ireland." British Museum. OP IRELAND. Bll pears from Major IMorgan's speech, a serious charge. In cor- rohoration it appears that in ]\Iarch, 1655, there was due from the precinct of Galway £243 5s. 4d. for rewards paid on this account. But the most curious evidence of their numbers is that lands lying only nine miles north of Dublin were leased by the State in the year 1653, under conditions of keeping a hunting establishment with a pack of wolf hounds for killing the wolves, part of the rent to be discounted in wolves' heads, at the rate in the declaration of 29tli June, 1653.^ Under this lease Captain Edward Piers was to have all the state lands in the barony of Dunboyne, in the county of Meath, valued at £543 8s. 8d. at a rent greater by £100 a year than they then yielded in rent and contribution, for five years from 1st of May following, on the terms of maintaining at Dublin and Dunboyne three wolf dogs, two English mastiffs, a pack of hounds of sixteen couple (three whereof to hunt the wolf only), a knowing huntsman and two men, and one boy. Captain Piers was to bring to the Commissioners of Eevenue at Dublin a stipulated number of wolves' heads in the first year, and a diminishing number every year; but for every wolf head whereby he fell short of the stipulated number, £5 was to be defalked from his salarv.^ SECOND BURDENSOME BEAST, THE PRIEST. On the 8th December, 1641, both Houses of Parliament in England passed a joint declaration, in answer to the demand of the Irish for the free exercise of their religion, that they never would give their assent to any toleration of the Popish religion in Ireland, or in any other of his Majesty's dominions.^ Cromwell's manifesto, too, cannot be foi-gotten, tiiat where tlie 1 A CiO), p. ;}0. 2 A (82), p. GSG. 3 4th " Rashworth's C'olloetions," p. 455. 312 THE CEOMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT Parliament of England had power the Mass should not be allowed of .^ Pym had previously boasted that they would not leave a priest in Ireland. ^ Such a measure was the proper com- plement of the declaration; for what could priests be about but spreading their religion if they staid? For them, during the war, there was no mercy ; when any forces surrendered upon terms, priests were always excepted ; priests were thence- forth out of protection, to be treated as enemies that had not surrendered. Twenty pounds was offered for their discovery, and to harbour them was death. ^ This obliged them to fly, and to hide until they heard of some body of swordmen being ready to sail for Spain. Thereupon it was their custom to get the officers commanding to apply for leave to transport them together with his troops.* Occasionally they would 1 " Declaration of the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, in Answer to the Acts of the Popish Clergy at Clonmacnoise. Printed at Cork, and reprinted in London. March, 1650." 4to. 2 " Nalson's Historical Collections." * " INTELLIGENCE FROM IRELAND. " Dublin, 11 November, 1650. " SiR,^ — You will hear from AVaterford more certain news, and from Munster, than from hence. The Toryes are very busye in these parts, and it is probable they will increase ; for all the Papists are to be turned out of this city ; and for the Jesuits, priests, fryers, munks, and nunnes, 201i will be given to any that can bring certain intelligence where any of them are. And who- soever doth harbour or conceal any one of them is to forfeit life and estate. " Your humble servant, " Evans Vavghan." " Several Proceedings in Parliament from 21st to 28th Novem- ber, 1650," p. 912. * " Colonel Teelin, who has licence to transport one thousand Irish for the service of the King of Spain, to have liberty to take away all priests in Ireland that send in their names. 26 January, 1654." A (83), p. 85. " Colonel Edmund O'Dwyer being licensed to transport 3500 Irish, for the service of the Prince de Conde; ordered that he be permitted to enlist and transport such Priests, Jesuits, and other OF IRELAND. 313 apply for protection, while waiting to transport themselves of their own accord.^ To be proscribed, however, was nothing but what they were vised to from the days of Queen Elizabeth. There were statutes in force in England making the exercise of their re- ligion death. 2 Yet, as Spenser remarked, they faced all penalties in performance of their duties. They spared not to come out of Spain, from Rome, and from Rheims, by long toil and dangerous travelling thither, where they knew the peril of death awaited them, and no reward but to draw the people imto the Church of Rome.^ The laws occasionally slept ; but were revived by proclamation when the fears or persons in Popish orders, who are still in Ireland, and shnll give in their names. 4th November, 1653." A (84), p. 112. 1 " Whereas, John Barnewall, priest, is desirous, in conformity with the late Declaration of the said Commissioners of Parlia- ment, to depart this nation into some of the parts beyond the seas in America ; ordered that he be permitted to reside in this nation till the 7th of April next, he acting nothing to the prejudice of the Commonwealth, nor exercising his priestly function in the interim : provided the said John Barnewall do at at the expiration of the term abovesaid depart this nation, according to tlie inten- tion of the said proclamation. Dated at Dublin, the 7 Fchruanj, 1653." A (82), p. 585. " That the Governor of Dublin do cause all such priests in the jails as are not under suspicion of murder, to be delivered on board the ship ' Globe,' commanded by William Hazlewood, to be by him convej'ed and landed at Cadiz or Malaga. Dublin : 24 July, 1654." A (83), p. 503. " Ordered that the Mayor of Dublin be desired forthwith to press a fitt and able vessel in this port for the transportation of such a number of the Popish clergy as are to go with Lieutenant- General Farrell for Spain. Dublin, 19th February, 1652 — 3." A (82), p. 639. 2 Ibid., p. 585. 3 " Spenser's View of Ireland," p. 584. 314 THE CliOMWELLlAN SETTLEMENT anger of the government or peoj^le of Englund were aroused, as by the Powder Plot, though the Irish had no part in it. And then the priests had to fly to the woods or mountains, or to disguise themselves as gentlemen, soldiers, carters, or la- bourers. They had no fear that any of the Irish would betray them for all the large rewards offered. But pregnant women and others, hastening on foot out of the Protestant parts towards those places where priests were known to be har- boured, was frequently the cause of their being apprehended. In this way Connor O'Dovan, Bishop of Down, was tracked, taken and committed prisoner to the Castle of Dublin, in 1611.^ Barnaby Eich at this very time represents a student of Trinity College as meeting a priest, his acquaintance, in the streets of Waterford : he asks the priest what means his ruffling suit of apparel, his gilt rapier, and dagger hanging by his side, more gentleman-like than priest-like ? He accounts for his disguise by the proclamation of 1605, forbidding a priest to remain in the re aim. ^ Until the month of December, 1641, the Roman Catholic worship was tolerated in Dublin. But no sooner had the new regiments arrived from England, than they profaned the chapels, broke or burnt the images, seized the monks, and (writes a Capuchin friar, himself one of the victims) would have slain them, onlv that the Lords Justices sent them off in 1 P. .340, '' Analec'ta sacra nova et mira de Rebus Catholicorum in Hibernia, pro Fide et Religione Gestis, divisa in tres Partes. . . . CoUectore et Relatore T. N. Philadelplio, Colonite, 1617," p. '581. 12nio. (By Rothe, R.C. Bishop of Ossory.) 2 P. 1, "A Catholic Conference between Sir Thady Mac Marall, a Popish Priest of Waterford, and Patrick Plaine, a young student of Trinity College, by Dublin. Wherein is deli- vered the maimer of execution that was used upon a Popish Bisliop and a Popish Priest that for several matters of treason were executed at Dublin, the 1st of February last, A.D. 1611. By Baruabie Rycli, Gent., Servant to the King's Most Excellent Majesty." 12mo. London: 1612. OF IBKLANi). B15 two shiploads to France.^ The secular clergy were again con- nived at, on account of the loyalty of the old English of Dub- lin, till the surrender of the city b}^ Orniond to the Parliament, in July, 1647.2 '\^i^q ^ew Governor, Colonel Michael Jones, (brother of Dr. Henry Jones, Bishop of Clogher, no longer Prelate, but Presbyterian, and soon after Scoutmaster- General to Cromwell's army), ordered all Papists to quit the city; and declared it death for any to sleep within the walls, or within two miles of them, or to harbour a Priest.^ After Cromwell's arrival all penalties were increased, and the Declarations against Priests more strictly executed. Nicholas French, Bishop of Ferns, fled from the massacre of Wexford, and escaped to the mountains, and passed more than five months there, with other refugees, among the wan- dering creaghts, often sleeping on the bare ground in the open air, in frost. Once, when the wood was surrounded, he burst through the closing lines of soldiers and escaped by the swift- ness and stoutness of his horse.* Father James Ford dwelt (in 1654) in an island in a large bog, surrounded by students, who built huts around him, and became his scholars. ^ 1 " Letter of Fr. Nicholas, SuiDerior of the Capuchins of Dublin. Pictavii, 12 July, 1G42." " Memoirs of the Most Reverend Oliver Phinket, Primate, &c. By the Rev. Patrick F. Moran, D.D." Introduction, p. xi. James Duffy. Svo. Dublin: 1861. 2 " Inhabitants of Dublin and Droglieda adhering to the Royal Autliority till 1647, and since expulsed from their habitations and estates in the time of usurped power (or their heirs and widows, if dead), to be restored to their former houses, lands, and free- doms." Act of Settlement, 14 & 15 Charles II. (A.D. 1662), chap, ii., sect. 178. 3 " Relatio quarundum Notabilium, etc." " Report of certain remarkable Kvents in Ireland, from 1641 to 1650, in the archives of the Irish College at Rome." Moran's Life of Primate Plun- ket, p. xii. * " Litt. Nicol. Fernens. Fp. ad Internuntium." Letter of Nicholas French, Risliop of Ferns, to tlie Intermnicio. Dated Antwerp, January, 167.'5. " Moran's liife of Archbishop Plunket," p. xxiii. s " Status Soc. J. an. 1651." Condition of the Society of Jesus in the year 1654. Ibid., p. 99. 316 THE CBOMWELLIAN SETTLEMENT Father Christopher Netterville laj hid for an entire year in the family burial vault, and, being near seized, had to hide himself in a quarry, and there continued his ministrations. ^ The Priests assumed all disguises. Jesuits as peasants or beggars visited the towns, and now in one house, now in another, said mass.^ The few survivors of the Franciscans and Capuchins lived (1650-1654) as shepherds, herdsmen, and ploughmen. ^ A Capuchin father, in his letter from Waterford to his Superior at Rome (30th June, 1651), stated that he passed freely about the city, being gardener to the chief Protestant there, and sometimes acting as coal porter at the quay.* This was Father Nugent; and Colonel Lawrence, Governor of Water- ford (alluded to), used to tell in after times how zealous he was in attending family prayer and public meeting. So much so, that Mr. John Cook, Chief Justice of Munster, resident at Waterford, with a fine mansion in the city, and anotlier at Kilbarry, beside the town, for his country house^ (both taken from the former owners), pleased with his piety, borrowed 1 " Status Rei CatliolicJe, 43,3 sums advanced were to be satisfied in double the quantity in the first Act — thac is to s-ay, the lands were to be rated at four shillings the acre instead of eight in jMunst'^r, and at two shillings instead of four in Ulster, and the measure was enlarged to Irish measui'c. And any original Adventurer who should within three months pay in a further sum, o<[ual to a fourth part of the sum he had first sub- scribed, was to have the old and new Adventures counted together at one sum, to be repaid at the new i-ates. It cannot be stated with certainty that the list is- a com- plete one, for the name of Ellen Milborne does not appear among the Adventurers to be set down in the baronj' cf 1 Anahils of xUt of 26th Sept., 1653, MSS. T.C.D., F. 3. 16. 2 And see s»pr«, p. 239. 3 ScobelPs " Acts iind Ordmance.s." 388 APPENDIX. Eliogaity, according .to tlie certificate with " Th© Eleven Seals " given at page 239, n. This may be accounted for in one of two ways. She may have been transferred to some other county; for the entire sum charged on the county of Tipperary, according to the following list, amounts to £63,858 6*\ 0;/., thus exceeding the amount directed by the Act by £8,858; or the list may be an imperfect one; and it will be seen by the Certificate of the Committee at foot of the short supplemental list appended to the account, that there were two books of Adventurers' allotments returned into Ire- land; but only one has been found. These lists or books would seem to have been sent over by the Committee of Adventurers for the use of Dr. Petty, when about to reviev/ the Adventurers' proceedings, as th© date, " October, 1658, "^ corresponds with the time of his entering upon that work.^ 1 See page 400. 2 " Petty's Down Survey by Larcom," cluips. xvi. and svii. APPENDIX 389 ft J^ M O M t^ o^ o On w O "^ O -^r f^ M w w O ro w ro ro CI C-I C^ M CO CO C) 01 CO CO CO Is «■ ^ ro ro r>-/0 O ro ro CO w CO CO CS CI W CO CO M . a^ 0^ 0^ G^ t^ '^- O 0\ ON 'd- CT> O M On Cn On On O^ t^ O i-i i-i lOO OJ 0) CO CO C IH M -1- W M H M (M CO M lO ' . f a;^ ■^r M Tfco ct O r^'O ■■O CO ro O O CO -^ ^ r^ 6 CO M ro ro CO M cl M l-l c^ ro CO w N O CO O CI C* M O CI ro M M 01 C CO © O O •23 H3li o N CC M u-> ,-0 -i- M O CO CO covO O f~^ 01 01 w 1 tT M O r^ ro roO O l>- 0) 01 M ■ 1 M (H MM 01 ro ^- o O C O O CO o o o o o o o o o o o o 'o >> s § ^ o O O O o >jo o O O O 0 c o O O O O 0 ^ o ^o O O O lO (O o o o o o o o o o o o o O O O N CO o O O O O lO "~> O lO o o o ro M Tj- M oo 01 lo CO ^o 1-1 i> On CO M M ^ " '^ ^ v o a o 4-> G ^ o o -C o HO (D V 3 j^sT "« « > < B^ -ti o o 3^^ 3 O^ Gj bo cS x) O -5 «0< ^O M —J N CO -^ lO I-. C^ oi "^ --..-- ^ 4 4-^ jj" +j > U) « ?? fS^ "3 >^ w' 0< 3 o !2; 3 3 O O 6 6 * — v^ ' 1 I J ^■r v Ih" u i-T (D v ct! rt 1 d 3 P 3 _o o? O? a 'uj -4-J 4J -«-> ■> S N cd ro Q W o M ■ w . 4-> ^^ ^^ O P 3 cS O ni CJ W) r^ c> () ;-l rt ro ^ > ^_J U) >, ^ rrl <) 1-1 >. ^ 1-. K-l !-• XI 3 h-i ," ^S 390 APPENDIX. al t^ t^ ■-■"-) 0 0 ^0 0 ro roO 0 ro ON "^ lOOO 00 W M 00 rO ro M ro 0) N M ro n CS ro r^i ro w .2 p «' 0 0 1-0 ro 0-) (O N M C^ ro ro ro N ro ro ro C^ ro N < M „ C^ 0^ c^ a^ O'O 0 0 0 "O ro 10 C^ t^ <3n M H ro w lOOO ^o ^ 000 ro t^ ro ■>^ n u->oo u-> N N N 1-1 ro 0^ Tj- Tj- uo f^ ro 0 0 „ 0 00 10 0 rl- U-) u-i rooo 03 'S- ON t-H m w »-( M ro ro ro M ro Cl i-i ro (M 0 N 0 g 0 N On M M ro u-)0 ^ '^ to f< ^ es r) ro lO 1-1 p) 0 M W M M C) 00 01 '^ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00000 0 0 0 0 0 0 c 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00000 t/i 0 0 0 0 0 w-i 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00000 ■-^s U-) U-) 0 "O u-j 0) ■n 0 0 lO 0 0 ro 0 N 0 0 M 0 M 0) t^ ro M D M t-l " M 0 t~- in 0 M -r-J 0 A 0 -(-> Oh ni . Iz; 0 m TJ u a ni OJ a 0 en" 'S C P 0) CTi '^. m Ridges, Daire, Burgess, rd Scott, e Clarke, CO H ^ ° nJ 0 'S 0 ;r: llj Willia Mary Cors. Richa Georg N n tt >o 0 t^ 00 ON 0 HH C^ ro l-l •-1 l-r M tn C o ■55 > T3 rCl P CAJ , ■V u (U -t-> ;s 0 en a .0 en en % Q 0 n I— t w o ;^ o p^ < APPENDIX. 391 A m rf t -)- 1^ ^ „ t^ o ^ _f. 00 UOO O ^ O O 01 ^ JJ ro w 0-; ro ro 01 o~, rrj w ro 01 01 ro 01 01 w ^ 3 « (n ro " ro ro ro " ro ro ro CO M U ro ro ro ro ro 04 c S ro ':^ 04 ^ O ^-| H-( 01 t^OO ro t^ r^ •^ 04 01 h lO M o roco 00 0^00 O r^j ooo o o o -i- O O w ■ u-)0 ro ro -^ t~^ -i-o 01 ^ '^ 'i- § 01 00 N O-^ "■■) 0) 01 lOO ro rr> 0-) ro -i- O 04 ^ n- Tf CI 00 M 04 o ro ro M •i- lo 04 '^ ^ ^ '^ M >i o o O O o O O O o o O o o o o o O coo ° >. en aj o o o o f) () <) () o o O o () () o o o o o o SS 1/) C3 C) o o >o ■o c n lO O O <) lO (1 O lO o o o o C^ r< H'' O O 01 VU 0) On M 01 04 O o o 04 o O 01 C) O O 01 M Tf- ro yj >o 04 04 01 04 ,w « o 03 i; o '" )i3 ' g C cd O 57;^ 1^ +j 2 oT o D ^ in ° gas OJ !-^ O > O O dT ^ 3^ rt r^ 41! ^ oj-opq i a; o -^ ii t- '§g^^ r- — > r ^ >. ' M 01 OO -^ u->o ^ M 04 ro M 04 ro Th lOO TS tn c C rt o o Ifi w ^ x> Tj- > Td V o o o ■■-, o O p C/) O k^ cn N ro 6 O .9 "u5 6 0 tn en -t-> en ID 392 APPENDIX. p," M ON w f^ vO ^ -^ O 00 M CO ro in r^ ^ „ t-( w „ ON l>-CO ro in Si ■SI a ni ri < Tt t^ On On ro On o c^ rr-, 'd- On CO ONVO (7n ON On On On (Tn On M On O W S O -^ r^oo TT LO lO ON O Tj- lO tt t^ a LO in in (^ On CO OO m. DO 00 >o o M ro CO ■^ N CO M M CJ ro Cl ro CO C f^ rOOO ro M M tH '^ w M fc ro o "O 00 N ^ T^ c^ oo On ^ 01 r-- w -^ ^ -^ Th>0 t^ o r^ in I>. o i-i M C4 ro CO M CO CO M CO CO ro ro M l-H ro C) ro " 2 «' N O o N CO O o CO N M o M o ro O o O O N C w M O o u ^ hH 0) <■ O O O in 00 N N r^ u"! t^ N M M N 1^1 M CJ 0) yD w Tf Th M H g 0^ o o u-ioo N M r^ lo M N On h-t X) r| M M 0) VO M TJ- »^ N M ^ -^^o C^t M N r^ C< *■* N M CI c( O M T^ in M " '^ O o o o c O o o 0 o o •^ 0 CO o o O O o o o o o o O a 3 0) O c c o o o o o o o O CO O O o o o O o o o o o o •o H O o o lO O o o lO o o O O n ro O n o o o o o in O n rn i> N ^ c o c< ^ M O ^ U1 ro o n o () () o in 'i- O in en M ro M ro M M M M ro ^~> NU o o o 1: ;^ n j^* ^- '^ p; X3 -M iH j2 Q g "o f^ rt -p PL, >>-! Sen c b i:: ;3 a ^ O bo ...2 fl . It rt o >, f^ S§ ;§ ^ -^ s a fi .^ r^ rC (11 ►-<0)ro^u-)vOt^ M NrOTi-invOI>co W M Td f< IN 6^66 W ^ ^^ APPENDIX. 303 CO ii ; 00 on O ro ro CO ro M IT) M CO N C^ M ro ro 01 0) ro ro CI O^ O^. lO G^ G^ C' a t^ ^ M ^ M C) d 0) wMOIfOOOirorO rOPOf* O l>->X> O^ N CT> Oi 0^ ro "OO N N ro r^ r-^ M N M C^ •<:^ M ro O O w o O ro w O • M o w M t^ ^ w M ro M 0) !>. ^ w ro N M ro N r^o '^ ro >o CJ M W tH h-l M ro ro c^>r> t^ oooooooo iniooooooo MroOiOOOOO O^OOIOOOO rOi-iN\OO0)u->0) O O O o o o O Hi 5 (S ^ .y -l^"^ C O m >^ ^ _2 n c/i ^ C ni B r- " S 5 i- G ;r! C tH J5 ;S rt j:J kT: .5 a; 5 ^ h-) H l> CO o >— >;> 1- > o fl O III O "t! ^ o pq^ be O < c/) O H K H --1 ni K M g c^ 03 M N ro -^ "O a 394 APPENDIX. o; '^ f^ lO N >0 o o o O f^ >r; ^(T>i-i rot^Ol M M t^ M M M ro ro ro ro ro f) ro I-I roo)rooirororo «■ O ro ro ro ro ro fO ro ro o rororororororofOro < to w 00 0^ rj- 0^ O 0^ 0\ 0^ N O^C. 0^0^0^0^0\0^0^ 1-. 00 w fJ lO lO U-) U-) o^ M roO^rOCT'OO M lOiooo Wg ►"< HI t^ M M ro ro M 00 0) 'e t^ lOOO r^ ro r<-, N r-l P< 0) M 1-1 qJ [[^ •*- C 00 M ro Th ^ rooo O M r^ ^00 00 00 -1- -^00 i-i M 01 N 1-1 ro ro M 01 N tH ro o» ro ro 0! "^ C-1 O n CO "CO w 01 ro roCCCMMMOON ^ S •c g oo Th -i-00 ro PI OJ ro ui M OOMOJlOlCTt-OtNlO 1— t ^ ^ rt- TT m ro N N ro m r^ COMOllOlO-^OJNU-) ro •^ M ro f^ M ro U-) ro 00 w 0) lO ^ 01 04 M '^ M 1-1 M ^ o o o o o o o o O O O ooooooooo n o o O C O O o o o o o o ooooooooo O O O O M o o o o o o C000>0000"^ ■-tJ o m Th O O o o o O "-! O OOQiOOlOOOPI o CM VC M M >0 N O ■ > x: « X) ^'^ W .;2 5 o O m en C _3 ^ g OhOh Coo o 0) V , "• Y ' <. ^ V i ~Y" Y I-; 01 rr ri- HI 01 .9 6 a O :2 6 d _CP 4j" ^'- +j" -l-i -M -M~ 3 ij ,a 4= -i -i XJ I/! i-> -M ■+-' 4-> +J i-i o "3 o CO r-j iH 1 1 ^ 1 *, 1 J ^ ~-Y- ^ ►: N o 1^ 8^ ■> w „ w „ ft ^1 1 iH CO ^ O rt !2;5 •^a a APPENDIX. 395 Tt- 11 O M '0(^0 0 ro t^ M O 00 vi' \0 -^ -1- N " n o (N N ro ro CO N N w ro N M M w fj ,C 6 « ^^ N ro O rO M N f^ O ro ro ro f< ro rrj ro ro f» M ro 6C f C 0) -; <^' <^ O On N vO -^O a^ 1-1 0~ ON On CT' ON ON On 00 w On On ■O >0 N ro -^vO O i-i u-> 1-1 t^ r^ hi 1/-) rooo T)- ON lO Wg « o vO ro N M T}- 00 1-1 fO t^ O 00 r^ w TJ-OO 00 M vO M w HH 1-1 N fi w Tj- r- On "mm O -^ Cn O 00 rfOO •1- -r o o f 1 O ro 1-1 O ^1 1-1 . t^, c-t m M N M ro ro C) ro M n 01 ro .1 « '^ ^ O O O 1-1 w O C C< O 1-1 N m M HH ro ro ro w tn 0) '^ ? O N r^ Tt- Tt- M u-> 00 N 00 >r) t-- Tt- ro 00 00 00 Tf I-I 0 ON tT " 1-1 ►H n Tj- ^•oo o o o o o o o o o o c c O O O O O O o >, 0 o o o c c o o o o o c o o O O o o o o ?2 S !0 e o o o O O O oo o c o o o o o o O O O O m o V3 '^ >~+^ o o >o o o i~o o "0 lo >o o o o o O O o o -^ o vO ro r^ 1-1 M IN N iH p) rooo N O Th Th ro O "H ri tT <0 u 3 C is is cr >.> i5 i3 U ~ a; N n! n m V, Si 3 J2 fi ""O S CI rt O 'U rt^ V o 1 -H o g a; > <; ^^ ^ » ffl -a s 1— ,Ph K en U"; Ph I— ) O C! a&. nJ O Td ti "-i iJ ' V J ^ yv^ . 1-1 N rOi^ ) ^ ^ — "Y- •- l~i M 0> rr, -rf 1 o ^ w M 05 rr> 1. -^ ^ hH ^* 'J- "Y" o 6 6 4j « « • 4J 4J cs tn Cg — w y — m !> +-> P o 4-1 +-» W O O frl O 4-i +J +-1 '^l S o 3 '^ ^ . . J r — ■y- CO O N rn 4 6 in O ■M ■ en ^ ^^. Q 4^; X s XI D -W -*J +- +J +J 3 o en 1 c3 ^5 396 APPENDIX. \—\ Ph < O t— I O o Ph w O t^ CO O i-i "O coco X 4J CO N M CO 04 CO CO • M N fOrOfOfOrON c^ COCl COCOCOCOfON J '^l-'O 0^ Oi CTi 0\ 0^ lO 0^ ■S Tl-O ro lO U-) M ro lO >0 foo\cyiONONio Wg cocow^o t^r^u-)u-) ■^>o "1 oo ro r^ ^ M CO 0) vo 0) o w CO M M CO M M CO O O ^ O C^ U-) O ai M M C^ M CO ^•MMMOOMrOMM wOOMNOOw 1— ( CD cOOO^DOi-iN-^ § cOOOOOi-iNco N -r CO IN N -^00 CO CO O O i-i O M c^ •"* N w ^•ooooooooo oooooooo .ooooooooo oooooooo = 1 to ooooooomo OOO-OOOOm N^OO-OOOOOC^O too 'ot--o 'no f) MCOMMWM-.^ >0 M o^ ^ CO w p j^ u V c oi u - ° nT " ^ >, .- (U >> C C 2 C w > ■jj H S <^ 5^ -•-' '^ c-^ 6 2 1 ^ fi g g O •;5 £ fl ^ O £ r"^ 7^ i-i(NmO)COt1-i-iMcO V J w IN w c^ w N ro a " '' _o w N U3 '> TJ ^ 9 C/5 HI M l-i N 6 do d ^ !2;^ ^ t-T Y I-, ID 4J ;h M cj- tn nS p O 3 a « +> -M . en P 1 O APPENDIX. 397 w'O a. M i>.uiM M u-)r--t--Tt- ^ OJ fO rorOMfOfOtorOwww s 3 gj roo rofororoo o-jro rororOfOO rororOfOrOCI fO a\N ow c^c^^^ o^a^ C\G^O^O^^-^ G^O^0^O^O^<^O^ W '-H lOt^roiOw c^ioiOt>-u-)-^ro (=^ ^OO^fO0Ol-| w rorOM M t^^ MM w CO M ■*-iOC Tt-Tj-I>.iO'Ot^cOI>.H »rOi-iOOO OCt-'ONOOOCT^r^N n MM-^MOOwMMMt^MOO < MOO mO r^T^r<-)(^^ m MMTj-MvOwMMMt^wOO (< M lO w 01 (S rr w M CI M M Tl- M M M 1-1 r^ rOOO WW M ^OOOCOCOOO oooooooooooo ° ^ .ooooooooo ooooooooooco C/3 S to oooomoooo oooooooooooo --tJOOiOMMOOOO o "otoo loioo o 'O'O'^o MCO S-iMMMMP-l wioow HH roOM- I 9 T3 ;S r73 t-i TD ., C ^ O Oj LD -w' O ^ 03 g rt^^ipqjfrt wr:3 OrtnJW)grt"^rt5.5^ > < ;> P5 K 1— )CAJ 1— ,1— ,;5; tin M 0) ro i-i CI CO V — ^> — . — ^ ._. Ifl fl o |m M <^' -*;;" -^^ m" > 3 CO w N 6 CO k5 O O '^ O x! o A 6 A o' 1 § § 7\ in . m , 1 ~r -Y~ u (D tf * Oj ti a 3 ft _o •+J in 4-* K C/} • V . 5 0) CO ^5' 1 3 O m 398 APPENDIX. o o <^ p^ O a- " o O 1^ r<-) TfO ^ ^ « C^ IH C-I IM CI N CO N CI ^ s "S*^ « ro ro ro ro ro oo CO O CO CO C 4, «: Tl- c^ CI r^ O On 0~. f 1 O On Wg o ON 00 M w "O On c< ih m o t^ 0\ c-1 r^ moo d t>. t^ M M " CU (S t^ o c O >O00 00 O O '*• OJ " CO CO M CO CO rf 1-1 « fO 0 O 0 MOO O IH IH o iH oJ 1— 1 o r^ ro O O lO o o o ro IN 01 !N f<0 CI iH C< M M CI ^-^-^ , * , V a Cfe^-^ en" [2 13 g ^ •h S h o S en >-i -.T3 ^TJ Pi d C C 3 d X) -< o a o oi ^:3 i^ 3 03 «:! ^ n3 ' o3 >, >> -M 3 -^^ "O ^ !5 X) 'JiO r> ^ <" S Am S)c!-°'^ 3 tn ^ o Ox: 1^ 5 a ri O. -^ t? *^ -3 ^ 3 C/5 ^— ^^ 1. J '^ — ~~v ' *■ — ^^ ' i-T ■+-> u u V oJ 1 1 en 3 3 3 3 o a a o? a i tn Q en 4-1 en V ■ en ^1 O o o APPENDIX. 399 Ph O Ph . w rOiOCOr^cO^lOC^lOCOCO ■O M t^ t^ CO -^ O CO u~ifOCOCO ^CO CO-:}-lON 1 M -4- N 1-1 M Tt- " M »< IN 0-) CO t^ O "O N -t-o cO'^TTt-OCN^i-i^Oco CO Tf .C)^N00CO r^ co i=i O ON CO " Th c^ N o o CONC-IOO C^N MC^. cfi 0) . o o O 0 0 o o o o o OOO-OOOOOQiOO o 35 to M o o O O O O O 'O o o OOOOO 0*0000 0 0 o (7)^ N^ c "o O O O O lO t-^ o o iooiooMf X) << m 1—) 11 o o o o rg U G t^ -(-> J o (u o c3 :3 s^swa-1 2 OS JS S-^ ■N§>-^ co^ rt S-SfqS aail§^lsb|s l-H 3 <. 1 V 1 ^ J M C-l CO w 01 H CI CO M CI CO '*■ ^ .2 -* ^-^^-^O^ ^ ^'^l Hi m 1 1 1 § § § ?; 1/) c/2 in V ^ _^ ^ I y >^ 1-" o Ih" 0) 4) ■4-> 1^ a! )-< rt IH U5 cd 3 3 '(« +J -M tn +i Q o 'A 3 O o in tn ■ 3 o o o rrl m tr 3 >! m -n ^ 3 V "a) O KH z n o u < T1 M W h4 Q K Hi K ir\ (J \-t K 3 t< +-> 3 Ph > T1 < 400 APPENDIX. CO I— I Oh CO lO 00 o o M K>- CO 0< CI -^ jj « N M ro M ''^rt c S ^ <^ 0^ IT) a^ o\ < M O ■O kH u~< in "-> r^ C) Cl in " 00 '*- o o CO 0^ ro ro ui .Is « O Hi M ro • ID C) 'J- Tt- r^ < lo o ro ^ t-^ lO Tt- t^ " M %'?i t^ o P Lette ifferen eMeas h-t i— 1 W l—i '-' t3 >^ II TS • c o to 4)3 3 3 • • • o •-3 O H^ oo ^« • • W-) -«• ^ o o O O s.^ o to o o o o o '-^■! O o o t^ o o (N *^ 0) -M 'o s-^ C rt ^ o S^ O >-( 1-1 5^.-l-l 1-1 O "^-1 c ^rt &0 ^° p Baron ird Kit ye ' libe cutler. S >' rt ;z5 e Ba miel and atso ta t>. In y, Robei ■ Corne icar of )H rt In y, Richa ithin tizen. In y Nathi acey, acey, 1 o> ^ o K^^-l LIST OF THE ADVENTUREES. 401 V. This list of Adventurers for lands in Ireland, and of those who subscribed for the Sea Service, is taken from the collec- tion of papers relating to the execution of the Act of Settle- ment made in 1675, by order of the Earl of Essex, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, i and preserved in nine folio volumes in the Eecord Tower, Dublin Castle. It is evidently a list of the original Adventurers under the various Acts and Ordin- ances of subscription, commencing with the Act of 17 Charles I., chap. 33, A.D. 1642, and ending in 1646, when all further subscriptions ceased. It was not until 1653 that pre- parations were made for setting out lands in satisfaction. Eleven years had then elapsed since the first Act of Subscrip- tion in 1642. Some of the original Adventurers were, of course, dead, and others of them had sold and assigned their Adventures. An order of the Council of State of 1 June, 1653, was made, regulating the method to be pursued by the Adventurers in proceeding to obtain satisfaction by lot for their adventures. A Committee, appointed by that order, were directed to examine the truth of all men's claims, and to make out a book containing the sums of money they should allow, and the names as well of the first Adventurers as of the persons then claiming the adventures. They were to give each Adventurer a certificate, setting foi'th what number of acres were due to him in English measure, in satisfaction of 1 Lib. M. fo. 324, Record Tower, Dublin Castle. " By His Majesty's command, all the records of this kingdom which relate to the distribution of lands by the Act of Settlement have been searched, and extracts made out of them in order to the discovery of concealed lands. This work is contained in twelve or fourteen volumes, now ready to be sent over." Earl of Essex to Secretary Conwaj^, 22nd May, 1675. " Letters written by His Excellency Arthur Capel, Earl of Essex, Lord Lieutenant of Leland, in the year 1675," p. 284. 4to. London: 1770. Of these volumes only nine now remain. F2 402 LIST OF THE ADVENTUKEES. fche proportion due to him by the former Acts and. Ordinances in Irish measure; and this certificate, under the hands and seals of any Five of the Committee, was to be the warrant to make his claim in Ireland. They were further to make an entry in a book of every certificate they should issue, ex- pressing the sum, and the name of the first Adventurer, and of the person to whom isuch certificate should be given, together with the proportion of the lands due to him, as con- tained in the certificate. And they were to cause a trans- cript to be made in a Parchment Roll, and transmitted to the Chamber of London, there to remain as a public record. There were thus provided two complete records of the names of the Adventurers, and their subscriptions, and the quantities of land required to satisfy them — one to remain with the Com- mittee of Adventurers (at Grocers' Hall, it is presumed) ; the other in the Chamber of London. All the books of the Adventurers' proceedings were, on 23rd September, 1671, handed over by Sir Joseph Williamson to Sir James Shaen,^ keeper of the papers relating to the King's Declaration for the Settlement of Ireland, and perished with the papers relating to the execution of the Acts of Settlement in the fire that consumed the Council Office in Essex-street, Dublin, on Sunday, 15th April, 1711,2 and amongst them, probably, the Book containing the lists of the original Adventurers and their assignees. 'With regard to the Roll ordered to be lodged in the Cham- ber of London, it was commonly said, in answer to inquiries made some years ago, that it had probably been burnt, with other documents of that depository, in the great fire of Lon- don, in 1666. But this being found to be -a mistake, applica- tion was made to the Town Clerk of London, in September, 1869; but on search made, he reported that he could find no such roll. If it should turn out that the list copied into this volume is the only one surviving, it will, of course, be all the more valuable. 1 Letter of A. Kingston, Esq., Public Record Office, London. July, 1862. 2 Reference (28th September, 1711), on petition of Hugh Clement, Record Tower, Dublin Castle, Carton, No. 219. THE ADVENTUEERS. 403 " THE NAMES AND SUBSCRIPTIONS OF THE ADVENTURERS FOR LANDS IN IRELAND, AS ALSO OF THOSE WHO SUBSCRIBED FOR YE SEA SERVICE." [Where a less sum than that subscribed was paid, the part pay- ment is put in the outer column.] 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. John Pim, Esq., a member of ye House, Sir John Potts, Knt. and Bart., a member of ye House, ..... John Ash, Esq., a member of ye House and compartners, .... Nathaniel Hallows, Esq., a member of ye House. ..... Hugh Ratcliffe, .... Walter Lee, .... Francis Newman, George Clarke, merchant taylor, Richard Collect, merchant taylor Robert Barefoot, merchant taylor, Thomas Pargiter, grocer, . John Locke, blacksmith. John Wilde, Serjt.-at-Law, a member of ye House Thomas Lane, William Adams Edmond Pott, Joane Lane, widdow, Robert Reynolds, Esq., a member of ye House ...... Sir Robert Pye, a member of ye House Sir Thomas Barrington, Knt. and Bart. member of ye House, Sir Nathaniel Bernardiston, Knt., a mem ber of ye House, .... £ 600 600 600 300 300 150 150 100 100 100 100 100 200 400 200 200 200 1200 1000 1200 700 404 THE ADVENTUKERS. £ £ s. d. 22. William Heveningham, Esq., a member of ye House 600 23. William Heveningham for himself and others, 1200 24. Thomas Eden, Dr. of Law, a member of ye House, 600 25. Sir David Watkins, of London . . . 2025 26. Sir Edward Mumford, Knt., a member of ye House, 300 27. Richard Harmon, a member of ye House 300 28. Sir William Brereton, Knt., and Bart., a member of ye House, .... 1200 29. Sir Gilbert Gerrard, Knt., and Bart., a member of ye House, .... 600 30. James Barnes, of ye Inner Temple, gent., 400 31. Thomas Page, of Roxe, in Middlesex . 100 32. Samuel Edlin, of Pinner, in Middlesex, gent., 100 33. ffrancis Duke of Westminster, gent., . 200 34. Henry Arrundell, of Northall, in Middle- sex, gent., 150 35. Katherine Baker, of Uxbridge, . . 80 36. William and John Arundel, of Keninton, in Middlesex, 100 37. Richard Nicholl, of [ ] in Middlesex 50 38. Daniel Enderbe, of Staines, in Middlesex 50 39. Thomas Palentine, of [ ] ... 100 40. John Poulter, of [ ] .... 70 41. John Gowrdon, Esq., a member of ye House 1000 42. Sir John ffranklin, Knt., a member of ye House 600 43. Sir Samuel Role, Knt., a member of y© House 1000 44. John Hampden, Esq., a member of ye House 1000 45. Sir William Waller, Knt., a member of y© House 1000 THE ADVENTUEEKS. 405 £ £ s. d. 46. Sir Robert Parkhursfc, Knt., a member of ye House, 1000 47. John Lisle, Esq., a member of ye House, 600 48. Bulstrode Whitlock, Esq., a member of ye House, 400 49. Harbert Morley, Esq., a member of ye House, 600 50. William Spurston, Esq., a member of ye House, 400 51. James Rand, apothecary, .... 200 52. Sir John Evelin, of Godston, a member of ye House, ...... 600 53. Thomas Cole, merchant taylor, . . . 300 54. Richard Sherbrooke, .... 300 55. William Hitcheocke, merchant taylor, . 150 56. William Henman, merchant taylor, . 150 57. Sir Walter Earle, a member of ye House, 600 300 58. Oliver St. John, Esq., a member of ye House, 600 300 59. Sir Edward Bayntun, Knt., a member of ye House, 600 450 60. Sir Thomas Soame, Knt., a member of ye House, 1000 61. John Blackiston, of Newcastle, Esq., a member of ye House, .... 900 300 62. Arthur Goodwin, Esq., a member of ye House, . 400 63. Anthony Ratcliff, 300 64. Thomas Knight, 100 65. Matthew Pedder 100 66. Thomas ffountaine, 200 67. John Pim, 300 68. Richard Gardner, 100 69. Thomas Wyan . . . . . .100 70. Phillip Owen, 200 71. Thomas Knight, Esq., . . . .200 72. Oliver Cromwell, Esq., a member of yc House, 300 406 THE ADVENTUEEES. £ £ s. d. 73. Moses Wall, of Margt. New fEsh-street, . 200 74. Elizabeth Austrey, servant to Mr. Cromwell, 200 75. Sir Samuel Owfield, Knt., a member of y© House, 1300 76. Sir Arthur Hazier igg, Knt., and Bart., a member of ye House, . . . 1000 77. Sir W. Drake, Knt., and Bart., a member of ye House, 300 78. Gabriel! Brooke, of Lincoln's Inn, gent., 300 79. Richard Bernard, of Lincoln's Inn, gent., 200 80. Sir John Culpepper, Knt., a member of ye House, 600 150 81. Alexander and Bence, Esq., a member of ye House, [so in the original] . . 600 82. Anthony Bedingfeild, of London, mercer, and Wm Cage, of Ipswich, Esq., a mem- ber of ye House, 700 83. Wm. Glanvill, Esq., a member of ye House, 600 84. John Trenchard, Esq., a member of ye House 600 85. Samuel Vassel, of London, Esq., a member of ye House, ...... 86. The Lord Wenman, a member of ye House, 87. John Packer, of Westminster, Esq., 88. John Browne, Esq., Clerk of House of Peers, 89. Sir Anthony Ashley Cooper, Bart., a member of ye House, .... 90. Richard Winwood, Esq., a member of ye House, 91. Sir William Marsham, Bart., a member of ye House, 92. Martin Lumley, Esq., a member of ye House, 93. John Role, Esq., of Devon, a member of ye House, 94. John Crew, of Steane, Esq., a member of ye House, 1230 300 600 " 600 600 600 150 600 300 600 1200 450 600 THE ADVENTUKEES. 407 £ £ 8. d. 95. Sir Thomas Dacres, Kat., a member of ye House, 600 96. Cornelius Holland, Esq., a member of ye House, 600 97. Niathl. ffyenns, Esq., a member of ye House, and Henry Pett, . . 600 98. Sir John Harrison, Knt., a member of ye House, 1200 200 99. William Harrison, Esq., a member of ye House, 600 150 100. George Barker, of Richmond, Esq., . 200 101. ffrancis Eogers, of Nonsuch, Esq., 100 102. John Bentley, of Lincoln's Inn, Graning in Middlesex, gent., .... 200 103. Nicholas Knapp, of Ewill, in Surrey, gent., 100 104. Sir Edward Hale, Bart., a member of ye House, 1200 105. John Ewelin, of the Middle Temple, Lon- don, 600 106. John and Robert Goodwin, Esqrs., mem- bers of ye House, 600 107. William Stroud, Esq., member of ye House,- and compartners, . . . 600 108. Sir Gilbert Pickering, Knt., a member of ye House, 600 109. Sir Edward Ayscough, Knt., a member of ye House, 600 150 110. George Buller, Esq., a member of ye House, . . . . . .600 111. Walter Long, Esq., a member of ye House, 1200 300 112. Robert Sutton, Esq., a member of ye House, 200 113. Isaacke Penington, Esq., a member of yo House, 1000 114. James Cambell, Esq., a member of yo House, 600 300 408 THE ADVENTUEERS. £ £ s. d. 115. Henry Martin, Esq., a member of ye House, 1200 300 116. Sir Richard Onslow, Knt., a member of ye House, 400 117. John Browne, Esq., a member of ye House, 600 450 118. Sir William Morley, Knt., a member of ye House, 1200 300 119. Sir Edward Partheridge, Knt., a member of ye House, 600 120. Sir John Northcott, Knt., a member of ye House, 450 225 121. ffrancis Drake, Esq., a member of ye House, and compartners, . . . 600 122. Miles Corbett, Esq., a member of ye House, 200 123. Sir John Dryden, Bart., a member of ye House, 600 124. Sir William Strickland, Bart., a member of ye House, 600 125. John Barker, Esq., a member of ye House, 1200 126. Richard Shuttleworth, Esq., a member of ye House, 600 450 127. John Jesson, Esq., a member of ye House, 300 75 128. Thomap Hoyle, Esq., a member of ye House, 600 450 129. Gilbert Willington, Esq., a member of ye House, and compartners, . . . 1275 130. Dennis Bond, Esq., a member of ye House, 2000 131. Augustine Skinner, Esq., a member of ye House, 200 100 132. Sir William Allenson, Knt., a member of ye House, 600 300 133. Roger Mathew, Esq., a member of ye House, 300 THE ADVENTUBEES. 134. Edward Lord Littleton, Keeper of the Great Seale, 135. Philip Earle of Pembrooke and Mount- gomery, 136. Sir Jacob Garrard, Knt., and Alderman of London, 137. Thomas Adams, of London, Alderman, 138. Sir Nicholas Crispe, Knt., and compart- ners, 139. John Towse, of London, Alderman, 140. Sir John Wollaston, of London, Knt. and Alderman, .... 141. Richard Gipps, of Hogsden, Esq., 142. Thomas Viner, of London, goldsmith, 143. ffrancis Ashe, of London, goldsmith, 144. W. Daniel, of London, goldsmith, 145. Humphrey Bedingfield, of London, gold smith, 146. William Gibbs, of London, goldsmith, 147. Dr. John King, of St. Albans, 148. Richard Morrall, of London, goldsmith 149. Francis Wolley, a compartner, of Lon- don, haberdasher, 150. Alexander Jackson, of London, gold- smith, 151. George Gipps, Parson of Ailston 152. John ffowke, of London, Alderman, 153. John Warner, of London, Alderman, . 154. Lawrence Hawlsted, of London, Esq., Alderman, 155. Thomas Andrews, of London, Alderman 156. Richard Sallwey, of London, Fish-street Hill, 157. Sampson Sheffeild, pensr. to the King's Majesty, 158. Francis Smith, of Greenwich, 159. John Solsted, of London, mercer, . 409 £ s. d. 600 150 2400 600 600 600 1500 eOO 700 900 200 200 200 100 200 100 100 200 100 100 100 600 380 600 150 675 , 100 400 200 600 50 410 THE ADVENTUKEES. 160. Gabril Miles, of London, mercer, . 161. Edward Mileston, Dr. of Physicke, 162. George Almery, gent. 163. John Holland, gent., 164. Penning Ailster, grocer, 165. William Reynold, mercer, 166. Joseph Ailston, merchant, 167. John fountain, of ffilpot-lane, 168. Richard Hull, draper, in Gheapside, 169. Ahasuerus Regmerter, Dr. of Physicke, 170. Philip Starky, cooke in Gracious-street 171. Henry Godsden, of Darkeing, in Surrey, 172. John Young, draper, in Lombard-street, 173. Job Weale, of Kingstone, in Surrey, phisitian, 174. Samuel Moods, of Bury, in Suffolk, 175. John Sparrow, of Reed, in Suff., . 176. John Bright, of Bury, in Suffolke, 177. John Gierke, of Bury, in Suff., . 178. William Crickmore, of Bury, in Suff., 179. Hugh Grove, of Bury, in Suff., 180. Jasper Pheasant, of Dublin, in Ireland 181. William Harryman, of Canon-street, merchant taylor, 182. John Snow, in Canon-street, 183. John Parker, of Mary Atthill, London 184. Richard Coish, skinner, in Watling- street, 185. William Alcocke, jr., in Canon-street, merchant taylor, . . . . 186. Sam Debbe, or Dabbe, of London, grocer, 187. Thomas Thorould, of London, Esq., 188. The Masters and Governors of ye Barber Chirurgeons, . . . . 189. Abraham Jackson, of Newington, elk., . 190. John Baker, of London, weaver, 191. Thomas Orchard, of London, chandler, . 192. Jeoffry Galton, of London, 193. William Almond, pewterer. £ s. d. £ 800 200 800 400 200 200 200 300 200 400 203 100 100 600 374 8 200 100 300 300 300 100 100 100 100 700 120 100 25 100 75 600 200 50 300 200 100 100 25 25 THE ADVENTUKEKS. 194. George Raie, stationer, . . . . 195. Thomas Rogers, of Dartford, in Kent, Esq., 196. Thomas Round, .... 197. John Round, ..... 198. Isaacko Thompson, of Dartford, in Kent linning draper, .... 199. William Balam, of Lincoln's Inn, . 200. Valentine ffigg, of ffleet-street, 201. Daniel Lewis and compartners, of Lon don, merchant taylors, 202. John Lamott, of London, Esq., 203. Edward Michell, of London, .scrivener, 204. John Wardell, of London, grocer, . 205. Henry Foisted, 206. William Farrington, 207. Thomas Barnardiston, 208. Hugh Morris, 209. Thomas Stubbins 210. Caldwell ffarrington 211. Henry Polsteed, jr., 212. William Risby, draper, 213. Samuel Moyer, merchant 214. Robert Dowys, of Lowghton, 215. Simon Dun, of London, ironmonger, 216. John Hoxton, of Wapping, shipwright 217. Thomas Cory, Prothonotary of H. M.'s Court of Common Pleas, 218. Thomas How, of South Okenden, 219. Thomas Smith, of London, 220. John Yates, minister, of Herefordshire, 221. Edward Pinner, in Herefordshire, 222. William Low, of Elton, in Hereford shire, elk., 223. William Botterill, of Ludlow, in Sallop 224. John King, of London, haberdasher, 225. Robert Crowley, of Whitechappel, haber dasher, . .... £ 25 100 50 50 50 100 100 411 £ s. d. 50 200 600 50 600 150 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 100 300 75 300 100 100 300 300 100 100 100 100 50 100 100 75 412 226. 227. 228. 229. 230. 231. 232. 233. 234. 235. 236. 237. 238. 239. 240. 241. 242. 243. 244. 245. 246. 247. 248. 249. 250. 251. 252. 253. 254. 255. 256. 257. 258. 259. 260. 261. THE ADVENTUEEES. of £ £ s. d. White chappel, and copartners, . Robert Adams, marryner, Richard Darnelly William fflesher, Richard Hunt, of London, merchant, John Pordage, Dr. of Physicke, Henry ffalder, of London, haberdasher, . Nicholas Lockier, of Islington, Richard Wade, of London, carpenter, Thomas Hall, of London, cordwayner, . Henry Day, of London, mercer, Mathew Owen, of London, grocer, . John Oldfeild, of London, ffishmonger, . Nicholas Parry, of St. Andrew's, Hol- burne, Charles Crooke, of Amersham, in Bucks, . Osmond Colchester, and James Peacocke, Capt. Edmond Harvy, . . . . Edmond Sleigh, ffrancis Dashwood, Nathaniel Deards, of London, merchant, John Carter, leather seller, Nicholas Bonner, painter staeyner, William Woodhouse, in Hartfordshire, . John Allen, clerke, Ann Cheney, of Cree Church, widdow, . Ralph Tartle, of London, ffishmonger, . William Molins, of London, innkeeper, . John Harriot, of London, merchant, Thomas Harriot, of Wapping, marriner, Elizabeth Bradshaw, of St. Katherine's, widdow, Thomas Owen, of Saffron Walden, . John Braket, of Syon Colledge, Peter Stubber, of Catteaton-street, Thomas Boggeste, of London, turner, John Hawes, of London, mercer, . Hugh Nettleship, of London, salter, Richard Beamont, of Aldermanbuiy, 100 200 200 600 100 200 100 6100 100 100 300 200 100 75 200 50 225 50 100 100 200 50 50 50 100 100 100 100 100 75 150 100 200 100 50 100 100 100 100 100 150 50 50 THE ADVENTUEEES. 413 262. William Babb, of White Chappel, . 263. Edmund Pike, of Wapping, . 264. James fiisher, of Streetham, 265. Daniel Canting, of London, grocer, 266. Benjamine King, of fflamstead, 267. Nathaniel Anderson, of Cowley, clerke, 268. John Thewel, of Eedburne, gent., . 269. John Catlin, of fflamstead, 270. Thomas House, brownbaker, . 271. John Kilby, of Whithamstead, in Hart fordshire, 272. Abraham Babington, of London, draper, 273. Stephen White, of London, grocer, 274. James Hublon, of London, merchant, 275. James Hublon, of London, dyer, 276. Charles Woodward, of Nayland, clother 277. Peter Ducane, of London, 278. John and Benjamin Ducane, of London 279. Peter Hublon, of London, dyer, 280. John Blate, of London, merchant tailor 281. Edward Smith, of London, merchant, 282. Thomas Vincent, of London, leather seller, 283. John Brett, of London, merchant taylor, 284. William Beeke, of London, merchant taylor, 285. George Seignejurall, Lord of ye Towe Liberty, 286. John ffenton, of London, 287. Godfrey Eeene, of London, 288. Henry Coles, 289. Stephen Archebold, 290. Edward Litmaker, 291. William Seale, . 292. George Gregson, 293. Nicholas Gregson, merchant taylor, 294. William Blackborrow, leather seller, 295. Thomas Irens, of London, £ 50 100 25 25 25 100 25 25 50 50 100 600 600 50 100 200 100 200 100 100 300 700 300 50 100 100 50 50 100 25 50 100 50 60 £ s. d. 37 10 414 THE ADVENTUEEES. £ £ s. d. 296. Richard Irens, of Liondon, ... 25 297. Christopher Nicholson, ffishmonger, . 25 298. John Lee, Saddler, 100 299. Richard Newton, merchant taylor, . . 300 300. Richard Dawes, pewterer, . . . 300 301. Owen Jones, pewterer, .... 100 302. William Sherlocke, 100 303. JoseiDh Biggs, clerke, 50 304. Edward and Thomas ffletcher, . . .100 305. Henry Davenport, woodmonger, . . 25 306. John Stephenson, of London, blacksmith, 50 307. John Reynolds, blacksmith, ... 25 308. Sr John ffarwell, of Hogsdon, knt., . . 100 309. William Underwood, of London, grocer, 300 310. Richard Rogers, of London, grocer, , 100 311. James Hayes, of London, grocer, . . 100 312. Thomas Cocke, of London, salter, . . 200 313. John Mastall, of London, haberdasher, . 100 314. Richard Clutterbucke, of London, mercer, 700 315. Thomas Prince, of London, clothworker, 25 316. Peter Prince, of London, tallow chandler, 25 317. Richard Vernon, of London, i^ewterer, . 100 318. Thomas Chewning, of London, skinner, . 100 319. William Ridgeo, of , skinner, . . 120 320. John flfletcher, of London, upholsterer, . 120 110 321. John Turlington, of London, spectacle maker, 120 322. Richard Castle, of London, . . .120 323. ffrancis Scott, of London, .... 120 324. ffrancis Parsons, of London, merchant taylor, 40 325. Roger Stackhouse, 20 326. Samuel Elliot, of London, grocer, . . 200 327. Thomas Hodges, of London, . . .600 328. Thomas Stone, of London, haberdasher, 300 329. James ffletcher, in the Old Jewry, . . 200 330. John Hatt, of London, gent., . . . 300 331. Samuel Warner, grocer, and William Thompson, salter, 600 THE ADVENTUKEES. 332. William Peymoyer, clothworker, [333 Omitted in the original.] 334. Richard Loton, of London, brewer, . 335. Maurice and George Thompson, 336. Richard Mountney, of London, mercer, 337. Alexander Gill, late of Lorgan, in Ard magh, 338. Jeremiah Hearne, of Hunsden, 339. Henry Hastings, of Kingston, Esq., 340. Jasper Davis, of London, Turner, . 341. Stephen Offley, of London, merchant, 342. Thomas Woodcocke, of London, grocer, 343. Thomas Mills, of London, skinner, 344. John Lake, of London, skinner, 345. Robert Kirkam, of London, bowyer, 346. Robert Beard, of Thaydon Garnon tanner, 347. John Steele, of London, salter, 348. Thomas Stratton, of London, merchant taylor, 349. Joan Matthew, widdow, . 350. William Graves, blacksmith, . 351. James Blatt, London, draper, . 352. John Ames, of London, draper, 353. Edmund Blatt, of London, 354. Stafford Clare, of London, wax chandler 355. John Goodwin, paster, of Coleman-street 356. Mark Hildesley, of Coleman-street, 357. Christopher Nicholson, of Coleman-street 358. George Dover, of Coleman-street, pothe cary, 359. Thomas Lamb, of London, leather seller 360. An Tutty, of Coleman-street, . 361. William Tilsley, of Blackfryers, 362. Richard Ashurst, of London, draper, 363. ffrancis ffinch, of London, cloth worker 364. Thomas Snow, of Cripple-gate Without 365. Symon Smith, of London, tallow chandler 415 £ £ s. d. 600 150 100 700 150 25 200 100 150 100 100 100 200 50 200 50 50 100 100 100 50 50 50 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 50 50 37 10 50 416 THE ADVENTUKEES. £ £ s. d. 366. Henry Procter, of London, weaver, . 100 367. William Levitt, of London, woodmonger, 50 25 368. Henry Overton, of London, stationer, . 25 369. Joseph Sibley, of London, tallow chandler 25 370. Nicholas Haward, of London, grocer, . 50 371. John Wheatley, of London, scrivener, . 25 372. John Panter, of London, merchant taylor, 50 373. Richard Broomer, of London, larymer, 25 374. Richard Beighton, of London, sadler, . 50 • 375. John Hinde, of London, merchant taylor, 25 376. Nathaniel Grannow, of London, mer- chant taylor, 25 377. Ambrose Coombs, 25 378. Richard Richardson, of London, tallow chandler, 25 379. Richard Lucas, of London, plaisterer, . 50 380. William Mountagne, London, baker, . 25 381. James Bendigo, of London, merchant taylor, 25 382. George Sadler, of London, merchant taylor, 25 ' 383. Moyses Jenkins, of Coleman-street, . . 100 384. George Thompson, stationer, . . . 700 385. John Martin, of Guildford, and com- partners, 250 386. William Webster, of London, merchant, and compartners, 300 387. George Snell, of London, stationer, . -200 388. Richard Lloyd, of London, girdler, . 300 389. John Dodd, of London, salter, . . 200 390. William Bisby, of London, . . .100 39i. George Warren, of London, draper, . 100 392. George Thoroughgood, of Home Church, Esq., . . . . . . . 600 150 393. William Ballard, of Home Church, . 200 394. Thomas Rogers, of Home Church, . . 25 395. George Browne, of Home Church, . . 25 396. John Banks, of London, gent., . . 100 THE ADVENTUEEES. 397. Charles Doyley, of London, tallow chandler, . 398. Nathaniel and Thomas Weeks, . 399. John Rothwell, bookseller, 400. Robert Barrett, . 401. Luke ffawne, bookseller, 402. William Boulton, 403. James Gierke, 404. Anthony Dowse, 405. Daniel Elderby, 406. Robert Childe, . 407. Christopher Whitekett, 408. Robert Maltas, of Reading, clothier 409. Abraham Ottyer, of London, . 410. Arthur Juxton, of London, salter, 411. John Juxton, gent., 412. Thomas Juxton, merchant taylor, 413. Mathew Biggs, gent., 414. Temi^est Miller, of London, merchant taylor, 415. Samuel Turner, of London, merchant taylor, 416. Maurice Gitting, of London, merchan taylor, 417. William Wagstaffe, merchant taylor, 418. Henry Ashurst, of London, merchant taylor, 419. Barnabas Meare, of London, draper, 420. Richard Allot, of London, haberdasher, 421. Richard Turner, Senior and Junior merchant taylors, .... 422. Thomas Alcocke, of London, haberdasher, 423. John Ballard, of London, skinner, 424. Roger Lambert, 425. Ralph Carter, .... 426. Thomas Randall, 427. Miles Biggs, .... 428. Isaacke Gould, of London, draper, G2 £ 100 100 50 50 50 100 100 50 50 50 100 120 600 200 200 200 200 200 200 100 100 50 100 50 200 300 200 100 100 50 50 100 417 £ s. d. 50 0 0 25 0 0 12 10 0 418 THE ADTENTUEEES. £ £ s. d 429. John Juiin, of London, dyer, . . . 300 430. Isaacke Jurin, of London, weaver, . . 100 431. Abraham Jurin, of London, weaver, . 100 432. John Lordell, of London, grocer, . . 100 433. Richard Shingler, of London, draper, . 100 434. Robert Dringe, 100 435. John Hedilow, chirurgeon, ... 25 436. Richard Hodilow, 25- 437. Richard Shute, of London, merchant, . 200 438. Thomas Davey, of Beckley, in Sussex, . 600 439. William Ball, of London, clothworker, . 200 440. Abraham Deskeene, of London, weaver, 200 441. Jeoffry Thomas, of London, merchant taylor, 200 442. John Stipe, throwster, .... 100 443. Daniel Dupree, of London, merchant, . 300 444. Everard Boulton, barber chirurgeon, . 100 25 0 0 445. Robert Lewillin, of London, salter, . 100 25 0 0 446. Henry Boyce, of London, tallow chandler, 100 447. John Rayment, of London, white baker, . 300 448. John Pallin, of London, white baker . 300 449. Alexander Partridge, of London, ffarier, 80 450. Robert Joseph, of Dartford, in Kent, . 50 451. John Daves, of London, chandler, . .50 6 5 0 452. John Tabor, of London, goldsmith ... 50 453. John Kendrick, of London, grocer, . . 700 454. Richard Darnely, of London, haber- dasher, 100 455. John Suelling, of London, pewterer, . 200 100 0 0 456. Edward Keddermister, of London, gent., 100 457. Thomas Barwicke, of London, grocer, 100 458. Thomas Waters, of London, cordwayner, 100 459. John Jeffryes, of London, grocer, . 100 460. George Hudson, of London, haberdasher, 100 461. Nathaniel HumiDhreys, of London, iron- monger, 100 462. Arthur Turner, Serjeant at Law, . . 200 463. Silvester Dennis, of London, dyer, . 160 464. Edward Cooke, of London, apothecary, 675 THE ADVENTUEEES. 419 £ s. d. 465. George Witham, of London, leather seller, 300 466. John Hurste, of London, cooke, . . 300 467. Alexander Jones and Robert Meode, mer- chant taylors, 675 468. John Smith, of Wooll Church, . . 50 469. Thomas ffoote, of London, . . . 600 470. Samuel Langham, of London, . . 600 471. Thomas Morton, of Craydon, in Surrey, 200 472. Anthony Dringe, of London, merchant Baylor, 100 473. Nathaniel Mickletwait, ffishmonger, . 25 474. William Tutty, of London, clerke, . 25 475. John Sturdy, of London, merchant taylor, 25 476. John King and ffrancis Whitston, of London, lOO 477. Rose Underwood and William Skren- shaw, 100 478. William Allen, of London, vintner, . 200 479. John Hunter, of London, .... 100 480. John ye sonne of Thomas Corke, saltier, 100 481. Richard Wilson, grocer, . . . lOO 482. Edward Underwood, Grocer, . , . 100 483. Mathias Button, 200 484. Christopher Merideth, .... 200 485. Nicholas Guy, 200 486. Henry Colbron and Thomas Davis, . 75 487. Richard Warring, grocer, . . . 2001 488. Thomas Turgis, grocer, . . . 2001 489. Robert Richard Smith, of London, . 200 490. John Ashley, of London, ffishmonger, . 100 491. Henry Graant, of London, draper, . 60 492. Thomas ffreeman, 200 493. Thomas Lenthall, 200 494. James Clerk©, 200 495. Thomas Stocke, of London, . . . 200 496. George Parker, of London, . . . 200 50 0 0 50 0 0 420 THE ADVENTUEEKS. £ £ s. d. 497. Sarah Parker, of London, . . . 200 498. Michael Babington, of London, gent., . 200 499. Edward Overing, of London, salter, . 20 500. Joseph Brand, of London, salter, . . 200 501. Thomas Pate, of London, cutler, . . 200 502. Eaph Triplett, of London, stationer, . 300 503. William Barton, 300 504. Thomas Brightwell, of London, bowyer, .... £233 6s. 8d. 505. Thomas Hussey, of London, grocer, . . . . . £233 6s. Sd. 506. John Lane, of London, . . £233 6s. 8d. 507. Mathew and Thomas Younge, of London, brewers, ....... 100 508. Cornelius Burgess, Dr. of Divinity, . 700 509. William Jenny, 200 510. Perry Grine Pritty, . . . .200 511. Chropher Jenny, and Partner, . . 200 512. Joseph Linge, 100 513. Giles Townesend, 200 514. Edward Carter, confectioner, . . . 200 515. William Lorring, goldsmith, . . . 200 516. Nataniel Hall, of London,skinner, . 100 517. George South, 50 518. Thomas Bewley, Senr., draper, . . 100 519. Thomas Bewley, Jnr., of London, . . 100 520. William Bewley, 100 521. John Blackwell, Senr., and compai tners, of London, 1000 500 0 0 522. Henry Liffkens, of London, merchant taylor, 50 27 10 0 523. Thomas Walmsley, of Great Kimble, in Bucks, 100 524. Michael Spenser, of Attercliffe, in York, gent., 600 150 0 0 525. William Sheppy, of Gravell Lane, . 200 526. John Strange, of London, merchant taylor, 300 THE ADVENTUREES. 421 £ £ a. d. 527. Giles Dent, of London, salter, . . 200 528. Maximilian Beard, of London, girdler, 200 529. William Viner, of London, joyner, . 200 530. Christopher Lipplate, of Mareborough, . 50 531. John Gearing, grocer, .... 300 75 0 0 532. Christopher Bidle, white baker, . . 25 533. Thomas Harris, of London, merchant, . 100 534. Henry Box, Esq., 400 535. Thomas Herrage, Esq., . . . .400 536. William Ashwell, merchant, . . .400 537. Sir Mathew Boynton, of Barmston, Knt., and Bart., 1000 538. Robert Greenwell, servant to Robert Newton, grocer, 50 539. Peter Cole, of Ironmonger Lane, . . 50 540. Henry Hickman, of London, salter, . 200 541. Richard Hill, of London, cordweyner, 200 542. Robert Hayes, of London, . . . 200 543. Robert Robins, of London, glover, . 300 544. Thomas Hutchine, of London, merchant, 400 545. Thomas Harris, of London, grocer, . 100 546. William ffletcher, 100 547. John Parret, 100 548. James Alford, of London, grocer, .- . 50 549. Symon Barton, of London, stationer, . 50 550. John Deathicke, of London, mercer, . 200 551. Captain Robert Tichburne, . . .200 552. Joseph Barker, of London, skinner, . 200 553. James Martin, of London, ffishmonger, . 600 554. Charles Lloyd, of London, draper, . 600 555. Clement Coxon, of Wapping, taylor, . 50 556. Joseph and Jonathan Blackwell, of London, 675 468 15 0 557. Henry ffeatherton, stationer, . . . 1200 558. John Perry, of London, skinner, . . 50 559. William Priaulke, of Sussex, minister, . 50 560. William Harrison, of Staple Inn, gent., 100 561. John Biggs, of Maidstone, gent., . 150 422 THE ADVENTUEEES. £ £ s. d. 562. George Haule, of Maidstone, gent., . 250 563. Richard Crispe, of Maidstone, gent., . 600 564. Robert Swinnocke, of Maidstone, gent., 200 565. James Smith, of London, salter, . . 200 566. Robert Hales, of Auescott, in Oxford- shire, gent., 1200 567. Abraham and Thomas Chamberlain, of London, merchants, .... 600 568. Hezekiah Woodward, of London, gent., 200 569. George Henly, of London, merchant, . 300 570. Robert Henly, 300 571. John Maynard, 300 572. Humphrey Browne, of London, girdler, iand compartners, 610 305 0 0 573. Edmond Peers, of London, grocer, . 100 574. Ralph Clarcke, of Chesterfield, in the Co. of Derby, 200 575. Thomas Bretland, of Chesterfield, , . 100 576. Richard Wood, of Chesterfield, . . 100 577. William Heathcotte, of Chesterfield, . 100 578. Paul ffletcher, of Chesterfield, . . .100 579. James Webster, of Chesterfield, . . 100 580. Richard Walcott, of London, Esq., . 600 581. Israel Scarlet, of London, baskettmaker, 100 582. Joseph Smith, of St. Hellins, . . .100 583. William Leete, of London, cordweyner, 20 584. John Parker, of London, haberdasher, 200 50 0 0 585. Henry Croane, 200 586. John Seed, 200 587. John Winkly, of London, haberdasher, . 40 589. Stephen Eastwicke, of London, girdler, 200 590. George Miller of London, stationer, .... £l33 6s. 8d. 591. Edward Bruster, of London, stationer, . > . . £133 6s. 8d. 392, Richard Thrale, of London, stationer, .... £133 6s. Od. 593. Samuel Harte, of London, ironmonger, 150 THE ADVENTUEEES. 423 £ £ s. d. 594. Sarah Harte, of London, ... 50 595. Samuel Ivery, of London, merchant, . 300 596. Robert Lambell, of London, grocer, . 200 597. Gregory Parker, of London, haberdasher, 50 598. Robert Garner, of Sleeford, in Lincoln- shire, 200 599. William and Thomas Allen, of London, grocers, 600 600. Sir Henry Row, Knt., and Thomas Man, Esq., 600 601. George Scott, of London, grocer, . . 100 602. Christopher Mcrricke, of London, mer- chant, 200 603. Henry West, of London, marriner, . 200 604. John ffowler, of London, clothworker, . 200 605. Hogan Howell, of London, grocer, . 200 606. Theophilus Bidolph, of London, draper, 200 607. Patrick Bamford, of London, merchant taylor, 100 608. Peter Mills, of London, bricklayer, . 100 609. Henry Pettit, of London, merchant taylor, 200 610. Henry Hampson, of London, merchant taylor, 200 611. Jarvis Blackwell, of London, skinner, . 100 612. George Wright, of London, skinner, . 50 613. William Richardson, of London, mer- chant taylor, 50 614. Richard and John Smith, of London, plaisterers, 20 615. Robert Holman, of Rendle-hill, in Surrey, gent., 100 616. William Hampston, of [ ], in Surrey, ....... 100 617. Jeoffrey Holman, of [ ], in Surrey, ....... 100 618. Francis Cheny, of Chosham Boyes, Esq., 600 424 THE ADVENTUKEES. £ £ s. d. 619. Edward Merideth, of London, merchant taylor, 25 620. Soloman Sibly, of London, salter, . . 100 621. William Rogers, of London, . . 25 622. George ffarmer, of ye Inner Temple, Esq., .600 623. Mrs. Lucie Roch, of Rumford, . . 50 25 0 0 624. William ffewster, of Richmond, in Surrey, 100 625. ffrancis Collins, of London, skinner, . 100 626. William Legatt, of London, leather seller, 100 627. ffelix Kingston, of London, stationer, . 100 628. Dame Elizabeth Soame, of Hauden, in Essex, 300 629. James Baynton, Esq., . . . .200 630. Edmond Harrison, embroyderer, . . 200 631. William Withar Manny downe, Esq., . 200 632. Richard Starkey, of Gravesend, gent., . 100 75 0 0 633. Thomas Harding, of London, white baker, 200 634. Giles Harding, of London, white baker, 200 635. William Hardening, . . . .100 636. Alice Harding, of Alenorth, . . .100 637. William Barker, of London, merchant, . 200 638. Thomas Staine, of London, wax chandler, 100 639. Robert Scare, of London, pewterer, . 100 640. Robert Wood, of London, wax chandler, 25 641. Arther Loyd, of London, haberdasher, . 100 642. Richard Porter, of Abbots Langley, Esq., 200 643. Edward Hodgson, of London, goldsmith, 100 644. Robert Gardner, of London, Esq., . . 600 150 0 0 645. Sir Thomas Bendish, of Bumstead, in Essex, Bart. 400 646. William Dyke, of London, ironmonger, . 100 647. Stephen Beale, of London, leather seller, 100 648. Thomas Rodbeard, of London, ffish- monger, and compartners, . . . 100 THE ADVENTUEEES. 649. Robert Elie, of London, mercer, 650. Elisha Rovins, of London, mercer, . 651. William Wade, London, merchant, 652. Ellis Good, of White Chappell, 653. Nathaniel King, of Dunstans, in ye West 654. ffrancis Pccke, of Guilford, minister, 655. William Hill, of Guilford, 656. ffrancis Webb of London, dyer, 657. Dr. Samuel Read, of Birch Hanger, 658. Mrs. Tendring, of Bishops Stratford, 659. Samuel Cooper, of London, ffishmonger, 660. John Lucas, of Lynn, merchant, 661. Thomas Gouge, Vicar of St. Sepulchre's, 662. Nicholas Stoughton, of Stoughton, Esq., and compartners, .... 600 663. William Rathband, Senr., and Junr., of Coleman street, 100 664. John Jones, of London, merchant taylor, 200 665. Thomas Waterhouse, of London, ffish- monger.. 100 666. Thomas Ayres, of London, gent., and compartners, 200 667. Edward Gittings, of London, paper stayner, 100 668. Jonathan Goodard, phisitian, . . 100 669. Humphrey Chaveny, of ye Chappell of ye Rolls, 100 670. Henry Scobell, of Symons Inn, gent., . 200 671. Henry Gulson, paj^nter steyner, . . 100 672. William Willoughby, of Wapping-wall, . 150 673. William Ball, of Lincoln's Inn, gent., . 250 674. Richard Graves, of Lincoln's Inn, gent., 200 675. John Clay don, of Sheere-lane, gent., . 200 676. ffrancis Allen, of ffleet-street, goldsmith, 200 677. John Branckstead, of London, goldsmith, 100 678. Mary Shakespeare, of ye Strand, widdow, 110 425 £ £ s. d. 100 100 600 100 50 25 . — - 25 50 12 10 0 50 12 10 0 100 25 0 0 25 25 600 ^ 426 THE ADVENTUKEES. £ 679. Christopher Towse, of y© Strand, whit© baker, 100 680. William Grantham, .... 50 681. Thomas Webster, 50 682. Nathaniel Witham, of Whiteffryers, white baker, 100 683. John Coleman, of London, haberdasher 100 684. Thomas Cooke, London, goldsmith, . 300 685. Edward East, of London, goldsmith, . 100 686. John Bisko©, of Westminster, apothecary, 100 687. William Hoare, of St. Martins in ye ffields, gent., 25 688. Nicholas Bone, of Whitehall, gent., . 100 689. Anthony Morgan, of London, linen draper, 200 690. Robert Barefoot, of London, leather seller, 25 691. William Hobson, of London, haberdasher, 100 692. Richard Lacy, of London, haberdasher, . 100 693. William White, of London, haberdasher, 50 694. Capt. Nathaniel Camphield, . . . 100 695. Benjamin Potter, of London, saddler, . 50 696. James Cox, of London, merchant taylor, 50 697. John Eaton, of London, merchant taylor, 50 698. Edmond Sheafe, of London, mercer, . 100 699. John Bateman, minister of Okenham, . 50 700. William Nutkins, of Okenham, , . 50 701. Michael Marlow, of Okenham, . , 50 702. Angelo Bell, of Okenham, ... 50 703. Mathew Simpson, of Okenham, gent., . 50 704. William Betsworth, of Sussex, blacksmith, 50 705. William Greenhill, of Stepney, . . 100 706. William Page, apothecary, . . . 100 707. George Austin, merchant, . . . 600 708. Throgmorton Trotman, of London, mer- chant, 200 709. William Hawkins, of London, merchant, 259 710. James Bynce, of London, . . . . 600 THE ADVENTUEERS. 427 £ £ s. d. 711. Richard Browne, of London, woodmonger, 600 712. Mrs. Dorothy Moore, of Dublin, in Ire- land, 300 150 0 0 713. John Honnor, of St. Martins in the ffields, 600 714. John Bromwich, of London, armourer, . 100 715. Thomas and William Rainsborough, merchants, 200 716. Samuel Stone, of London, brewer, . . 50 717. Thomas Bancks, of Staple Inn, gent., . 100 718. Philip Diline, of Canterbury, clerke, . 200 719. ffrancis West, senr., of London, grocer, . 200 720. John Terrill, of London, . . . .200 721. George Hughes, Minister, . . .100 722. Stephen Sedgewicke, of London, . . 100 723. William Perket, of Bredgate, . . .200 724. Margaret Eldersey, of Bredgate, . . 60 725. Thomas Hampton, of Taplow, in Bucks, Esq., 600 726. William Webster, of Peckam, in Surry, . 100 727. Robert Haughton, of Southwarke, . . 100 728. Thomas Nethuish, of London, ffactor, . 100 729. Robert Clay, of London, ffactor, . . 100 730. William Gunston, of London, ffactor, . 100 731. Lawrence Sanders, of London, ffactor, . 100 732. Barnard Trimlett, of London, ffactor, . 100 733. Giles Sumpter," of London, ffactor, . 100 734. Samuel Eames, of Lothbury, London, . 100 735. Thomas Ligh, of Twerton, in Devon, . 100 736. Joseph Godfrey, of London, . . . 50 25 0 0 737. William Pitcher, of London, draper, . 100 738. Thomas Meade, of London, merchant taylor, 600 739. Jeremiah Hearne, of Hunsden, . . 100 740. Thomas Briggs, of London, merchant taylor, 100 741. Richard Quiny, of London, grocer, . 100 742. John Sadler, 100 743. George Plucknett, 100 428 THE ADVENTURERS. £ £ s. d. 744. Henry Harwell, haberdasher, . . . 100 745. Benjamin Banister, apothecary, . . 100 746. William Hubbard, merchant taylor, . 100 747. Richard Chandler, haberdasher, . . 100 748. Godfrey Hall, and compartners, . . 100 749. John Owen, of London, grocer, . . 200 750. Stephen Pheazant, of Gray's Inn, gent., 200 751. John Browne, of London, leather seller, 100 752. Nicholas Williams, of London, haber- dasher, 100 753. Edmond Lewin, merchant taylor, . . 400 754. Daniel Lewin, of Hartfordshire, . . 200 755. William Officiall, of Great Yarmouth, . 600 756. Daniel Waldo, of London, clothworker and alos, 600 757. William Goddard, Dr. of Physicke, . 100 758. John Merricke, of London, gent., . . 100 759. John Tym, of London, goldsmith, . . 100 760. Thomas Hatton, of ye Six Clerks Office, 20 10 0 0 761. John Whiteing, of Hadley, in Suffolk, 100 762. William Lambert, of Coulston, in Surry, yeoman, 100 763. Thomas Brouker, of Newenham, gent., . 200 764. Peter Langley, of New Inn, gent., . 200 765. Edward Henson, of London, gent., . . 50 766. William Peake, of London, clothworker, 100 767. Richard and Alex. Venner, of London, . 150 768. Peter Delany, of London, dyer, . . 100 769. Richard Cox, of London, merchant taylor, 50 770. Thomas Kentish, of Abbots Langley, . 200 771. George Pryer, of Bartholomew per Ex- change, 675 772. Anthony Rosswell, and compartners, of Freshford, 150 773. Edward Mitchell, 25 774. John King, of Harlow, in Essex, . . 75 775. John Savill, 75 776. William Thompson, of [ ], . .50 THE ADVENTUKEKS. 429 £ £ s. d. 777. John Speller, 50 778. Josiae Tunbridge, 100 779. John ffeilde, 50 780. Edward Savill, 50 781. Thomas Lyon, 50 782. William Sumney 50 783. John Gardner, 50 784. John Lee, of London, .... 25 785. Thomas Phillips, of London, clothworker, 40 786. Anthony Springer, of Clements Danes, . 200 787. Edward Parker, 100 788. William Jesson, 100 789. Leonard Tillett, 100 790. Arthur Crew, of London, . . . .100 791. William Boggest, of London, gent., . 50 792. Gilbert Lambell, ..... 125 793. Devereux Palmer, in Northamptonshire, Esq., 310 794. Anthony and John Wagstaffe, of Harland, 100 795. Grace Heathcocke, of Cutthorp, widdow, 58 796. Ellen Waggstaffe, of Swatwicke, . . 50 797. Edmd. Waggstaffe, of Cullow, . . 40 798. Michael Ashton, 20 799. William ffrench, of Emanuel Colledge, . 50 800. George Starr, of Sherborne, in Dorset- shire, 150 801. William Allen, of Ditchett, ... 50 802. Richard Vinston, of London, grocer, . 100 803. James Story, of London, . . . . 50 25 0 0 804. Thomas Browne, of London, . . . 100 50 0 0 805. Samuel Harlnett, of London, . . . 50 25 0 0 806. John Steming, of London, leather seller, 100 807. Edward Story, of London, ironmonger, . 50 808. Thomas Row, of London, girdler, . . 50 809. Samuel Beardolph, of London, merchant taylor, 100 810. William Beale, .... £186 158. 811. Richard Allen, of London, grocer, . . 50 430 THE ADVENTUEEKS. 812. Richard Litler, of London, apothecary, 813. Serjt.-Major Wagstaffe, of Harbury, 814. Edward Wood, and compartners, . 815. William Loupe, of W. Minster chirurgeon, 816. Joshua Woolnough, of London, merchant taylor, 817. Peter Hudson, of London, upholsterer 818. Mark Bradley, of London, scrivener, 819. William Cooper, .... 820. George Bradley, stationer, 821. John Harris, of London, girdler, . 822. Thomas Younge, of London, ffactor, 823. William Turlington, of London, merchant, 824. Philip Skippon, Serjt.-Major Genl., 825. Richard Huthinson, of London, iron- monger, 826. Edward Vaughan, of Cheapside, . 827. Charles Vaughan, of the Co. of Devon Esq., 828. Joseph Vaughan, .... 829. William Vaughan, of London, grocer, 830. Richard Hunt, of London, skinner, 831. Edward Aunsley, of London, -armourer, 832. Richard Willett, of London, merchant, 833. Gabriel Barber, of Hartford, gent., 834. Ralph Minor, of Hartford, schoolmaster, 835. Dr. Calibutt Downing, of Hackney, 836. Thomas Jackson, of London, pewterer, . 837. Mathew Draper, of London, merchant, . 838. Thomas Wood, of London, merchant taylor, . . . . 839. Mathew Andrews, of London, grocer, 840. Adinram Bryfield, 841. Richard Wilcox, haberdasher, . 842. Thomas Richards, of London, school- master, ....... 843. William Herring, of London, haberdasher, £ £ s. d. 50 25 175 174 2 6 100 25 50 25 0 0 100 100 100 100 100 100 50 0 0 200 50 0 0 100 200 1000 100 300 300 300 200 200 200 100 100 200 50 0 0 100 25 0 0 100 [ ] 200 50 0 0 100 400 THE ADVENTUEEES. 431 844. John Gre&nsmith, .... 845. William Honnywood, 846. Katherin Smith, of Hackney, widdow, 847. Symon Ash, of London, clerke, 848. William Kendall, of London, merchant taylor, 849. Thomas Player, haberdasher, . 850. Gregory Clement, of London, merchant, 851. Patient Wallin, of London, 852. Joseph Murdocke, of London, skinner 853. William Methould, of London, merchant 854. Abraham Puller, of Hartford, merchant, 855. John Coulson, of Ayton Magna, 856. Lawrence Brentley, of London, merchant, 857. Nicholas Brentley, of Exon, 858. John Martimere, of Exon, 859. Thomas Brindley, of St. John-street, Esq. 860. Joseph Carrill, of Lincoln's Inn, minister 861. John Jones, of Exon, 862. Thomas King, of London, carpenter, 863. Samuel Browne, and compartners, 864. Roger Lazinley, of London, haberdasher 865. Gerrarde Boate, of Holland, . 866. Humphrey Chambers, in Somerset- shire, £l2 867. Christopher Brewer, of the same, . £l2 868. George Paine, of the same, . . £l2 869. Richard Crow, of the same, . . £12 870. The Lady Jane Harrington, of Rand, in Lincolnshire, 871. Henry Smith, of London, glover, . 872. John Keynes, of Marlboro', 873. James Harrington, of Rand, in Lincoln- shire, ....... 874. William Harrington, of ye same, . 875. Thomas Baily, of Marlborough, 876. James Cheswick, and others, of Sheffield, 877. Thomas Towley, of Boston, £ 300 100 100 100 300 200 200 100 100 700 200 200 200 200 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 10s. 10s. 10s. 10s. 3 2 6 3 2 6 3 2 6 3 2 6 100 50 0 0 100 80 50 25 0 0 50 25 0 0 150 250 25Q 432 THE ADVENTUEEES. 878. Eobert Trelawney, of Plimouth, mer- ch?ait, . .... 879. William ffisk, of Packerham, . 880. John ffiske, of Eattlesden, 881. Thomas Lincolne, of Thetford, 882. William Gouch, of Elden, . < 883. John Grocer, of Westhorpe, 884. John Higgens, of Kingsnode, merchant, 885. Mathew Ash, and compartners, of Ches- terfield, 886. Anthony Parker, of Blagden, in Somer- setshire, ...... 887. Nicholas Blagne, of Katherines, gent., 888. Henry Walter, of Eye, in Sussex, *. 889. Edward Owener, for Great Yarmouth, 890. Mary Ditton, of Westminster, widdow 891. Eoger Mathew, for ye Borrow of Dart- mouth, £688 7s 892. Thomas Bright, of Thurston Hall, in Suffolk, Alf^ 893. Thomas Pury, for ye Citty of Gloucester, 894. Nicholas Isaacke, of Barnstaple, mer- chant, ....... 895. Joseph Jaques, for his son Ealph Jaques, 896. Michael Measey, of Katherines Coleman, 897. Eoger Drake, Dr. of Phisicke, . . 898. Eichard Culline, High- Sherriffe of Devon, for certain subscriptions there made, ....... 899. Peter St. Hill, of Bradninche, in Devon, Esq., 900. Thomas Ivatt, of Coombe Martin, in Devon, Esq., 901. John Coomb, of Bradninch, in Devon, Esq., 902. Sr. Henry Eoswell, Knt., in Devon, . 903. Thomas Hudson, of London, skinner, 904. Cornelius Cooke, vintner, . . . . £ s. d. £ 675 200 100 100 100 100 40 50 60 50 100 600 100 6d. 2397 15 0 200 1350 100 300 50 200 348 19 2 0 300 450 337 10 0 50 37 10 0 200 100 100 THE ADVENTUKEES. 433 £ d. 905. John Morris, wax chandler, 906. John Snelling, merchant, 907. Thomas ffarthing, cordweyner, 908. Edward or 'Edmund Austin ffeltmaker, [909 omitted in the original.] 910. Thomas Brocket, pewterer, 911. John Carpenter, .... 912. George ffissenden, merchant, . 913. Christopher Gibbs, clothworker, 914. Gamaliel Voice, brewer, 915. Henry Hawkes, of London, tallow chandler, 916. John Sandon, of London, cordweyner, 917. William Smiter, .... 918. Samuel Wilkin, tallow chandler, 919. John Williams, ffeltmaker, 920. John Bur lace, gent., .... 921. Leonard Tarrant, tobacconist, 922. Eobert Chillingworth, ffeltmaker, . 923. John Wilding, of Olaves, Southwarke, 924. Thomas Bye, tallow chandler, . 925. Jeremy Rushley, salter, . . • . 926. Robert Pearson, of London, weaver, 927. Robert Terry, draper, 928. Samuel Finn, carpenter, . 929. Richard Higgins, cordweyner, 930. Robert Gierke, apothecary, 931. Samuel Crowther, merchant taylor, 932. William Stedde, ironmonger, . 933. William Hiccocke, brewer, 934. John Tarlton, brewer, 935. George Meggot, pewterer, 936. Gabriel Bonnvyn, tallow chandler, 937. Elizabeth Tuffenaile, .... 938. Elizabeth Morton, of Bermondscy, 939. Margaret King, of Bermondsey, 940. John Childe, of Olaves, Southwarke, 941. Thomas Beale, tallow chandler, H2 25 0 0 £ 100 200 100 0 0 50 100 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 25 50 50 100 50 50 50 25 25 50 50 100 50 100 100 50 100 100 50 100 100 60 50 100 100 50 0 0 50 0 0 25 0 0 434 - THE ADVENTUKEES. 942. William Sheppard, grocer, 943. John Humphreys, of London, imbroyderer, 944. Joseph Collyer, grocer, 945. Thomas Babington, haberdasher, 946. George. Ewer, ffishmonger, 947. Nicholas Norton, clothworkers, and partners, .... 948. Charles ffox, leather seller, 949. Overrington Blunsdon, whitster, 950. Daniel Mercer, dyer, 951. William Hobson, grocer, . 952. William Watson, apothecary, . 953. Thomas Cacott, of Darking, . 954. Thomas Maberly, haberdasher, 955. Samuel Hyland, distiller, . £50 12s 956. John Bird, wool comber, . 957. Christopher Searle, dyer, . 958. Henry Standish, cordweyner,. . 959. Nathaniel Hardy, of Southwarke, 960. John Nobbs, of Southwarke, . 961. John Keade, carpenter, 962. Henry White, of Southwarke, . 963. Tobias Randolph, Master of Eatcliffe Schoole, 964. William Heather, of Darkeing, 965. John Knight, of Southwarke, cordweyner 966. Thomas Springett, of Lewis, in Sussex, 967. Richard Barnard, of Lewis, in Sussex draper, 968. John Russell, of Lewis, yeoman, 969. Thomas Ballard, of Cuckfield, in Sussex 970. William Loue, of Lewis, in Sussex, 971. John Reynold, of Lewis, brasier, . 972. Mascal Giles, of Dutcheling, in Sussex, 973. Nathaniel Bourcher, of Ingleton, Sussex, 974. Charles Hopping, of Exon, ffuller, . 975. John White, of Exon, merchant, . 976. John Seager, of Broadcliste, . £ £ s. d. 50 50 50 100 50 300 ' 50 50 200 50 50 50 50 lOd. 10 60 50 50 50 50 50 100 75 0 0 50 10 200 200 250 25 600 12 50 16 100 200 100 4 1.1 0 TH3 ADVENTUREES. 977. Thomas Coomb, of Broadcliste, 978. William Musgrave, of Broadcliste, 979. Philip Musgrave, of Broadcliste, . 980. Christabell Stone, of Exon, . 981. Toby Allenn, of Exon, merchant, . 982. Thomas Macomber, of Exon, ironmonger 983. Nicholas Vaughan, of Exon, gent., 984. Bernard Starr, of Exon, upholsterer 985. John Goswell, of Exon, barber, 986. George Yard, of Thomas' Parish, in Devon, 987. James Marshall, of Exon, merchant, 988. Thomas Parris, of Exon, merchant, 989. Edward Anthony, of Exon, goldsmith, 990. James White, of Exon, merchant, . 991. Philip Crossing, of Exon, merchant, 392. Christopher Clerke, Junr., of Exon merchant, 993. Edmond Syntall, of Exon, silk weaver 994. John Seager, of Broadcliste, clerk©, 995. Nicholas Carwithen and George Mary of Exon, 996. John Levering, of Exon, merchant, 997. Richard Mayne, of Exon, 998. Robert Hoare, of Broadcliste, yeoman .999. Giles Moore, of Broadcliste, yeoman, 1000. John Sowden, of Broadcliste, yeoman, 1001. Peter Ratcliffe, of Broadcliste, yeoman 1002. John Vye, of Axmouth, yeoman, . 1003. Henry Parsons, of Culleton, mercer, 1004. Robert Searle, of Honnyton, in Devon and partner, 1005. William Searle, of Honnyton, 1006. Richard Clapp, of Sudbury, yeoman, 1007. Richard White, Senr., of Axminster merchant, 1008. Sir John Poole, of Shute, in Devon, 435 £ s. d. £ 20 20 20 100 80 50 100 100 50 50 200 50 100 200 100 100 50 50 200 150 0 0 100 100 50 25 25 25 200 200 80 20 200 400 103 436 THE ADVENTUEEES. £ £ s. d. 1009. James Tucker, Senr., of Axminster, merchant, ...... 300 1010. Samuel Clarke, of Exon, merchant, . 100 1011. John Searle, of Sudbury, clerke, . . 20 1012. Thomas Pearce, Senr., of Sudbury, . 30 1013. Thomas Pearce, Junr., of Sudbury, . 30 1014. Henry tarsons, of Shut©, in Devon, . 100 1015. John Pay, of Shute, in Devon, yeoman, 100 1016. Thomas Matthew, of Barnstaple, . . 100 1017. William Nettle, of Barnestaple, . . 100 1018. Richard Evans, of Exon, . . .200 1019. Perryam Poole, of Talliton, in Devon, gent., 200 1020. James Gould, of Exon, merchant, . . 200 1021. Nicholas Breakeing, of Exon, . . 200 1022. Richard Sweete, of Exon, . . .200 1023. Richard Mallock, of Axminster, . . 100 1024. Robert ffowler, of Axminster, . . 60 1025. Amuel Harte, of Axminster, mercer, . 20 1026. Christopher Knight, of Axminster, taylor, 10 1027. Daniel ffoliet, of Axminster, ... 10 1028. Ellis Read, of Axminster, . . . .10 1029. Henry Henly, Esq., in Devon, . . 100 1030. Lidiagh Jordan, of Exon, ... 50 1031. John Pitt, of Line Regis, merchant, . 100 1032. Peter Ticknee, of Cullaton, in Devon, . 50 1033. William Nosworthy, of Exon, clerke, . 50 1034. The Mayor, Bailiffs, and Comnalty of Exon, £9890 10s. 1035. John Burlace, of Buckinghamshire, . 200 50 0 0 1036. Robert Whitehall, minister, of Adding- ton, in Bucks, ..... 100 1037. Sir John Hobbert, Barrt., in ye county county of Norff., 600 1038. George Price, High Sheriff of Surry, for several subscriptions there made, . 225 1039. George Garth, of Morden, in Surry, . 100 25 0 0 THE ADVENTUEEES. 1040. Anthony ffane, of Kingston, in Surry, 1041. Elizabeth Evillin, of Kingston, in Surry, 1042. Ann Cannockt, of Kingston, in Surry, 1043. Elizabeth Dingley, of Kingston, in Surrey, ...... 1044. Dr. Edmond Staunton, the Vicar of Kingston, in Surrey, . . . . 1045. Obadiagh Weeks, of Kingston, in Surrey, . . . . . 1046. Heretage Hartford, Minister of Thames Ditton, in Surrey, 1047. James Knowles, of Kingston, in Surrey 1048. John Bond, of Kingston, in Surry, 1049. John Redferne, of Kingston, in Surry 1050. James Levit, of Kingston, in Surry, 1051. John Childe, of Kingston, in Surry, 1052. Robert Massey, of Kingston, in Surry 1053. Joshua Sturmey, of Kingston, in Surry 1054. Sarah Best, widdow, in Surry, 1055. Ephraim Smith, of Kingston, in Surry 1056. Mary Baker, of ffeversham, widdow, 1057. Grace Tiffen, of Kingston, in Surry, 1058. Robert Thomas, of Kingston, in Surry 1059. Robert Wood, of Kingston, in Surry, gent., 1060. Robert Stint, in Surry, gent., of Kings ton, 1061. Shadracke Brice, of East Moulsey, 1062. John Evans, phisitian, . 1063. Ephraim Bishopp, of Kingston, in Surry, 1064. William Knightley, of Kingston, in Surry, ....... 1065. Thomas Tipping, Esq., High Sheriff of Exon, ....... 1066. Edward Taylor, of William Scott, in Oxford, 1067. Joseph Gastrell, Minister of Tettsworth, 1068. Vincent Barg, of Thame, Esq., . 437 £ £ s. d. 00 AA 25 0 0 UU 50 25 0 0 60 100 100 75 0 0 25 18 5 0 20 6 5 0 20 5 5 0 30 7 10 0 20 5 0 0 20 5 0 0 40 20 0 0 20 15 0 0 20 15 0 0 10 10 100 75 0 0 50 200 10 2 10 0 100 50 20 15 0 0 50 10 10 0 200 200 15 20 7 1 0 £ £ s. d. 25 12 10 0 220 200 200 300 438 THE ADVENTUEERS. 1069. John Parker, of Tettsworth, 1070. John Woodhead, of Hallifax, 1071. Sir Edward Scott, Knt. of ye Bath, of Smeath, in Kent, 1072. Robert Scott, Esq., of ye same, 1073. Thomas Westrow, of Marsham, in Kent, 1074. Sir Thomas Payton, Baronet, of Knol- ton, in Kent, 800 1075. Sir William Armine, of Orton Longe- vill. Baronet 400 1076. Mathew Wells, of ye same, and com- partners, or Wolter, .... 250 1077. William Wymer, of the citty of Norwich, 100 1078. Thomas Johnson, of ye citty of Norwich, 150 1079. John Knight, of ye citty of Norwich . 150 1080. William Davy, of ye citty of Norwich, 150 1081. John Toft, of ye citty of Norwich, . 50 1082. Daniel Dover, Senr., of ye citty of Norwich, 200 1083. Peter Hazleburt, of ye citty of Norwich, 50 1084. Edmond Spring, of ye citty of Norwich, 50 1085. Daniel Dover, Junr., of ye citty of Nor- wich, 50 1086. Sir Roger Smith, Knt., of Leicestershire, 300 1087. Henry Smith, of Leicestershire, . . 200 1088. William Sheares, of Leicestershire, . 300 1089. John Temple, of ffranckton, Esq., in Warwickshire, 200 1090. John Bridges, of Edson, in Warwick- shire, gent., 50 25 0 0 1091. Samuel Clarke, Rector of Alcester, in Warwickshire, 50 25 0 0 1092. ffoulke Bellers, Rector of Arrow, in Warwickshire, 50 25 0 0 1093. Robert Wilcox, of Brandon, in War- wickshire, 50 23 0 0 1094. John Emes, Junr., of Alcester, in War- wickshire, 50 25 0 0 THE ADVENTUEEES. 439 £ £ s. d. 1095. John Johnson, of Alcester, in War- wickshire, 50 25 0 0 1096. Eichard Garnall, of Alcester, in War- wickshire, 50 25 0 0 1097. Humphrey Eogers, of Bremingham, . 50 25 0 0 1098. Ealph Ashton, of Middleton, in Lanca- shire, Esq., 400 1099. Thomas Birch, of Birch, gent., in Lin- colnshire, 400 1100. Humphrey Macworth, of ye Sutton, in ye citty of Salop, for himself and others, 1900 1101. Sir Francis Popham, of Hunsted, Knt., in Somersetshire, 1000 1102. John Harrington, of Kelston, in Somersetshire, Esq., .... 1103. John Buckland, of Westharptree, . 1104. John Stoker, in Somersetshire, gent., . 1105. Thomas Hippesley, of Somersetshire, . 1106. John and Thomas Curtis, of Eastharp- tree, ....... 1107. Eichard Hippesley, of Somersetshire. . 1108. Edward Hippesley, of ye same, 1109. ffrancis ffoard, of Stoanstaton, in Somersetshire, . . . . .25 6 5 0 1110. James Burgis, of Stantondrew, in Somersetshire, 10 1111. Thomas Munday, of Brislington, in Somersetshire, 1112. William Bassett, of Calverton, Esq., . 1113. Benjamin Pitts, of Standerweeke, 1114. John Curie, of ffleshford, 1115. William Longe, of Stratton, Esq., 1116. George Stedderman, of Stratton, gent., 1117. Henry Salmon, of Stratton, 1118. Eichard North, of Stratton, in Somer- setshire. 1119. John Gay, of B'ath Easton, . 50 37 10 0 50 37 10 0 50 12 10 0 100 25 0 0 40 30 0 0 25 6 5 0 25 6 5 0 10 5 0 0 300 50 50 50 50 25 0 0 25 12 10 0 10 2 10 0 25 5 0 0 440 THE ADVENTUEEKS. 1120. William Robbins, of Bathwicke, 1121. Thomas Shute, of Kilmersden, 1122. James Bigg, of Bathford, 1123. John Cornish, of Dunkerton, 1124. Thomas Sibbs, Mayor of Bath, &c., for ye said Corporation. 1125. William Atkins, of Chard, clothier 1126. John Atkins, of Chard, clothier, 1127. John Francis, Coombflory, Esq., 1128. John Hippesley, of Stoneaston, ii Somersetshire, .... 1129. Ursula Wright, of St. Martins 1 Grand. 1130. Sir Walter Roberts, Knt. and Bart., 1131. Anthony Reynolds, of Billingsgate clerke, 1132. Francis Thorp, servant to Major-Genl Skippon, 1133. Mrs. Mary Barker, Bristoll, widdow, 1134. Walter Price, of Abbot's Langley, 1135. John King, of Abbot's Langley, 1136. John Elliston, of Gostinthorpe, in Essex, . . 1137. Robert Leaver, Junr., of Manchester clothier, 1138. Thomas Harding, . . . 1139. John Harding, 1140. Thomas Gallil© of [ ] clothworker, 1141. William Peacocke, of London, painter steyner, .... 1142. Dame Philadelphia Wharton, Dowager, 1143. Thomas Hotchkis, parson of Taunton, in Wiltshire, ...... 1144. William Prestly, of Essendon, in Hartfordshire, .... £l46 1145. Isaack ffoster, of London, grocer, 1146. Thomas Disney, of Gray's Inn, gent., . 1147. George Arnold, of London, gent., £ £ s. d. 25 10 5 0 0 15 7 10 0 15 10 10 0 100 25 0 0 50 10 10 0 50 10 10 0 50 25 10 0 50 25 0 0 53 100 50 10 1000 50 50 100 200 100 100 60 200 200 20 10s. 50 300 200 10 10 0 THE ADVENTUEEES. 441 £ £ s. d. 1148. Edmond Page, Junr., haberdasher, . 100 1149. Eobert Shurtis, 50 1150. Edmond Blacke, of London, merchant, 30 1151. James Caulier, of London, merchant, . 200 1152. Edward White, of Tamworth, . . 50 1153. Henry Wittingham, of London, mer- chant. 200 1154. Lawrence Peacocke, of London, mer- chant taylor, 50 1155. Christopher Goad, gent., . . . 100 1156. Sam Eumney, of Mayfield, in Sussex, . 35 1157. William Lord Mounson, . . .600 1158. Anthony Belfeild, of Stodham, . . 50 1159. John Sibley, of Stodham, ... 50 1160. Elizabeth Blake, of Brixham, . . 10 1161. Richard Culmere, of Canterbury, clerke, 200 1162. John Parkhurst, of Margretts, in Can- terbury, 20 7 10 0 1163. John Mosia, of London, cooke, . . 25 1164. Francis Cole, of London, gent., . 25 1165. John Edwards, of London, merchant, . 40 1166. Michael or Nicholas Burcott, minister, 100 1167. Katerine Triplett, of Hampton Gay, . 20 1168. Roger Hill, of Taunton, . . .200 1169. George Powell, Mayor of Taunton, and others of the said Corporation. . 1360 1170. Sir John Clotworthy, Knt., . . 1000 1171. John Gouing, of Bristol, merchant, . 1000 1172. Robert Wallis of Sutton, in Northhamp- tonshire, 25 1173. Thomas May, of London, clothworker, 50 1174. Sam Gardner, of Evisham, in Worcestershire, ..... 25 1175. Richard Woolfe, of London, girdler, . 20 1176. William Hussey, of Shafton, in Dorset- shire, 100 1177. Thomas Jenner, of London, . . 10 442 THE ADVENTUEEES. 1178. John Swan, minister, of Outon, in Kent, 100 1179. John and Charles Parker, . . 200 1180. John Player, minister, .... 25 1181. James Brickdell, of London, . . 10 1182. John Allured, Esq., . . . .100 1183. Ralph Gierke, skinner, . . . [ ] 1184. Tobias ffrere, in Norfolk, Esq., . . 750 1185. James Gierke, of Stanes, ... 50 1186. Out of the Ghamber of London, . 10.000 1187. ffrom ye Gustom House, . . . 2000 1188. Ranulph Grew freely gave, . . 80 Total, £249,305 19 8 75 0 0 THE ADVENTUEEBS. 443 THE SUBSCRIPTIONS FOR YE SEA FORCES. (See supra p. 74). £ 1189. Francis Newman, .... 50 1190. George Gierke, merchant taylor, . . 100 1191. Robert Barefoot, merchant taylor, . 150 1192. Robert Reynold, Esq., a member of ye House, 600 1193. Sir David Watkins, . . . .375 1194. Oliver Gromwell, Esq., a member of ye House, 300 1195. Sir Arthur Hazlerigg, Knt., a member of ye House, 600 1196. William Stroud, Esq., of Barrington, Somersetshire, 600 1197. Samuel Grispe, of London, . . 850 1198. John Wood, 850 1199. Sir Nicholas Grispe, .... 1700 1200. Henry Whittaker, . . . .200 1201. Robert Staunton, 300 1202. Thomas Andrews, of London, alderman, 500 1203. Sampson Sheffeild, Pensioner to his Matie., 300 1204. Samuel Moody, of Berry, in Suffolke, 600 1205. John Bright, of Berry, in Suffolke, . 300 1206. John Glarke, of Berry, in Suffolke, . 200 1207. Hugh Grove, of Berry, in Suffolke, . 50 1208. Richard Goysh, skinner, . . .120 1209. Thomas Barnardiston, . . .50 1210. Samuel Moyer, merchant, . . . 300 1211. William fflesher, 300 1212. Richard Hunt, mercer, . . . .100 1213. Henry Day, mercer, . . . 200 1214. Gapt. Edmond Harvey and Edmond Sleigh 300 1215. John Marryot and Samuel Cooper, of London, 100 £ s. d. 444 THE ABVENTUBEBS. £ 1216. Abraham Babbington, of London, draper, 400 1217. John Bate, of London, merchant taylor, 100 1218. Thomas Vincent, of London, leather seller, 1000 1219. John Brett, of London, merchant taylor, 300 1220. William Booke, merchant taylor, . 200 1221. William Underwood, of London, grocer, 100 1222. Richard Rogers, of London, grocer, . 100 1223. Richard Clutterbucke, of London, mercer, 200 1224. Thomas Prince of London, tallow ©handler, 100 1225. Peter Prince, of London, tallow oh/andler, 100 1226. Thomas Stone, of London, haberdasher, 200 1227. Samuel Warner, grocer; William Thompson, salter, .... 600 1228. William Pennoyer, clothworker, . 350 1229. Sam Pennoyer, of London, . . 450 1230. Cornelius and Stephen Mountney, . 100 1231. Maurice and George Thompson, . . 1000 1232. Jeremiah Hearne, .... 40 1233. Jasper Davis, of London, turner, . 100 1234. Moses Jenkins, of Coleman-street, . 100 1235. John Guxton, gent., . . .200 1236. Richard Turner, Senr. and Junr., mer- chant taylors, 200 1237. Thomas Alcocke, haberdasher, . . 100 1238. John Jurin, of London, dyer, . . 200 1239. Richard Shute, of London, merchant, . 300 1240. Everard Boulton, barber chirurgeon, . 100 1241. Robert Lewellin, of London, salter, . 200 1242. Henry Boyce,, tallow chandler, . 150 1243. Thomas ffoote, of London, . . .100 1244. Samuel Loughall, of London, . . 100 1245. William Allen, of London, vintner, . 200 1246. Richard Warring, grocer, . . . 660 £ s. d. THE ADVENTUEEKS. 1247. Thomas Turgis, grocer, 1248. Robert and Richard Smith, 1249. Thomas Stocke, . ... 1250. Thomas Brightwell, of London, bowyer 1251. Thomas Hussy, of London, grocer, 1252. John Lane, of London, grocer, 1253. Giles Townsend, .... 1254. John Strange, merchant taylor, 1255. John Perry, of London, skinner, . 1256. John Biff, of Maidstone, in Kent, 1257. Richard Crispe, of Maidstone, gent., 1258. Abraham and Thomas Chamberlaine merchants. 1259. Robert Lambell, grocer, 1260. Hogan Hawell and John Baker, of London, ...... 1261. William ffewster, of Richmoild, in Surry, 1262. ffrancis Collins, of London, skinner, 1263. Richard Porter, of Abbots, Langely Esq., 1264. Stephen Beale, leather seller, 1265. Thomas Rodbeard and Deins Gauden of London, 1266. Robert Ellis, of London, mercer, 1267. Elisha Robbins, of London, mercer, 1268. ffrancis Webb, of London, dyer, 1269. Edward Gethings, painter steyner, 1270. William Willoughby, of Wapping Wall 1271. John Waterton, 1272. Henry Roach, 1273. ffulke Wormelayton, 1274. Abraham Woodruffe, 1275. John King, 1276. Richard and Nathaniel Laeye, of London, . . . • 1277. William Greenhill, of Stepney, 1278. William Hukins, of London, merchant, £ 200 400 400 400 200 200 100 200 50 150 [ ] 1000 100 200 50 50 400 1200 600 200 100 1000 100 50 50 50 50 50 50 100 100 1000 445 £ s. d. 446 THE ADVENTUEEKS. £ £ s. d. 1279. Jam&s Bunce, of London, , . . 200 1280. Thomas and William Rainsborow, merchant taylors. .... 800 1281. Robert Houghton, of Southwarke, . 400 1282. Thomas Melhuish, of London, factor, . 300 1283. John Owen, of London, grocer, . . 200 1284. Richard and Alexander Vennor, . 150 1285. John -and Thomas Tyler, . . 150 1286. George Snelling, . . . .100 1287. Gilbert Lambell, 500 1288. William French of Emanuel Colledge, . 150 1289. Richard Winston, of London, grocer, . 100 1290. James Story, 150 1291. Thomas Browne, of London, . . 500 1292. Samuel Harsnett, of London, . . 150 1293. Symon Beardolfe, of London, merchant taylor, 200 1294. William Beale, of London, . . .506 5s. 1295. Richard Allen, of London, grocer. . 150 1296. Richard Litler, of Silvester Dennis, . 90 1297. Serjt. -Major Wagstaffe, of Harbury, &c., 100 1298. Edw^ard Woods, compartners, . . 500 1299. William Loupe, of Westmr., chirurgeon, 100 1300. Joshua Woollnough, merchant taylor, . 75 1301. Marke Bradley, of London, scrivener, . 50 1302. William Coop, 50 1303. George Bradley, stationer, ... 50 1304. John Harris, of London, girdler, . . 50 1305. Philip Skippon, Serjt. -Major General, . 200 1306. Richard Hutchinson, of London, iron- monger, 100 1307. Edward Vaughan, of Cheapside, . 100 1308. Charles Vaughan, of Devon, Esq., . 100 1309. William Vaughan, of London, grocer, . 100 1310. Edward Ausley, armorer, . . .100 1311. Richard Willett, of London, merchant, . 300 1312. Michael Herring, of London, haber- dasher, 200 THE ADVENTUEEES. 447 £ 1313. Gregory Clement, of London, merchant, 1300 1314. William Methold, of London, merchant. 400 1315. Laurence Brimley, of London, . . 200 1316. Thomas Brimley, of St. John-street, Esq., 100 1317. Samuel Browne, 50 1318. Gerrald Boate, of Holland, . . .100 1319. Nicholas Isaacke, of Barnestaple, mer- chant, 100 1320. William Heecocke, brewer, . . . 400 1321. Diavid Mercer, dyer, .... 50 1322. Christopher Searle, dyer, . . . 100 1323. Christopher Goad, gent., . . . 100 1324. ffrancis Whitson, 150 1325. Richard Leader, and compartner, . . 200 1326. Robert Roulston, 100 1327. Thomas Hussey, Junr., .... 200 1328. Robert ffoote, 100 1329. William Stane, Dr. of phisicke, . . 100 1330. John Lorrard, 200 1331. Thomas Woodgate, .... 200 1332. Richard Piggott, grocer, . . . 300 1333. Mr. Jeremy Burroughs, . . . 100 1334. John Thompson, Esq., . . . 200 1335. Robert Thompson, .... 100 1336. Richard Hill, 700 1337. Benjamine Whitcombe and Richard Vickars, 500 1338. Robert Garner, of London, merchant, . 400 1339. Wiliam Gomesdon, 300 1340. Capt. Richard Crandley, . . . 300 1341. Robert or Richard Wood, of Harlow, . 25 1342. Christopher Tabor, of Harlow, . . 50 1343. William Wallis, of London, mercer, . 100 1344. Theophilus Royley, .... 50 1345. Moyses Goodier, of Plymouth, mer- chant, 200 1346. Paul Greensmith, 50 d. 75 0 0 448 THE ADVENTURERS. £ 1347. John Cobb, ... . . .50 1348. Henry Robrough, minister, ... 30 1349. John Wallington, 25 1350. Jeremy Bridges, 25 1351. Thomas Cunningham ' 1800 1352. Lewis Dyke, 5200 1353. Mary Silloby, widdow, .... 10 1354. Sarah, ye wife of Laurence Brenley, merchant, ...... 50 1355. Marmaduke Tenant, clerke, ... 50 1356. Lambert Pitches, 50 1357. Samuel Pearce, beaver maker, . . 100 1358. Samuel fferris, of London, . . . 160 1359. Henry Eldred, . . . . . .100 1360. John Whiteing, 50 £ s. d. Total, . £43,406 5 0 INDEX OF SUBJECTS ADVENTURERS OF 1641," To raise a private army to conquer lands for themselves in he- land, 72. lands to be given them at twelve shillings per acre in Leinster and proportionally less in the other provinces, 73. their names, addresses, and subscriptions, 403-448. their army, when ready to sail from Bristol, is drawn off by the English rebels to fight against the King at Edge Hill, 74. for the Sea Service, ordered on a buccaneering expedition to Ireland, 74. their names and subscriptions, 443 first proposals for their Settlement, dated 1st January, 1652. show that the Transplantation was not yet resolved on, 83. pressed by Parliament in May, 1G52, to propose a form of speedy Plantation, ib. pressed to undertake to plant in three years, ib. decline, as it would require 40,000 families, for whom no hous- ing was prepared, 85. assigned the half of ten counties to satisfy £360,000, 94. they and the Army divide ten counties betv.'een them by lot, 94 Colonel Hewson draws for the Army, and Alderman Avery for the Adventurers, 196. distribution of their lots by the, 239. their Quartering and Sub-quartering of their baronies, ib., 239. Adventurers' Certificate, 239, n. names of, and quantities of land respectively, barony of Garry- castle, in the King's County, 252. cause Lady Dunsany to be dragged by force out of her castle like a common Irishwoman, 257. Mr. John Pitts, Adventurer, refused possession of his lot in Tipperary by the old proprietor, 258. by misquartering the barony of Connello, they throw Sir Nicholas Crispe into a bog for his lot. 210. Dr. Petty inquires what rules they had in turning about, so as to maintain contiguity when they passed out of the S. E. quarter into the S. W., 243. lists of the Adventurers in the Countj' of Tipperary, 386. 12 450 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. ADVENTURERS— coniin-ued. in barony of Middle Third, 389. of Iff a and Off a, 391. of Clanwilliam, 394. of Eliogartie, 396. of Ileagh, 398. of Ikerrin, 399. ALEXANDER, SIR JEROME, his will (A.D. 1672), forbidding his daughter to marry an Irish- man, or any one born and bred there, 265. ALLEN, COL. WILLIAM, ADJUTANT-GENERAL, prays that now they had gotten into houses they had not built, and vineyards they had not planted, they might not forget the Lord and his goodness, 271. AMERICA, soldiers commanded thither sell their debentures at 8s. per pound, 224. England likened (A.D. 1863), to a ship delivered from a plague of stinking rats, by the flight of the Irish to, 341. lately expatriated English in, invited back in 1651, to plant in Ireland, 249. perhaps the now expatriated Irish will be invited back by England, 250. ANECDOTES, of the Kilkenny innkeeper and young absentee nobleman, 36, n. of Connaught coachman, and prophecy that Irishmen should yet weep over Englishmen's graves, 49, n. of Molly Hore's cross at Killsallaghan, 135, n. of the Irish girl opening the door to a young constabulary officer and his men, holding a white plate before her like the Venus de Medicis, 260, n. ANGLO-SAXON RACE, the Land-hunger characteristic of, 125, 135, n. denied land at home, thej' make prey of, like Buccaneers abroad, ib. ANTRIM, MARQUIS OF, employed by the King into Ireland, to raise Ireland against England, 53. ARCHER, MARY, prays to be dispensed with. 111. " has an aged father, who would be suddenly brought to his grave," ib. ARMY, in 1649 mvitinous at being ordered to Ireland, 227. INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 451 ARJNIY — continued. setting out of lands to the arnij^ : equalising counties and baronies, 212. counties as valued by the army, 213. baronies, ditto, 214-220. they " box " for their lands, 206. the regiments of, draw lots for provinces, 203. that the rank and file should have land for their arrears at a cheaper rate than officers, 86. privates to compound, if they would, for ten acres for every year of service, ib. Committee of Parliament report (23rd December, 1652), that ten counties should be divided between the Adventurers and the soldiers, 86. and the regiments of each province for counties and baronies, 207. Commission to Lord Broghill and others for setting out lands in the county of Cork, for arrears, 211. list of officers set down in Munster, Leinster and Ulster, 216-220. ARREARS, Committee of Parliament suggest lands at lower rates to rank and file than officers, 86. suggest ten acres for every year's service, to privates, 86. a. for service in Ireland since 5th June, 1649, to be first paid, 187. this the day Cromwell's army began their march towards Ireland, 187. b. for service in England before 5th June, 1649, next to be paid, 188. consisted in pulling down King and Parliament, 188. called English arrears, 188. receive Mayo in payment, taken from the transplanted, 189. c. for service in Ireland before 5th June, 1649, to be paid next after English arrears, 189. called shortly 'Forty-Nine arrears, 189. 1st. 'Forty-Nine arrears of Coote's and Monk's Irish (Protes- tant) brigade, satisfied in 1653, 188, 189, 191. are set down along Lough Erne, and along the line of the Blackwater, in county of Cork, 191. 2nd. Old Protestants, who betrayed the Munster garrisons to Cromwell, in October and November, 1649, 191. the arrears of such as could prove themselves active in betraying the garrisons, to be paid, 193. 452 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. ARREARS — continued. The army sullenly give up to them Donegal, Longford, and Wicklow, 193. Cromwell adds Leitrim and the Mile Line, 193. ASSESSMENT, In 1653, double the amount of rent in time of peace, 81. soldiers throw up their farms, unable to bear the weight of it, ib. ASSIGNMENT OF DEBENTURES BY COMMON SOLDIERS TO THEIR OFFICERS. See Debentukes, 221. ATHLONE COMMISSIONERS, appointed on 28th December, 1654, 155. their court called " The Court of Claims and Qualifications of the Irish," 155-157. their " Discrimination Books," ib. called " the Black Books," 157, n. the Athlone Decrees called Final Settlements, as compared with the Assignment of Lands De bene esse of the Lough- rea Commissioners, 158. the Loughrea Commissioners commissioned to set out lands according to the Athlone Decrees, ib. ATKINSON, LADY MARGARET, prays to be dispensed M'ith from transplantation. 111. " of great age, and no one to support her, but her son. Sir G. A., a Protestant," ib. AXTELL, COLONEL RICHARD, shoots six women on the high road betwixt Athy and Kilkenny, 164, n. BARNEWALL, NICHOLAS, OF TURVEY, COUNTY OF DUBLIN, and Bridget, Countess of Tyreonnell, his wife, plead (against being transplanted) their great age and infirmities, 114. BARNEWALL, MARGARET, applies to be dispensed with from transportation, as " long troubled with a shaking palsy," 110. BEDEL, BISHOP, kind treatment of him and his family by the Irish, 62. a mistake to suppose he died a prisoner, ib. BIBLE, no bloodier instrument in the arsenal of the English in the war of 1641-78. served out with ammunition to the trocps, for the propagation of the Gospel, ib. INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 453 BIBLE STUFF, with which the English and the Soldiery had crammed their heads, and hardened their hearts, 141. " BLACK BOOKS," OR " BLACK BOOKS OF ATHLONE "— the discrimination hooks popularly so called, 157, n. " BOXING " OF THE ARMY FOR LANDS, described, 206. BREHON SYSTEM, established side by side with the Feudal system in Ireland, 15. their Sessions described by Spenser and Campion (1571-1590), eye-witnesses, 15. continued to the reign of James I., 16. the Brehon of the M'Guires and Sir John Davis, 16. BRITONS, civilised by the Romans into cowardice, 3. BURKES OF GALWAY AND MAYO, are " English Rebels," 30. " tall men that boast themselves to be of the King's blood, and berith hate to the Irishrie," 30. drive the King's writ out of Connaught, or it had driven out them, ib. fear of confiscation kept them in the class of English rebels, ib., and 35, n. BURNELL, HENRY, pleads (against being transplanted) his languishing sickness, and a respite till 1st June, when probably he will have strength to travel on foot to Connaught, 113. BURREN, barony of, in Clare, had not wood enough to hang a man, water enough to drown him, or earth enough to bury him, 121. BUTLER, MARY, widow, of Co. Tipperary, pleads (against being transplanted) that she discovered an ambushment of the Irish to cut oiF the Enghsh, 113. EUinor, widow, prays to be dispensed, " for her chardge of help- less children," 111. CARRICKMINES CASTLE, Sir Simon Harcourt (August, 1642), killed at the siege, and every living creature massacred in revenge, 57. CARTHAGINIANS, to hear the English complain of massacres is as entertaining as it proved to the Rhegians to hear the Carthaginians complain of anything effected by guile, 71. 454 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. CARTHAGINIANS— continued. the desolation of Ireland by the English in 1652 likened to the state of Sicily under the Carthaginians, 283, 284. CASHEL, to be cleared of Irish, 277. citizens of, dispensed from Transplantation ; but God, better knowing their wickedness, burnt down the town, 23rd May, 1654, sparing only the English, 126. CAULFEILD, LORD, not murdered by Sir Phelim O'Neil, 63. CHEEVERS, WALTER, of Monkstown Castle, near Dublin, is transplanted, and Ludlow is given his castle, 176. his transplanter's certificate, 177. the Council order him in vain a good house in Connaught, 178. CHURCH OF CHRIST, " sitting at Chichester House, in College Green, Dublin," in 1659, 93. CLONMEL, ordered to be cleared of Irish by 25th March, 1655, except 43 artificers, 277. COMYN, SIR NICHOLAS, of Limerick, his certificate on transplanting, 104. " numb at one side of his body of a dead palsy," ib. CONNAUGHT, Strafford confiscates it, in order to found a noble English Plantation, 47. intends to take half of each man's estate, ib. the Parliament of England angry with Charles I. for not carrj^- ing out the plan, 48. by Act of 26th Sept., reserved " for the 1653 habitation of the Irish nation," 97. selected because it is an island all but ten miles, 101. a four-mile belt of English military planters round Con- naught, ib. transplanters have to bribe the officers and the Commissioners at Loughrea if they would get a good allotment, or speedy despatch, 151. in 1654 a waste, 120. the horses being all eaten (June, 1653), the Irish were feeding upon one another, the living eating the dead, 120. the first transplanters scared at the sight, 122. Sligo county taken from the transplanted, and given to the soldiers, 150. INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 455 CON'NAJJGB.T— continued. the best part of the barony of Tyrawley, in the county of Mayo, given to the soldiery, ib. Mayo taken for English arrears, 163. Leitrim taken for arrears before 5th June, 1649, 151. certain baronies in, appointed to receive the inhabitants from the different counties in the other three provinces, 161. proprietors insult the transplanters, 152. supply of land for the transplanted exhausted long before half of them are provided for, 164. CONVERSIONS, Dispensation Committee to satisfy themselves whether it was a real desertion of Popery, or only to escape Connaught, 131. Edward Spring, of Killeagh, county of Kerry, 132. converts at Wexford, ib. unworthy ones at Dublin, ib. COOK, JOHN, CHIEF JUSTICE OF MUNSTER, his vision during a storm at sea, in " The Hector," of meeting his Sweet Redeemer in a room with a long table, two can- dles, two trenchers, and tobacco and pipes, and obtaining the safety of the ship, 317. " Hector (said Christ), is for heathens, but you shall be as safe as if you were in Codd's boat, or the governor's house in Wexford," 317. fears that the malignants in England would laugh, hearing he and his wife were drowned, 318. their rhymes upon his execution in 1660, 318. COOTE, SIR CHARLES, " kills the nits, that they shall not grow lice," 58. CORK, the loyal ancient English, when turned out by Inchiquin in 1644, send the sword, mace, and Cap of Maintenance by Robert Coppinger, the Mayor, to Lord Ormond, the King's repre- sentative, who knights him, 167-169. " COSHERERS AND WANDERERS," proprietors dispossessed by James I. and Charles I. become, 49. Stat, of 10th and 11th Charles I. against, ib., n. the brothers, nephews, uncles, etc., of the transplanted pro- prietors are found coshering (1656), on the tenants of the estate, and are therefore transplanted, 326, n. oiitlawed priests and dispossessed gentlemen cosher on, that is, are supported by, the peasantry (1660-1688), 351. Archbishop King's remarks upon this great evil, ib. 456 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. COUGHLAN, DANIEL, loses in the King's County plantation, not every fourth acre, according to rule, but all, 45. COUGHLAN, MRS., got out with difficulty by Gregory Clements and other Adven- turers, in Garrj'castle barony, in King's County, 252. CRISPE, SIR NICHOLAS, his petition (14th December, 1644), complaining of the mis- quartering of the barony of Connello, 241, n. his plan or " character " to show the misquartering of the barony of Connello, county of Limerick, 240. CROCODILE, Englishman's taking an Irish girl to wife, likened to going to bed to a naked crocodile, 261. CROMWELL, OLIVER, "the service [of Ireland] will be gallant; the design super- lative ; and if Old Noll or anj' man of fidelity and gallantry do accept of that brigade, he cannot want men or money," 227. lands at Ringsend, near Dublin, on 14th August, 1649, 75. is called home immediately after the taking of Clonmel, 24th May, 1650, ib. his letter to the Deputy and Council that Lord Ikerrin be not transplanted, nor suffered to perish for want of subsistence, 181, n. CROMWELL, THE LORD HENRY, succeeds his brother-in-law, Fleetwood, as' Lord Deputy, in September, 1655, 230. gets Portumna Castle, the seat of the Earls of Clanricard, with 6,000 acres adjoining, 163. enchanted with Ireland, 137, n. his letter (March 8, 1662), to the Duke of Ormond, ib., ib. wishes to live there, above all other places, ib., ib. CUSACK, MARGARET, pleads (against being transplanted) that she is seventy-eight, and dropsical, 113. DANES OR OSTMEN, object to be killed for five marks, like the Irish, 22. because they had paid £3,000 for their freedom, ib. DEBENTURES, (See also Soldiers or Cromwell's Army). board for stating soldiers' accompts (A.D. 1652), and issuing debenture's, 196. INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 457 DEBENTURES— coniintferf. a mere acknowledgment of debt to be paid in land, but no conveyance, 197. though the land came to be called " a Debenter," 197. 5'et " Prithee where are C<-esar's bands, Allotted their debenture lands?" 197, n. Sir John Reynolds's debenture lands considered personalty for want of the certificate or patent of possession, 198. Soldiers refuse to part with them till they get plenary satis- faction, 200. of 33,419 issued, 21,615 remained in their hands at the Restora- tion, 201. the tenour of the debenture in the frontispiece given, 196. to be given up on lands being assigned, and certificates given in their stead, 210. sale of, by the common soldiers to their officers, frequent, through distress, consequent upon delay in assigning lands, though forbidden by Act of Parliament, 221. sale of, by common soldiers to their officers, deed of assign- ment by thirty-four soldiers to their ensign, 222, n. advances made by government on, to starving widows of soldiers, 223. various instances, 224, n. sold for the greater part by the common soldiers to their officers before the assignment of lands to the army, 226. DESOLATION, Ireton, in a march of 180 miles, finds districts of 30 miles together, with hardly a house or living thing, 79. such, that (in 1652) wolves were hunted in the suburbs of Dublin, 284. Ireland in ruins, like Sicily, from the tyranny of the Cartha- ginians, ib. wandering orphans (1653) preyed upon by wolves, 307. twenty and thirty miles (1652-53), without a living thing — man, beast, and bird, all dead or fled, ib. such was the depopulation that great part of it, it was believed, must lie waste many years — much of it for many ages, 308. whole districts laid waste, and put out of protection (1650-59), so that any found within the limits were liable to be shot on the spot, 326. 458 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. DESOLATION— continued. all Kerry put out of protection, and the adjacent mountains of Cork and Limerick, 326. other districts, ibid., n. DISCRIMINATION, books of, " see Black Books." DISPENSATIONS FROM TRANSPLANTATION, various applications for, 110. orders of Council on petitions for, 277-385. on the petition of Lord Brittas, 377. of Piers Creagh, 378. of Dowager Lady Louth, 379. of Elinor Butler, ib. of Mary Thorpe, 380. of Lady Trimleston, ib. of Mary Archer, 381. of Lord Ikerrin, ib. of Edmund Magrath, 382. of Old Native Inhabitants of Limerick, ib. of Richard Christmas, 383. Dame Mary Culme, 389. Lady Grace Talbot, ib. DISPENSATIONS, committees of, to dispense temporarily the impotent, the con- verted, the good-affectioned, 123, 124. DOWN SURVEY, soldiers' allotments intended to have been marked on the maps, 205. field work done by soldiers instructed by Dr. Petty, ib. eight of them captured by Tories, 206. DUNSANY, THE LADY, dragged out of her castle, with her children, like any common Irishwoman, by the Adventurers, 255. DUNSANY, THE LORD, an Englishman born, his mother an Englishwoman, his wife an Englishwoman, and his house lords under the Crown of Eng- land for 300 years, 255. had rather die a lover of the prosperity of England than to possess in quiet all the North of Ireland, 256. yet forced to leave his castle to the Adventurers and to trans- plant, 256. INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 459 DROGHEDA QUARTER, by the slaughter at Dungan's Hill (A.D. 1647) Colonel Jones almost anticipates the term Drogheda Quarter, and revives " the Pardon of Minooth," 189. DUBLIN, the puling of a flock of seabirds in the night air over the citv (December, 1641), terrifies the inhabitants, 56. a way ordered to be made (October 9, 1646), beside the wall within and without, that a troop of horse, 20 in front, may travel, 274. the Ostmantown (or Oxmantown), formed perhaps on the expulsion of the Danes, as in Waterford, 296, n. cleared of Irish by Colonel Michael Jones on Ormonde's surren- dering the city and the sword (July, 1647), to the Parlia- ment, 274. Sir Thomas Sherlock, the only Papist allowed to stay on the clearing of Dublin by Col. Michael Jones, and only till he could find shipping, 275. Ormonde's Proclamation (in 1645), making it death for the soldiers to pull down the empty houses for firing, 274. "to be always kept a chaste English town " (Sir W. Temple, 1668), 297. though then (in Justice Clodpole's opinion), " but the lesser Sodom," 297. ENGLISH, " many thousands of, who came over in Queen Elizabeth's day, had become one with the Irish in 1641," 142. the eternal enemies and revilers of the Irish name and nation, 59. ENGLISH, THE, such slaves to the Normans, that it became a disgrace to be called " Englishman," 5. cut the throats of any stray Norman tyrant, as the only means of making themselves respected, 5. In Giraldus' time one of the basest races under heaven, 7. cleaners of privies to the Normans, ib. have always, by their insolence, forced their provinces to throw off their yoke, 7, n. called by the Irish "Buddagh Sassenach," or Saxon clowns, 35. because of their manners, 35. " being often conquered, slavish; and take it not ill to be slaves to their superiors," 136. " English divill of keeping state," 136, 460 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. ENGLISH, THE NATURALIZED, their dress Irish, 31. use March law, being a mixture of English law, and the law of Kincogish, 312. ENGLISH, THE OLD, of Dublin, Drogheda, Cork, Kinsale, and Youghal, remain faith- ful to England, 273. but outnumbered and overpowered in Waterford, Limerick, and Galway, by the Irish, ib. " ENGLISCHERIE," PRESENTMENT OF, to punish the townland for a Norman tyrant killed, 5. ENGLISH INTEREST, THE ANATOMIZED, " if the English interest cannot be maintained in Kilkenny, etc., without extirpating those that have built and walled them to defend that interest what ?" 293. " an unsocial, unchristian, and inhuman interest," 294. " if this Cannibal English interest gives no quarter to the children of English what can foreign nations expect?" ib. " the only interest on earth that cannot be preserved without destroj'ing all the rest of mankind," ib. EXTERMINATION OF THE IRISH, preached for gospel in 1642, 58. women and infants not to be spared, ib. projected in Henry VIII 's reign, 38. but abandoned because no precedent found for it in the cronycle of the Conquest, ib. to be confined at that time to the Irish gentry, ib. FAMINE, in Connaught (in 1653), such that the horses were all eaten, 120. and the Irish eating one another, the living preying on the dead, 120. carrion and corpses eaten, 1652-53, 307. old women and children found (1652) in a ruined cabin eating collops from a roasting corpse, 308. FEUDAL SYSTEM, framed in an area of darkness and violence, 2. the basis of the law of real property in Europe, ib. overthrown happily in France, ib. its burdens, 16-18. the King sells the wardships and marriages of his tenants' orphan heirs and heiresses, 17. one of the inducements to settle in towns was to enjoy freedom of marriage, 18. INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 461 FEUDAL SYSTEM— continued. divided society in England, and in rest of Europe, except Ire- land, into the conquerors and conquered, gentlemen and serfs, 135. the common people of Europe are mostly but emancipated villeins, ib. Ireland escaped the thousand years of Roman and Feudal slavery suffered by the Western World, ib. meaning of wardships, marriages, fines for alienation, primer seizins, etc., 17. Countess of Warwick pays £1000 for liberty to remain a widow, 18. could not subsist beside the freer Brehon sj'stem of Ireland, 26. the English of Ireland declare that the Exchequer officers exacting the Feudal dues are worse than the Irish enemy, 26. FETHARD, IN COUNTY OF TIPPERARY, " to be differenced from the whole nation," 125. FIFTH OF JUNE, 1649. the day Cromwell's forces began their march for Ireland, 137. FINES FOR RECUSANCY, employed to build Protestant bishops' palaces, 51. Primate's Great House at Drogheda so built, 51. FRTE COUNTIES, THE, south of Dublin, within the Liffey and Barrow, to form a new English Pale, 245. to be cleared of Irish because of the fastnesses, ib. the English planters get liberty to keep a few on condition of their adopting English manners and religion, 270, 271. FLEETWOOD, his angi-y proclamation, 1st June, 1655, against officers taking Irish gentry as tenants, 268. his Circiilar Letter of 20th August, 1655, to the disbanded officers, to march their men to take possession of lands for their arrears, 228. " FLIGHT OF THE IRISH RATS TO AMERICA," England thus freed (A.D. 1863) like a ship of a plague of stinking rats, 341. " the iron has not entered into the Irishman's soul (like the English labourer's), so he conspires with his class," 342. " he despises the English labourer's lot as without rights, with- out dignity, without prospects," 342. " FORTY-NINE ARREARS," 189. 462 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. " FORTY-NINE, THE," AND THE " FIFTY-THREE," the " Fifty-three " were Coote and Monk's Irish (Protestant) Brigade, satisfied their " Forty-nine " arrears in 1653, 195. the " Forty-nine " were the old Munster garrisons under Inchiquin,- — ordered their arrears by Cromwell in 1655 — but overtaken by the Restoration, and the officers only satis- fied, 195. FOSTERAGE, ITS VALUE, 20, a tie stronger than that of blood, 21. GALLOGLASSES, professional soldiers, 20. knew not how to till the ground or to navigate ships, but their business to fight and conquer, ib. GALWAY, TOWN OF, " hated (in 1641) by powerful neighbours for being ail Eng- lish," 302. "neither O ne Mac to strutte ne swagger in the streets of Galway," being an English town, ib. their 400 years unsuspected loyalty forgotten and distrusted in 1641, ib. offered for sale by the Parliament of England, July, 1643, with 10,000 acres contiguous, for £7,500 fine, and £520 rent, pay- able to the State, 272. described by the Council as the most considerable port of trade in the three kingdoms before the war, London only excepted, 306. cleared of Irish, 30th October, 1655, and given to the Corpor- ations of Liverpool and Gloucester, for their debts of £10,000 each, to plant with English, 305, 306. its noble, uniform, marble buildings before 1652, 306. it is a comparatively easy thing to unsettle a nation or ruin a town, but not so easy to resettle either when ruined, ib. its " hungry air " becomes, in 1862, the mock of the Official stranger, ib. GAME LAW, Irish never knew it, 19. one of the mistakes (according to Sir John Davis) in the con- quest of Ireland, ib. might have been the means of enslaving them like the Eng- lish, ib. one of King John's Flemish soldiers is shocked at the tame- ness of the game in England, ib. INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 463 GARRYCASTLE, BARONY OF, in King's County, the ancient territory of the M'Coughlans, 252. falls to the Adventurers, ib. the officers connive with Mrs. Mary M'Coughlan in her attempt to keep possession, ib. GAULS, one of the mightiest races the world ever brought forth, 1. Camillus called second founder of Rome, for ransoming Rome from them, ib. serve in the armies of Pyrrhus and of Carthage, 2. Marius called Third founder, for defeating them, ib. take the side of the injured, ib. march openly to their end, and are thus easily circumvented, ib. Antiochus called Soteer, or Saviour, for rescuing Asia Minor from them, 2. song of three Ionian young ladies, who quit life for fear of them, ib., n. the chosen soldiers of Pyrrhus, ib. Gauls of France, weighed down with Roman taxes, and ruined by large landed estates, welcome the barbarian invaders, 3. GIRALDUS CAMBRENSIS, on the liveliness and freedom of the Irish, 137. on the coldness of men of Saxon and German stock, ib. how strangers are immediately enchanted by the country, 136. calls the English the most degraded of all races under heaven, 7,11. the most treacherous and murderous, ib. doubts whether their servile habits arise from long slavery', or the natural dulness of the Saxon race, 11. GOOKIN, SIR VINCENT, in 1634 publishes an invective against all the inhabitants of Ireland, who would have him hanged, if they could, 137. GOOKIN, VINCENT, son of Sir Vincent, returned as representative of Kinsale and the adjoining towns to the Little Parliament in 1653, 134. his national land hunger satisfied, he learns to love the Irish, 135. opposes Ti-ansplantation by his book, " The Great Case of Transplantation Discussed," 135-140. fury of the officers of the army at his book, 140. 464 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. HANGING, DEATH BY, FOR NOT TRANSPLANTING, the officers' tender of, but had no scruple of sending the oifend- mg Irish proprietors to West Indies, 129. Daniel Fitzpatrick and another condemned to death at Kil- kenny, 133. Mr. Edward Hetherington hanged at Dublin with placards on back and breast, ib. Irish gentry choose to be hanged rather than remove from their wonted habitations, 133. HARCOURT, SIR SIMON, burns the English Pale in 1642, 57. in the churchyard at Kinsale, in December, 1641, cries, " Down with all males above thirteen," 37. his soldiers massacre man, woman, and child at Carrickmines (August, 1642), because of his death at that siege, 57. HARP, fondness of the old English families of the Pale for the Irish harp, 33, n. " There was old Tracy, with old Darcy, playing all weathers on the clarsey, the Irish harp," ib. silenced in Britain by the Saxons, 12. heard only in Wales, ib. it retires with the advance of English power in Ireland, and after the battle of the Boyne is heard only in Connaught, 63, n. they are forbidden to keep their Irish harpers, 33. HEAD MONEY, two pence per ploughland for every Irishman's head brought (A.D. 1465), to the chief towns of the four counties of the English Pale, 328. £500 put on Lord Muskerry's head, £300 on Lord Mount- garret's, and other sums on other commanders, 328. the Irish soldiers offered these rewards for bringing in their officers' heads, 328. HENRY II. not resisted by the Ii'ish, as the English came recommended by the Pope and the Bishops, 28. neither Henry II. nor King John ever struck stroke against the Irish in Ireland, ib. the ruling tribes in each of the five provinces became allies of the English, ib. known in Law as " The Five Bloods," ib. engages by the Treaty of Windsor that the Irish kings and INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 465 HENRY II.— continued. people shall enjoy all their lands, except the parts of Leinster and Meath in possession of him and his barons, 14. unknown to the Irish, divides Ireland between ten of his barons, 17. HETHERINGTON, MR. EDWARD, hanged (April, 1655) at Dublin, with placards on breast and back " for not transplanting," 133. HORE, MRS., of Kilsallaghan, near Dublin, driven mad at the order to trans- plant, and hangs herself, 185. " Molly Here's cross," ib. HUE AND CRY, (or Hullaloo, as the Irish call it), on occasion of the kiUing of a Cromwellian planter (A.D. 1656), sure to be sent by the Irish the wrong way, 175. IKERRIN, Lord Viscount, prays to be dispensed for his weakness of body, 181. his transplanter's certificate, 105. ancestor of the present Earl of Carrick, dwelt at Lismalin Park, barony of Ikerrin, Co. Tipperary, adjacent to Co. Kilkenny, 179. is transplanted, ib. " indeed [writes the Lord Protector] he is a miserable object of pity, and we desire that he be not suffered to perish for want of subsistence," 181. Viscountess, falls sick, and is unable to follow her husband, with her daughters and cattle, to Connaught, at the time appointed, 181. Pierce Butler, Viscount, his grandson and heir, claims at the Restoration as an innocent Protestant, 182, n. INCHIQUIN, EARL OF, gives houses in Cork to his grooms and servants to occupy, to save them (on the expelling of the Irish thence in 1644) from being torn down for firing in guard houses, 283. turns all the old English natives out of Cork, because of the King's treaty with the Irish, 167. expects that deserving men will have their enemies' estates after this war, as after Tyrone's wars, 166. hopes " to see the Parliament on the flat of their backs before Michaelmas," 192. in the presence chamber of the Castle of Mallow, persuades his officers to desert the Parliament for the King ib. K2 466 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. INTERMARRIAGES (see Mariuages). INVITATION, THE, the Piu-itan leaders invite tlie Scotch rebels to invade Eng- land, 51. the King at Edinburgh collecting evidence of the treason of Pym and the other inviters when the Irish Rebellion breaks out, 64. they impeach the King of tyranny, to be beforehand with his projected impeachment of them, 64. IB ELAND, described by Giraldiis as another world, 8. never enslaved by the Romans, or brought under feudal serf- dom, ib. was, at Henrj' II. 's arrival, like Gaul at Julius Caesar's in- vasion, 9. not covered iij 1172, like England, with castles on heights, where foreign tyrants secured themselves, 10. one of the barbicans of the realm, 52. might be made a fortress for the reduction of England, 52. if the Irish were all in Connaught, would be a very good land, and soon all planted, 141. IRETON, LORD DEPUTY-GENERAL, his proclamation of 1st May, 1651, against intermarriages of English officers or soldiers with Irish women, 233, n., and 261. IRISH, THE, " the most ancient nation in Western Europe, and come of as mighty a race as the world ever brought forth," 1. belong to the Gaulish race, ib. never swaddled their infants, 11. delighted in the harp, 12. in hurling, ib. loved detached houses, and hated towns, 10. their freedom of speech in presence of their chiefs, 11. the freedom of the chiefs with their followers, ib. a hearty race of men, who belong to an earlier, inicorrupted world, 135. the commonest Irishman has something about him of the gentleman, 135. never knew game law or forest law, 19. Sir John Davis regrets it, as it might have been a means of enslaving them like the English, ib. fosterage a kind of wardship with the Irish, but voluntary, 20. INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 467 IRISH, THE— continued. give large gifts to the Earl of Kildare to have his sons to foster, ib., n. their land system, 13. knew no such thing as tenure, rent, or forfeiture, 14. denied the use of English law to defend their bodies or lands, 21. killing an Irishman no murder, ib. a fine of five marks payahle, but mostly they killed us for nothing, ib. unable to purchase land, 22. lands seized by the King and confiscated because purchased by Irishmen, 23. forced by the Popery Acts to discover an oath against them- selves, 24, n. this law prevailed practically till the first American war, v. how they preserved any lands in the early times from the Eng- lish, 24. there were no Arms Acts, ib. loved the descendants of the early invaders as their natural leaders, 40. untruly charged with questioning their titles in times before the Plantations of Elizabeth, ib. had rather see Kildare's banner displayed than to see God reign upon earth, 41. were loved by their English leaders of the birth of Ireland, ib. the great Earl of Desmond (A.D. 1580) declared that he had rather forsake God than forsake his men, ib. reoccupy their native land deserted by the English, 37. much of Kildare, and Tipperarj', and Kilkenny thus re- occupied, ib. the Parliament offer the lands to any English that will recover them, ib. Earls of Ormond and Kildare have gi'ants of all lands they could win from the. Irish, ib. of opinion among themselves, in Henry VIII. 's reign, that Englislimen will one day put them from their lands for ever, ib. have ever lacked gall to supply a wholesome animosity to the eternal enemies and revilers of their name and nation, 59. "the nature of, to be rebellious; the more disposed to it (August, 1654), being highly exasperated by the transplant- ing work," 126. 468 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. IRISH, THE— continued. forbidden by the Danes and English who built the towns to dwell in them, 273. this rule applied (in 1659) by the Cromwellians to the descend- ants of the founders, ib. the peasantry not like submissive and subdued Saxons, 330. deprived of their gentrj', the nation yet lived in the peasants, ib. " would rather (1650) pluck God from His throne, or throw themselves headlong into the sea, than be loyal to the Crown of England," ib. the peasantry possessed of unconquerable minds, ib. unsubdued after 500 years of English conquest, ib. looked upon the Parliament as a body of conspirators against the religion, property, liberty, and existence, of the Irish, 331. their flight to America (1850-1863) disburthens England, like a ship of a plague of stinking rats, 342. IRISH ENEMY, all Irish, from time of Edward III., that had not charters of English freedom, 29. a less injurious term than " Irish Papist," in 17th and 18th centuries, ib. IRISH GENTRY, become tenants of their old estates to the Cronuvellian officers, under the permission given to them to take Irish tenants, as none others were to be had, 266. Fleetwood's angry Proclamation against Irish gentry being taken as tenants by the officers, 268. it interrupted their transplantation, ib. IRISH PEASANTS (A.D. 1655), skilled in the husbandry proper to the country, 138. in every hundred of them five or six masons and carpenters at the least, ib. few of the women but skilled in dressing flax and hemp, and making woollen cloth, ib. IRISH PAPISTS, " a disjointed People; though all equally Papist, thej' are not equally Irish," 148. IRISH TENANTS, their hearty courtesy preferable to the brutal manners of Eng- lish clowns, 135. none but Iri.sh to be had by Cromwellian Officers, because Eng- lish woiUd not become tenants where thej' could get land in fee-simple for asking, ib. INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 469 JURORS, fined £1C,000 in Michaelmas Term, 1616, in Dublin, for refusing to find verdicts of recusancy against their fellow-Catholics, 51. fined in countj' of Cavan alone, £S,000, ib. packed in prison like herrings in a barrel, ib. the Primate's Great House in Drogheda built out of the fines, ib. KERRY, COUNTY OF the officers of the Munster lot endeavour to get rid of it, notwithstanding it had come to them " as a lot from the Lord," 203. KILKENNY, ordered to be cleared of Ii'ish by 1st May, 1654, 277. except forty artificers, to be cleared of all Irish (1656), and no English merchants or traders to drive any trade there by Irish agents, 278. beside the English town, walled and forfeited, stood the Irish town, 285, 286. inhabitants of the Irish town serve the English with butter, carts, etc., as the native town in India serves the English cantonments, 286. a kind of .second capital of Leinster, 287. the sweet, oval faces, the graceful figures, and clear complexion of its women, 287. the high Court of Justice sits in pomp (October, 1652), in the hall where sat the Confederate Assembly, 287. Michael Langton's widow and orphans, at the clearing, retire to Ballynekill, Queen's County, 288. Nicholas Langton returns to Kilkenny from slavery in Morocco, to find Engli.sh slavery here as bad as the Algerine, 239. the exiled inhabitants address the King (13 June, 1661), " from out of their coverts and lurking places, being still in durance in their old prisons of misery," 291. the thirty-two artificers' families spared by Cromwell at the clearing (1654), are driven out (December, 1660), by the Royalists, 292. " If the interest of England cannot be maintained in Wexford, Kilkenny, and Gialway, without extirpating those that built and walled them, to preserve this interest !" 295. KILKENNY (OR LEINSTER) ARTICLES, the Leinster army surrenders on 12 May, 1650, 81. such regiments as will may go to Spain, ib. are led by Gen. Ludlow (on submitting) to hope for such 470 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. KILKENNY (OR LEINSTER) ARTICLES— continued. remnant of their estate as may make their lives comfortable among the English, ib. 1st May, 1655, are transplanted, 114. submittees, who, ib. KINCOGUS AND PREY MONEYS, the Irish in protection in the English quarters are rendered answerable for the spoils done by their kindred in arms, 334. Colonel Michael Jones (Governor of Dublin), his Kincogus Pro- clamation of 2nd November, 1647, 334. the protected Irish so ruined by them in the coixrse of eighteen months, that the law is repealed, 336. KINDRED MONEYS, levies under Colonel Jones's Proclamation of 2nd November, 1647, 334. LAMB, license to kill lamb required in 1652, on account of destruction of cattle by war, 79. order for Mrs. Alice Bulkely, to kill some, because of weakness; but not more than three in the whole year, ib. LAND, balance of power in a state rests with that class which has the balance of land. Preface, schemes to divest the Irish of land, and with it of power, ib. large landed estates, after destroying Italy, destroyed the Pro- vinces, 3. LAND-HUNGER OF THE ENGLISH, greater than that of all other people, 135, n. they " fight for land wherever they settle," ib., ib. denied it at home, they sail off to make prey of it, like land pirates beyond the shores of England, ib., ib. LAW, the will of the strongest ; practically learned by those who were thrust out of house and land for the Soldiers and Adven- turers, 258. " administering of justice " is but the enforcing of the will of the strongest, ib. LAWRENCE, COLONEL RICHARD. his " Interest of England in the Irish Transplantation Stated," etc., in answer to Vincent Gookin's " Case of Transplanta- tion in Ireland Discussed," 143. LIMERICK, (among other towns), to be cleai-ed of Irish, 272. INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 471 LlMEmCK— continued. offered for sale by the Parliament in July, 1643, with 12,000 acres contiguous, to English and foreign merchants, for £30,000 fine, and £625 rent, payable to the State, ib. LE HUNTE, COLONEL, Captain of Cromwell's Life Guard, 236. seeks to appropriate 1,500 acres in Liberties of New Ross, ap- plicable to Major Shepherd's company, 236. LEITRIM, filled by the transplanting Ulster Creaghts, 150. taken for the soldiers, though assigned by the Parliament to the Irish, 151. LIMERICK, LIBERTIES OF, the several towns and seats in the Liberties of Limerick equal- ized by the gentlemen of Cromwell's Life Guard before casting lots, 221. LINE OF PROTECTION ROUND GARRISONS, bej'ond it all liable to be shot as enemies, and crops destroyed to starve the Tories, 326-327. Shanganah and Loiighlinstown beyond the line, and inhabitani .s to move in, first sowing their crops, 327. LOTS, officers resolve that they had rather take a lot upon a barren mountain as coming from the Lord, than a portion in the most fruitful valley upon their own choice, 203. casting lots for provinces, 203. for counties, 207". common soldiers cheated of their lots by their ofl&cers, 234. soldier shown a bog as his lot, and loses the good land at the price of the bog, 235. September 1st, 1655, the first and largest of the three great disbandings ; the disbanded regiments march to the different counties, to cast lots upon the spot for the order of theiv setting down, 215. the officers and soldiers (September 5th, 1655) are all marched (that were disbanded) to their lots in the counties of Wex- ford, Limerick, Meath, and Westmeath, 230. " to sit down in the enjoyment of their enemies' fields and houses, which they planted not, nor built not," ib. divers officers and soldiers refuse (September, 1655), to sit down upon their lots, 231. though offered a new suit of clothes to set up in, like gentle- men, ib. and to keep some Irish till they can do without them, ib. 472 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. LOT AND STRING, the setting clown the soldiers by lot and string, practically the completion of the work, though letters of possession were required, 199. LOUGHREA COMMISSIONERS, appointed instead of the Commissioners of Revenue of Precinct of Galway, 147. their office was to assign to the transplanters lands competent for the live stock they brought, 103, 104. the rule for stock, 105. to set out lands (in 1(356) according to the Athlone Decrees, 158. Sir Charles Coote's Scheme, assigning certain baronies in Con- naught to the inhabitants removing from certain counties in the other provinces, 158. LOUTH, DOWAGER LADY OF, prays to be dispensed with from transplantation, for her " great age and impotency," 111, 379. LOUTH, COUNTY OF, laid aside for a supply for the Adventurers in case of a deficiency in the ten half counties, 242. the officers claim it, insisting that the Adventurers are overpaid by the ten half counties, ib. Dr. Petty appointed to examine the Adventurers' proceedings, ib. LUTTREL, THOMAS, OF LUTTRJ]LSTOWN, NEAR DUBLIN, his wife dispensed for six weeks, for her great charge of child- ren, and stock not in a condition to drive, 108. proves much good, but not " Constant good affection," ib. turned out in 1649 for Lord Broghill, ib. is transplanted, ib. LUTTRELL, JOHN, being transplanted from Luttrellstown, near Dublin, worth £2,500 a year, his four sisters are given ten pounds apiece and bidden like Irishwomen no further to trouble the Council, 346. MAD, "Mad Eustace," of the countj' of Kildare, recovers his estate (in 1660), but not his wits, 185. Molly Hore, of Kilsallaghan, near Dublin, is driven mad at the order to transplant, and hangs herself, 185. MALLOW COMMISSION, to try the claims and qualifications of the Ancient native inhabi- tants of Cork, Kinsale, and Youghal, 164. INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 473 MALLOW COMMISSION— fOM/;flHr(/. nothvvithstanding their loyalty to the English interest, they are_ turned out by orders of the Earl of Inchiquin, in 1644, 167. the Commissioners report to the Council that they had granted to none of the Ancient inhabitants of Cork, Kinsale, or Youghal a decree of constant good affection, 174. their graphic account of the scene, 170. the claimants declare they had rather go to Earbadoes than amongst the Irish their enemies, in Connaught, 174. MARCH LAW, the mixture of the English law and the Irish law of Kincogish, administered by the barons of English descent dwelling beyond the Pale, 31. MARRIAGE, every, feudal landlord claimed the right of marrying to whom he would his tenant's orphan heir, or heiress, 17. an heii'ess once a king's ward was always a ward, and must marry again, or remain a widow, at his orders, 18. people become burghers to have freedom of marriage, ib. MARRIAGES BETWEEN ENGLISH AND IRISH, any Englishman of the birth of Ireland taking an Irish girl for wife or mistress to be (by Statute 40th Ed. HI.), half strangled, disembowelled while yet alive, and to undergo other horrors not to be mentioned with decency, -"iS. caused the English planters of Queen Elizabeth's day to have become Irish in 1641, 142. " the land is an unclean land," — " ye shall not therefore give your sons to their daughters, nor take their daughters to your sons " (Officers' petition), 142. the officers and soldiers of Ireton's army take Irish wives even before peace proclaimed, 233. Major-General Ireton's proclamation of 1st May, 1651, against inter-marriages of English officers and soldiers with Irish- women, 233, n. the soldiers always pretend that the girls are converts to Eng- lish religion, 233. Ireton orders that the girls pass an examination into the true state of their hearts before a board of military saints, 233. the board to ascertain whether the change be a real work of God upon the heart, or (as is to be feared), for some carnal ends, 233, n. taking an Irish girl to wife likened to going to bed with a naked crocodile, 261. 474 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. MARRIAGES BETWEEN ENGLISH AND miSTI— continued. Commissioners of Revenue of the Precinct of Galway to inquire after inter-marriages, 262, n. W. Moreton, Clerk of Revenue Commissioners, dismissed his office by order of Council of 14th July, 1654, for marrying an Irishwoman, ib. " the children of Oliver's soldiers in Ireland, many of them (in 1697), their fathers having married Irishwomen, cannot speak a word of English," 266, n. the children of King William's soldiers in the same case, ib., ib. Sir Jerome Alexander's care by his will that his daughter should not marry any Irish Lord, Archbishop, or Bishop, etc., nor any Knight, Squire, or Gentleman born and bred in Ireland, or having his relations and means of subsistence there, 265. MASSACRE, THE SUPPOSED, OF 1641, the guilty conscience of the English made them expect one, 59. the Irish have ever lacked gall to supply a wholesome animosity against the eternal enemies and revilers of their name and nation, 59. proved false by contemporaneous English accounts, 61. the report of the despoiled Ministers commissioned to inquii'e in December, 1641, make no mention of it, ib. some English massacred in 1642, by Sir Plielim 0' Neil's followers, in revenge, for arson and massacre by English, 70, and n., ib. English massacre the Irish, and do not spare infants, 58. story, how and why invented, and why kept up, 65. in one day eighty Irishwomen, some with infants at the breast, cast by order of the Scottish Parliament over a high bridge, according to treaty with the Parliament of England, 68. Mayo set out for English arrears, 163, 189. to be all planted with Protestants, 189. MIDWIVES, IRISH, malicious calumnies of the English (1651) against the poor Irish midwives, 281. an English one imported, and all officers, civil and military, ordered to be aiding her in the performance of her duty, ib. " MILE LINE, THE," a belt of land four miles wide (afterwards reduced to one), winding along the sea coast of Connaught and Shannon, 101, 149. " MTNOOTH, THE PARDON OF," origin of the term, 189, n. INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 475 MURCOT, JOHN, " renders himself ridiculous to the wicked ax; Chester," comes to Dviblin, and " obtains a great flock of admirers, especially women and children," 131. MURDER, killing by law (which is the will of the strongest) no murder, 67. English, being the strongest, make killing the Irish no murder, ib., and 21. MURDERS, by the English of their French landlords, 6. fines imposed on district for, ib. of Cromwellian settlers frequent (A.D. 1654), even though dwelling in strong castles, .348. the Lackage murder, Co. Kildare, 22nd October, 1655, 338. all the inhabitants transported for it, to the Barbadoes, ib. including H. Fitzgerald, Esq., and his wife, near eighty years of age, ib. Irish charged with, to defeat their suits in Court of Claims, 68 none, for Captain Swanley, to drown seventy of the King's Irish soldiers, 67. nor Colonel Mytton to do the like, ib. English in arms, killed by Irish, are called murdered, 68. a whole regiment thus made guilty of murder, 68. for murders by Tories, four Papists of the neighbourhood to be seized and transported, unless the murderers made amen able in 28 days, 338. MYTTON, COLONEL, ties the King's Irish soldiers back to back, and drowns them, 67. but this no murder, 67. NAKED, ladies of the highest rank slept so, 260. anecdote of the Irish girl opening the door to a young police officer and his men with a white plate held before her, like the Venus de Medicis, ib. Englishman to marry an Irish girl likened to going to bed to a ' naked crocodile, 261. NAPOLEON CODE, the blessings of it, with its abolition of primogeniture and entail, and equal partibility of landed inheritance, 4. NITS (IRISH INFANTS). killed that they should not grow lice, 58. 476 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. O'CONNOR FAILEY'S COUNTRY, called by the Irish " the Door of the Pale," and O'Connors " their key," 246. O'DERRICK, DONAGH, who slew 8 of Petty's English surveyors, reward for his head, 337. OFFICERS OF CROMWELL'S ARMY, suggest that arrears be paid in land, 187. some dissatisfied, 231. Lieut. -Col. Scott arrested for agitating the disbanded com- panies sitting down in the county of Wexford, by treasonable words against His Highness, ib. in Januarj', 1652, propose that they be set down together with the Adventurers and have lands for their arrears, 85. and at " the Act," or Adventurers' rates, because of the difficulty and cost of surveying, ib. the lands being waste, the inhabitants destroyed, and none to give evidence of value, 86. their attempts to take advantage of one another in the setting out of the lots, 235. Colonel Warden seeks to leave out all the coarse land in his lot, and encroach on the good land in Quartermaster Farr's lot, 236. Colonel Le Hunte seeks to appropriate 1500 acres in Liberties of Wexford applicable to Major Sam Shepherd's com- jmny, ib. list of those set down in different bai'onies in Leinster, Ulster, and Munster, 216, 220. kinder masters than the Adventurers, 259. were six years settled in Ireland before the Adventurers came over, 259. captivated by Irishwomen, they take them to wife, even before peace proclaimed, 260. Ireton's order in 1651 against intermarriages, 261, 233. suggestion in 1G52 that officers marrying Irish girls should lose their commands, 261. why abandoned, ib. planted in a wasted country, with no women but Irish, they must love them as necessarily as a geometrical conclusion follows from the ]Dremises, 261. their patriotism not proof against the imperious demands of love, 261. INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 477 O'FARRELS OF LONGFORD, two of them taken from their deathbeds to have abroad the sight of the hills and fields they lost in that plantation, 47. OWLES, THE, part of Murrisk and Bnrrishool baronies in Co. Mayo, so called, 105. the Irish name is Umhal ioghtragh and Umhal uaghtragh (lower and upper Umhal), ib. pronounced " Owles," ib. O'HANLON, REDMOND, history of this Tory, the Irish Scanderbeg, 352, 355. O'KEEFFE, DANIEL, a distinguished outlaw and Tory of the. county of Cork, kills his mistress, who attempted to betray him, 353, n. O'NEIL, SIR PHELIM, rises in rebellion in the King's interest, 55. learns that a royal plot is on foot through the Duchess of Buckingham, 9, n. anticipates the design to show superior zeal, 54. O'NEIL, PHILIP, his house and lands in Co. Tipperary fall to Mr. Pitts, Adven- turer, from Devonshire, 258. he is driven with wife and children to Connaught, ib. his probable respect for English law, ib. PAGANS, if the Irish had only continued honest Pagans, Ireland had perhaps been owned by Irishmen now, 9. regarded the interpretation of signs and omens as the voice of the Church, 9, n. the wise and brave ones disregarded signs and omens and their interpretation wliere the cause of their country was con- cerned, 9, n. " Without a sign his sword the brave man dra-iws. And asks no omen but his country's cause," 9, n. PALE, THE ENGLISH, closed against attacks from O'Connor's Country by the four castles at Kinnefad, Castlejordan, Ballinure, and Kishayann (A.D. 1520), 246. the burning of, by Orniond and Sir Simon Harcourt, in 1642, 57. PARLIAMENT, Convocation, or anti-Parliament of old English, at Kilkenny (A.D. 1314), to defend their lands from a pa(4ved Parlia- ment of New English at Dublin, 286. 478 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. PARLIAMENT— coniimted. same (A.D. 1642, 1650), at Kilkenny, 287. PENAL LAWS, forbade pi'operty in land to the Irish, Preface. because influence follows property, ib. their estates made to crumble to pieces. PETTY, DR. WILLIAM, employed by the Army and State to survey the lands, 204. joins Colonel Tomlinson in a solemn seeking of God for a blessing on the Down Survey, 204. individually, is a Freethinker, 205. " indifferent to the wrangles and jangles of the churches," 207. considers sects to be maggots in the guts of a Commonwealth, 205. considers the gathering of churches to be the listing of soldiers, 205. charged with fraud in obtaining satisfaction in the Liberties of Limerick, 207. appointed to examine into Adventurers' proceedings in setting out their lands, 243. his mode of comijensating deficient Adventurers, ib. forms two parallel lists of deficient and redundant baronies, the first deficient to be repaid out of the first redundant, 244. PHYSICIANS, IRISH, the English, according to their national custom of reviling other nations (i.e., weak ones), vent the calumnies (A.D. 1650) against the Irish physicians, 279. yet obliged to testify to their great skill and fidelity, 278, 279. Dr. Richard Madden, of Waterford, and Dr. Anthony Mul- shinogue, of Cork, 279. the latter to remain near, not in, the city of Cork, for his ability, ib. Dr. Thomas Arthur, of Limerick, administers to Colonel Ingoldsby and the Cromwell ian officers, and does not poison one of them, 279. as a reward is ordered a house in Connaught on the Mile line, 280. PLANTATION, of the King's County, 45. of Wexford, 14 ; and 500 people evicted, 45. of Longford, 46. INDEX OF SU15JECTS. 479 PLANTATION, THE NEW, OF IRELAND, proposal that Ireland be formed into three separate Plantations or Pales — an Irish, an English, and a Mixed, 245. a pure Irish Plantation or Pale in Connaught. a pnre English within the line of the Boyne and the Barrow, and a Mixed in the intermediate and central parts of Ireland, suggested, 245. Connaught selected for a pure Irish Plantation or Pale as being an island all but ten miles, 246. a pure English Plantation or Pale proposed within the line of the Rivers Barrow and Boyne, 246. Avliose head waters rise within five miles of each other, and the whole easily made into one line, ib. similar project in Richard II. 's day, 247. in Henry VIII. 's time, ib. in the mixed Plantation, lying between the pure Irish and English Plantations or Pales, the Irish to give up their names of Teig or Dermot, to speak no Irish, to send their children to learn English religion, to build chimneys, 247. PLOT, " THE PHANATICK," in 1663 the Cromwellian officers conspire to overthrow the Government, because of the proceedings of the Court of Claims, 211. and lands in barony of Lower Ormond, and county of Tipperary, described (A.D. 1669), as " lately the Debenter of Lieut. - Colonel William Moore, who had a deep hand in the Plot (of 1663), and is fled for the same," 197. PLUNKET, ROBERT, dispensed with from Transplantation, as his safety would lie risked in Connaught, as he was an informer, 40. POETRY QUOTED, " Archdekin, Archer, Cowley, Langton, Shee," 286. " And I believe, nothing has drawn a curse," 195. " Brave Sir Cliarles Coote I honour," 58. " But let's see how. The galkmt soldiers are rewariled, now," 263. " Dear head of my darling, how gory and pale," 355. " Find out the man, quote Pluto," 318. " For though outnumbered, overthrown," 357. " From Gloucester siege, till arms laid down," 196, n. " From ladies down to oyster wenches," 274. " Here in the saddle of one steed," 78. 480 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. POETRY— continued. " Ho!, brother Teige, what is your story?" 350. " No more shall mine ear drink," 353, n. " Scathelock stood full styll and lough," 348. " That such a worthy man as he," 339. " Then let us hence, Miletus dear," 2, n. '/ Then Robin pulled out an Irish knife," 6. " These healthful sports that graced the happy scene," 13, n. " This caused the 'Forty-nine for to suspect," 195. " To see what game they can devise," 232. "We know from good experience," 260. " With Voarneen glagal and Agramacree," 264. " W^ithout a sign, his sword the brave man draws," 9, n. " Yet pri'thee where are Csesar's bands," 197, n. POWER, JOHN, LORD BARON OF CURRAGHMORE, dispensed with from Transplantation, because " for twenty years last past distracted and destitute of all judgment," 111. PREY MONEYS (see Kincogus). PRIESTS, the English come into Ireland recommended by the Pope and the Irish bishops, 28. Spenser's admiration at the zeal of the Irish priests in Queen Elizabeth's reign, coming from Rome and Rheims to run the risk of death, only to bring the people to the Church of Rome, 313. Pym boasted they would not leave a priest in Ireland, 312. both Houses of Parliament (11th December, 1641) declare they will suffer no toleration of the Roman Catholic religion, 311. in 1650 to harbour them was death, 312. Barnaby Ryche's description of Sir Tady Mac Marr-all, a priest in the streets of Waterford (1611), in ruffling apparel, with gilt rapier and dagger, for disguise, 314. dress themselves as gentlemen, soldiers, carters, ttc, for con- cealment, 316. occasionally discovered by the hastening of pregnant women to them out of the Protestant parts of Ireland, 314. Conor O'Dovan, Bishop of Down, thus tracked and taken (1611), ib. reward for discovering a priest (1650), if eminent, £20, 312, n. harbouring a priest, a monk, or a nun, death, and forfeiture of estate, 312, n. conceal themselves to avoid arrest, and get the Irish officers, INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 481 PRIEHTii— continued. in 1650, 1653, shipping their troops to Spain, to apply for liberty to transport them thither with their men, 312. Father Nugent becomes gardener to Colonel Lawrence, Governor of Waterford, 316. pretends to be of his confraternity, the Anabaptists, ib. Father Ford dwells in an island in a bog with scholars round him, in huts, 316. Nicholas French, Bishop of Ferns, escapes from the massacre of Wexford to the mountains, and sleeps often on the ground in frost, 315. Roger Beggs, priest, after nine months in prison, is allowed (1654) to transport himself to Spain, 321. Five pounds to Captain Thomas Shepherd for taking a priest with his appurtenances (1653), in the house of Owen Birne, Cool-ne-Kishin, near Old Leighlin, 322. twenty-five pounds to Lieutenant Wood for five priests by him apprehended (1658), in the county of Cavan, 320. ten pounds to two soldiers of Colonel Leigh's companj', for two priests by them taken (1657), and lodged in Waterford gaol, 321. five pounds (1657), to three of Colonel Abbot's Dragoons, for arrest of Donogh Hegarty, priest, and lodging him in Clon- mel gaol, 320. ditto to three others for bringing one Edmund Dunn, priest, before Chief Justice Pepys, ib. gentlemen of the Tuites and Barnewalls maintain the Castle of Baltrasna, Co. Meath (1653), in defence of a priest come thither to say mass, 322. general arrest of, in 1655 ; gaols full ; all sent to Carrickfergus gaol for transportation to Barbadoes, 323. W. Sheil, old priest, lame and weak, not able to travel with- out crutches; allowed (1651) to reside in Connaught, where the Governor of Athlone shall direct, 321. of the many priests waiting in Carrickfergus gaol (1656), to be transported to Barbadoes, some offer to renounce the Pope, and to frequent Protestant meetings, 324. Spain, their place of transportation at first, 321, 322. Barbadoes next, 323. Isles of Arran, in Bay of Galway, last, 324. though banned by the English rulers of Ireland (1660, 1690), cosher, i.e., are supported by the poor Irish farmers, 351. according to Primate Boulter's return to the House of Lords L2 482 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. PRIESTS— continued. (1732), priests celebrate mass in huts, old forts, and at moveable altars in the fields, 325, n. English traveller (1746), sees one saying mass under a tree, ib., ib. PRIESTS, WOLVES, AND TORIES, " the three burdensome beasts," on whose heads were laid rewards, 308. RAPPAREES, their hideous ferocity [to the English] who are appalled at their remaining [A.D. 1688] untameable by them for so many ages since (what is called) British civilization was planted amongst them, 356. RATS, THE STINKING IRISH, England relieved (A.D. 1850-1863), by the Irish flying to America, as a shii? freed from a plague of stinking rats, 341. RATES OF LAND, By the Acts of Subscription, called the Act Rates, 1,000 acres plantation measure (equal to 1,600 English measure), in Leinster for £600, adventure or arrears ; in Munster, for £450, ditto; in Ulster, for £300, ditto, 187. set upon the several counties in Leinster, Munster, and Ulster, by the army, 213. of certain baronies in Leinster and Munster, 216-220. set by the officers of a troop or company, on the several seats, estates, and holdings within the lot of the troop or company, 212, 220. REAPE-HOOKS AND RUBSTONES, implements of war (witli the Bible) amongst the English forces in Ireland, 78, n. REBELLION OF 23rd OCTOBER, 1641, preceded, not by 40 years of peace and happiness, but of misery, 49-51. breaks out under Sir Phelim O'Neil in Ulster, 55. terror of the planters, 56. no cock heard to crow, nor dog to bark, for the first three nights, ib. RECUSANTS, fined in January, 1616, for " refusing " to attend the Pro- testant service, 51. fines in county of Cavan alone amounted to £8,000 in 1616, ib., n. INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 483 RECUSANTS— coniintterf. penalties on obstinate juries for refusing to '' present " their co-religionists for fines in one term in 1616 amounted to £16,000, ib. RELIGION, provincials alwaj^s more stupidly religious than people at head- quarters, 141. REYNOLDS, SIR JOHN, he and the Lord Henry Cromwell marry daughters of Sir Francis Russell, of Chippenham, in Cambridgeshire, 198, n. being drowned at sea, his debenture lands considered per- sonalty, for want of certificate of possession, ib. RICHARDS, COLONEL SOLOMON, prosecutes Captain Williamson for suspicion of fornication committed with a woman of the county of Tipperary during his time of service there, 233, n. ROCHE, JORDAN, his three daughters reduced from a landed estate of £2,000 a year to nothing to live on but what they could earn by their needles and washing and wringing, 339. ROCHE (OF FERMOY), MAURICE, VISCOUNT, his grandfather had three sons slain in Tyrone's wars, fighting for the Queen, 182. "But what if the Spaniards come?" "Then trust not me, nor Lord Barry, or Roche," 183. liis wife unjustly hanged for murder, ib. Colonel Widnam, one of the Munster revolters, gets Castle- to wnroche, 193. his (Lord Roche's) petition (18th March, 1661), 362. has to travel to The Owles on foot, 184. one of his four daughters dies of want, ib. SALLEE ROVERS, originate amongst the Moors expelled from Andalusia in 1610, in hatred of the injustice of the Christians, 357. Nicholas Langton, of Kilkenny, captured and enslaved by, 289. SANKEY, SIR HIEROME, charges Dr. Petty with withdrawing the Liberties of Limerick from the officers, 237. his unhandsome dealings with his soldiers in the matter of Lismalin Park (late Lord Ikerrin's), 182. SATISFACTION, ACT OF, OF 26th SEPTEMBER, 1653, its chief provisions and general scope, 93-95. 484 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. " SATURDAY REVIEW," THE, on the exodus as of " demons of assassination and mui'der," 59, n. SAXONS, the land hunger, peculiar to their race, 5. pen up the relics of the Britons behind the Severn, ib. as their descendants did the Irish behind the Sliannon, ib. SCOTCH, THE, the puritan leaders invite the Scotch rebels to invade England, 51. the first of the three nations to rebel, ib. the rebel army of Scotch stand bj' on English soil to see Straf- ford executed, 53. massacre of Irishwomen by the Scotch forces at Newry, 69. a free-born people, unlike the slavish English, and won with courtesies, 136. basely sell their native king, who fled to them for protection, for £30,000, to his murderers, 138. SECTS, " maggots," in Dr. Petty 's opinion, " in the guts of the Com- monwealth," and " the gathering of churches the listing of soldiers," 205. SETTLEMENT, meaning of the term. Preface. Cromwellian, Restoration, and Revolution of Settlements ex- plained, ib. the Cromwellian Settlement the foundation of the present Landed Settlement, ib. Act of Settlement of 1662 unintelligible without a knowledge of the Cromwellian Acts of Settlement and Confiscation, ib. SETTLEMENT OF ULSTER, King James I. attempts to introduce the Feudal system, 42. promises (1607) each man his land, 43. next year's confiscates all, ib. details of the Settlement, 44, 45 SHERLOCK, SIR THOMAS, turned out of his castle of Btitlerstown, near Waterford, by the Irish (Easter, 1642), for refusing to join them, 275. left standing in a red cap and green mantle in slippers, he and his wife and children being stript of all, ib. flies to Dublin by night in a bare suit and mantle, ib. is oi-dered (in 1647) to quit Dublin, being a Papist, ib. INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 485 SHERLOCK, SIR TUOM AS^continued. though pitied by Cromwell, and protected by Charles II. at Restoration, dies broken-hearted, and is buried as a pauper, ib. SLIGO, THE TOWN OF, proposals in 1655 for planting it with families from New Eng- land, 120. Oyster Island and Coney Island, adjacent to, reserved for their use, 249. SOLDIERS, IRISH, Prince of Orange declai-ed the Irish were born soldiers, 87. Sir John Norris, a General of Queen Elizabeth's, and who had served in many armies and countries, was wont to say, that there were fewer fools and cowards there than in any other kingdom, 87. SOLDIERS OF CROMWELL'S ARMY {see also Debentubes). in 1646, mutinous at being ordered to Ireland, 227. " If Old Noll (December, 1648), or any man of gallantry accept of the brigade, he cannot want men or money," ib. not so anxious to be paid their arrears in land as the officers, 230. it was with the officers that the scheme originated, 231. cheated by their officers, 234. in 1649, fourteen regiments, after a solemn seeking of God by prayer, try which should go to Ireland by lots drawn from a hat by a child, 227. set down (in September, 1655), in their enemies' fields Lliat they planted not, and houses they builded not, 230. Fleetwood gives them his blessing, 229. prays that they be kept from the sins for which the Irish lost their lands to them, 224. found in Ireland no beer, no cheese ; had no ploughs, nor horses, nor money to buy them, which renders them loth to become planters, 231. for any amours with Irish girls, they are severely flogged, 232. sentences of courts martial on different soldiers for fornication. ib., n. if, after being disbanded, they married any of these attractive but " idolatrous " daughters of Erin, they must march after them to Connaught, 234. are forbidden to take Irish girls to wife, even tiiough they be 486 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. SOLDIERS OF CROMWELL'S ABMY—continued. " converts," unless tht q;irls pass an examination before ii board of military saints ./ito the state of their hearts, to try if their conversion be a real work of God upon their hearts, or that they only so pretend (as is to be feared) for carnal ends, 233. taking Irish girls to wife are to be reduced — if dragoons, to foot soldiers ; if foot soldiers, to ijionet-rs, without hope in either case of iDromotion, 233. whole troops and companies assign their debentures to their officers, 222. deed of assignment of their debentures by 36 soldiers of Colonel Daniel Axtell's regiment to Arnold Thomas, their ensign, 222, n. the many traditionary stories in Ireland, like that of " The white horse of the Peppers," that such and such an estate was given for a white horse, are founded on fact, and are sometimes probably true, 235. lines in " The Moderate Cavalier," describing how they " were, by their commanders, choused of their lands and packed away to Flanders," &c., 262. SPAIN, instead of 40,000 Irish transported thither, " we could wish the whole nation there," 89. SPENSER, EDMUND, Secretary to Lord Grey de Wilton, Lord Deputy of Ireland, 75. approved of his mode of war, which reduced the Irish to eat dead corpses out of the graves, 76. recommends this warfare to Lord Essex, ib. is liated by the Irish for his deadly enmity to them, 116. his castle (confiscated from the Fitzgeralds) burned, with his infant son, 117. driven out, and dies in darkness in lodgings in London, ib. was for transplanting the Irish, and his grandson is now ordered to transplant as " Irish," 117. his petition against being transplanted, ib., n. STRAFFORD, EARL OF, his confiscation of Connaught was with a view to a noble Eng- lish Plantation there, 48. intends to take one-half of the lands of the Old English, ib. proposed to line the Old English " thoroughly " with Pro- testants, i.b. INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 487 STRINGS OF CONTIGUITY, land aiTanged in a fixed sequence, called a file or string of con- tiguity, and the sequence of setting down ascertained by lot, 208. omitted by the Adventurers, but supplied in the re-survey of their lands by Dr. Petty, 244. " of Ensign Thomas's lot " (properly of Col. Stephen's Regi- ment), 208, n. SURVEY, THE CIVIL, was the report of commissioners upon evidence taken in the country of the quantity and value of the lands forfeited or in the disposal of the Government, 201. specimen of, to be found printed in " Desiderata Curiosa Hibernica " (vol. ii., 203). SURVEY, LORD STRAFFORD'S, OF CONNAUGHT, maps made by his order in 1637, when an English Plantation was intended there, 204. enabled the Government, in 1654, to set down the transplanted more easily, ib. SURVEY, THE DOWN, articles of agreement for, with Dr. W. Pettj', signed on 11th December, 1654, after a solemn seeking of God by Col. Thomlinson for a blessing upon conclusion of so great a business, 204. eight English surveyors of, seized by " Blind Donogh," the Tory, and carried into the woods, and tried by him, and executed as accessories to a gigantic robbery, 206. SWANLEY, CAPTAIN, made trial if an Irish cavalier could swim without hands, 67. ties seventy of the King's Irish soldiers back to back, and drowns them, 67. but this is no murder, ib. makes those who would not take the covenant take the water, with their heads downward, 67. SWORDSMEN, departure of 40,000. 86. for King of Spain, 87. for King of Poland, ib. for Prince de Conde, ib. " SWORDSMEN AND PROPRIETORS. ■ to transplant, who " swordmen," 101, 130. who " proprietors," 130. 488 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. TALBOT, JOHN, OF MALAHIDE CASTLE, ancestor of Lord Talbot de Malahide, turned out for Chief Baron Corbet, and transplanted, 108. gets liberty to return to Leinster to make sale of his crop, on ' condition to return to Connaught, ib. TALBOT, THE LADY MARGARET, " being an Englishwoman," obtains an order from the Council for additional lands in Connaught, and is given £20 to enable her to return to her husband and children there, 67. THURLES, VISCOUNTESS, the mother of the Earl of Ormond, thrust out of her dower lands by the Adventurers, as being an Irish Papist, 254. ordered to transplant to Connaught, ib. establishes much good affection, but fails to prove Constant good affection to the Parliament of England, ib. notwithstanding that she was an Englishwoman, and gave relief and shelter to Major Peisley and his officers and men, ib. TILLAGE, officers and soldiers encouraged to till round their posts because of scarcity in 1651, 80. Irish promised their crop if they will come down from the mountains, and till in 1651, ib. " TIMES," THE, on the flight of the stinking Irish rats, 341. on the Irish being a race with an innate taste for conspiracy and manslaughter, 59, n. TIMOLIN, COUNTY OF KILDARE, sad case of a republican soldier and his son murdered there by bloodthirsty Tories while repairing for themselves the deserted house of some transplanted gentleman, 337. TIPPERARY, COUNTY OF, " man of, has a heart as big as a bull's, and to foes as fierce; but to woman or friend, tender as a thrush's," 1, n. hurling in, in 1778, 12. some fair girl, the prize of the winner, ib. left desolate by the Transplantation, and four fit and knowing persons of the Irish nation sent back to show the bounds of estates to Dr. Petty's surveyors, 202, n. TORIES, PRIESTS, AND AVOLVES, " the tliree burdensome beasts, on whose heads wee lay rewards," 308. INDEX OF. SUBJECTS. 489 TORIES, bands of men who retired to the wilds rather than transplant, and, headed by some dispossessed gentlemen, attacked the Cromwellian planters, 340. the term Tory first used in a Proclamation by Ormonde, dated 25th Sept., 1650, 333, n. only rob the robbers, 333. the plunderers lead the plundered to the gallows, ib. murder of eight English surveyors of the Down Survey by Blind Donogh, 206. Captain Adam Loftus receives £20 (1657), for taking Daniel Kennedy, an Irish Tory, whose head is set up on Carlow Castle, 343. kindred of Tories in a baronj- bound to repair losses of English by the Tories, under the law of Kincogish, 334. if the kindred were too poor, or undiscoverable, then all the Irish of tlie barony, or of any barony through which the robbers passed, 335. arms and ammunition occasionally intrusted to Irishmen to hunt and kill Tories, 345. may have often shot innocent Irish, but they could not shoot amiss so as they shot somebody, and no great loss if some- body shot them, ib. twenty Irish employed (1659), with guns and ammunition, into the counties of Carlow and Kilkenny for three months to kill Tories, 345. Major Charles Kavenagh (1656) dispensed from Transplanta- tion, and placed with thirteen chosen Irish in a ruined castle in the county of Carlow to kill Tories, 345. murders by, at Lackagh, in county of Kildare, 338. at Timolin, in same county, 337. Lieutenant Francis Rowlestone receives £6 13s. 4d., for killing Lieutenant Henry Archer, a chief or leading Tory, whose head is brought to Kilkenny, 343. rewards (in 1655), for the heads of Donnogh ©'Derrick, called "Blind Donnogh," £30; of Dermot Ryan, £20; of James Leigh, £5; of Laughlin Kelly, £5, 337. Lieutenant Francis Rowlestone employed to deal with Gerald Kinshelagh, " a leading Tory," to murder his fellow-Tories, 345. dispossessed Irish gentlemen dwelling in the Avoods, wilds, and bogs, and supporting themselves (A.D. 1660-1710) by tory- ing and " coshering " on their tenants and followers, 350. 400 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. TORIES — continued. Col. Poer, in Munster ; Col. Coughlan, in Leinster ; and Red- mond O'Hanlon, in Ulster, distinguished Tories (1660-80), 352. any Tory murdering two brother Tories, entitled (by 7 Will. 3, c. 21) to his own pardon, 349. this law only expired A.D. 1776, 351. Ballad about Tory hunting, beginning — "Ho! brother Teig, what is your story?" 350. where mvirder committed by Tories, and the criminals not found, four Irish Papists of the neighbourhood to be seized, imprisoned, and if the culprits not made amenable in twenty-eight days, to be transported, 338. TOWNS, of Ireland built by Danes and English, 50, 272. Irish originally forbidden to inhabit them, 30, 285. called by Sir Henry Sidney " the Queen's unpaid garrisons," ib. all towns in Ireland ordered to be cleared of Irish, 272, 284. the Old English of, remain faithful to England, in Dublin, Drogheda, Cork, Kinsale, and Youghal, 273. all habitations of the Irish destroyed within a circle of two miles of any town (April, 1651), and residence there, death, 276. clearing of Kilkenny, 285. of Waterford, 285. of Galway, 302. the officers connive at the stay of many of the trading inhabi- tants for their utility, 277, 278. Colonel Sadleir, being engaged in clearing Wexford in 1654, according to the Proclamation, desires to know How many packers and gillers of herrings are to be allowed to stay ? How many coopers ? What shall be done with Irishwomen married to English? 119. Proclamation for clearing the towns of Irish, sent by the Coun- cil to England as an encouragement to the English to come over, 284. general arrest (31st December, 1656) of all transplantables in towns, in order to their being tried and transported, ib. shipping for them secured at Galway to carry them to Barba- does, 145. the Irish being driven out, some of the towns in 1644 fall into ruins, 283. INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 491 TOWNS— continued. 3,000 good houses in Cork, and as many in Youghal, for want of inhabitants, fall down (1647), ib. wolves hnnted (1652) in the suburbs of Dublin, 284. TOWNS', SEAPORT, Limerick, with 12,000 acres, offered for sale 14th Jiily, 1643, by the Parliament to English and foreign merchants, for £30,000 fine, and a rent of £625; Waterford, with 1,500 acres, at same fine and rent ; Galway, with 10,000 acres, for £7,500 fine, and £520 rent; Wexford, with 6,000 acres, for £5,000 fine, and £156 4s. 4d. rent, 272. of Limerick, Waterford, Galway, and W^exford offered for sale by the Parliament of England to English and foreign Pro- testant merchants on 14tli July, 1643, while still in posses- sion of the Irish, 272. TRANSPLANTATION, proclaimed by sound of trumpet and " beate of drum," 96. the nobility and gentry especially requiretl to transplant, 98. the common people spared, and why, ib. husbandmen and labourers not possessed of ten pounds' value excepted from, 96, n. in order that the transplanted nobility and gentry, without them, shall become peasants, or starve, 98. order of 15th October, 1653, for heads of families to proceed to Connaught to i:)repare huts for their wives and children, 104. TRANSPLANTERS' CERTIFICATES, to describe their families, friends, and termnts who intend to bear them company to Connaught, 104. their stock and crop in ground, ib. remonstrances of the inhabitants of Ireland against being transplanted, 106. the petitioners are the highest in the land, ib. the Irish ordered to transplant in the winter time, 102. the nation, panic struck, are about to abandon tlie tillage of the land, ib. fourteen certificates given in the Appendix, 308-376. " hard work to put in practice, whatever you in England may imagine," 118. asked how many gillers and packers of herrings may stay in Wexford, 119. " whether men marrying transplantable widows are themselves transplantable?" 120. answered, 130. 492 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. TRANSPLANTATION, DIFFICULTY OF, Commissioners of the Parliament of England in Ireland feel they have not strength nor wisdom for so great a work, 103. " the children are now come to the birth, but there is no strength to bring forth," ib. because of difficulty of, officers of the army are to lift up prayers with strong crying and tears to Him to whom nothing is too hard, that His servants, whom He has called forth in this day to act in these great transactions, might be carried on by His own outstretched arm, ib. TRANSPLANTERS, " The men gone to prepare new habitations in Connaught (Dec, 1654); wives and children are packing away after them apace. All will be gone by 1st March, 1655," 127. the earliest of the transiilanters set down in the barony of Burren, where there is " not wood enough to hang a man, water enough to drown him, or earth enough to bury him," 121. the coming transplanters scared, like beasts driven too sud- denly to a slaughter-yard, 121 their condition in Connaught, 146-155. many peers of the realm buried in smoky cabins, and starved to death, with their wives and children, in Connaught, 155. in 1660, said, in England, to be up in arms when they were up in prison, 289. ordered back (10th December, 1661), 301. TRANSPLANTATION, the descendants of those who urged the Transplantation in Henry VIII. 's time are now to transplant, 106. Irish who are collectors of assessment to be watched lest they escape to Connaught without accompting, 118. Gookin objects to it that the soldiers have need of the Irish, 138. the Irish women skilled in dressing hemp and flax, and in making woollen cloth ; the men good masons, 138. " Irish have ('tis strange) as great resentment against it as even against death itself " (Gookin), 140. " supposing they should have a dram of rebellious blood in them, or be sullen, and not go," ib. " will a whole nation drive like geese at the wagging of a hat upon a stick?" (Gookin), ib. reasons for, given in the petition of the officers of the precincts INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 493 TRANSPLANTATION— CO n f / nuerf. of Dublin, Carlow, Wexford, and Kilkenny, in behalf of themselves, their soldiers, &c., 142. Saints seek the Lord together (by order of Commissioners of Parliament) for direction in this work (Lawrence), 144. they never objected to it, though very many godly and judicious persons complained of its slow pace (id.), ib. not as a punishment for blood, 99. to spare the new proprietor's feelings at the sight of the miser j^ of the former owner, ib. hated by the Irish becaiise it destroyed their national interest, and cut off their hope of ever recovering their lost ground (Lawrence), 144. and because they foresaw, perhaps, that the Connaught pro- prietors might bid them such welcome as they would bid the Soldier or Adventurer on their lands (id.), ib. had left the county of Tipperary so desolate, that no inhabitant of the Irish nation that knew the country was left to show the bounds of estates to Dr. Petty's surveyors, 202. four fit persons sent back from Connaught for this purpose, ib. it is found to require a little hanging to make the gentry transplant, 133. the officers " are tender of hanging any of the Irish proprie- tors but leading men ; but they are resolved to seize and fill the gaols with them, by which the bloody people will know that they (the officers) are not degenerated from English principles," 128. " We shall have no scruple in sending them to the West Indies to help to plant the plantation that General Venables, it is hoped, hath reduced," 129. Daniel Fitzpatrick and another sentenced to be hanged (A.D. 1655) for not transplanting, 133. Mr. Edward Hetherington, of Kilnemanagh, hanged with placards on his breast and back inscribed — " For not transplanting," ib. children, grandchildren, brothers, nephews, uncles, and next heirs, transplanted, to ease the fears of the Adventurers and Soldiers, 326, n. Standing Committee appointed 1st August, 1653, consisting of Roger Lord Rroghill, Hierome Sankey, Colonel Richard Lawrence, and others, 147. transplanters inhabiting within ten miles of the Shannon on this side, not to be set down within ten miles of the other, 148. 494 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. TRANSPLANTATION— con^in/ued. Sir C. Coote, Major Ormsby, and others, take lands in Con- naught, diminishing the fund for transplanters, 163. the whole inhabitants of no one county to be set down together in Connaught, 148. the several septs or clans to be set down dispersed, ib. transplanted Irish of English descent to be kept separate from the Irish, ib. Sir Charles Coote's scheme for assigning certain baronies in Connaught for the abode of the inhabitants of certain counties, respectively, the selection being made on the ground of the supposed resemblance of the baronies to the counties whence the families removed, 160, 161. ordered to be searched for in Dublin (1656), and arrested, in order that their houses may be given to new-arrived Eng- lish, 282. general arrests in towns, and transportation of them to Bar- badoes, 283. TRANSPLANTERS, rule for setting out land to, for stock of cattle, 105. their wives and children watching their crop, during their absence in Connaught, turned out of their houses by the disbanded soldiery, 109. TRANSPLANTABLE PERSONS, general arrest of all not transplanted (order of 19th March, 1655), 129. TRIMLESTON, Lord Baron of. Sir Richard Barnewall, Mr. Patrick Netter- ville, and others (Kilkenny submittees), require a pass from the suburbs of Athlone over the bridge to attend their business in the town, 116. Cusack, Lord Trimleston's brother-in-law, tenant of his manor under Mrs. Bayley, betrays the possession to him, 114. his grave in the ruined Abbey of Kilconnell, with the epitaph, " Here lies Mathew Lord Baron of Trimleston, one of the transplanted," 186. TRUMPET, THE FIRST, on 11th October, 1652, commands the Irish nation to get ready to take up their residence wherever the Parliament of Eng- land should direct, 96. TRUMPET, THE SECOND, with the doom of the Irish nation, on 26th September, 1653, 101. INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 495 TRUMPET, THE SECOND— continued. Irish to transplant to Connauglit before 1st May, 1654, ib. ULSTER, PLANTATION OF— 42, 45. USSHER, ARCHBISHOP, knew of women to lie in wait for a rider, and drag him down, to eat his hor.se like famished wolves, 77. VANDALS, injustice to them to equal them with the English of 1652, Preface. WAR, ENGLISH METHOD OF, in Ireland, 75. Spenser's description of, in Munster, in 1580, 76. recommends it for Ulster, 76. country wasted till man and beast died, ib. children killed for food, 77. Archbishop Ussher knew women to drag a rider from his horse to devour it, ib. difficulties of, in Ireland ; islands in bogs, secure fortresses to Irish, nearly inaccessible, and whence they could escape at pleasure, 79. WATERFORD, (among other seaports), with 1,500 acres contiguous, offered for sale by Parliament in July, 1643, to English and foreign merchants, for £30,000 fine and £'625 rent payable to the State, 272. the Danish inhabitants, driven out by the English in 1172, found the Ostniantown of Waterford, 296. the city English, and " of unspotted loyalty," 298. the inhabitants banished (1650), and a regiment of 1,200 Eng- lish ordered by Ireton to be raised to repeople it, 298. in 1660 the banished merchants petition from St. Malos, Cadiz, itc, to be at liberty to return with their capital and skill, 299. would render it as flourishing as ever, and second only to Dublin, 300. they excel all their predecessors in skill, and equal lliose of all Ireland put together, 299. WIDOWS AND ORPHANS, AND THE DESTITUTE, seized and sent to the Barbadoes, 88. the men and boys for bondmen, ib. the girls for companions for the planters, instead of Maroon women and Negresses, ib. 496 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. WIDOWS, ETC.— continued. Bristol merchants deal witli the Government for supplies cf them, ib. Sellick, and Leader, and Robert Yeomans, some of the con- tractors, ib. Broghill, afterwards Earl of Orrery, undertakes to find crowds, in the County of Cork alone, 91. 2,000 boys and 1,000 girls, " Irish wenches " (the latter seized by force by order of H. Cromwell), sent by Gal way for the use of 1,500 soldier planters, 92. WIDOWS, IRISH, OF ENGLISH EXTRACT, Commissioners are asked to define what they mean by? 120. are to be set down in the four baronies of Ballintobber, TuUa, and Bunratty, 163. Ballintobber afterwards withdrawn from them, ib. WIVES AND YOUNG CHILDREN OF TRANSPLANTERS, in the absence of their protectors away in Connaught building huts for them, are turned out while watching their last crop, without being given a cabin to shelter in, or grass for a cow, 109. WOLVES, PRIESTS, AND TORIES, " the three burdensome beasts on whose heads we lay re- wards," 308. WOLF DOGS, and hawks of Ireland, of old, fit presents for kings, 309. taken from the officers departing (1654) for Spain, on account of the plague of wolves, ib. WOLVES, public hunt for, ordered in the suburbs of Dublin, 1652, 284. inci'ease upon the English, from exterminating the Irish too rapidly, contrary to the wise injunction of Jehovah in the case of the killing of all the Canaanites by the Jews, 309. public hunts organized, and deer toil brought from England, ib. increase of, charged by Cromwell (conqueror's logic) on the priests, 310. rewards for the head of a bitch wolf, £6 ; of a dog wolf, £5 ; of every cub that preyeth by himself, 40 shillings — of every sucking cub, 10 shillings, ib. lands near Dublin (1653) leased by the State, on condition of lessee's keeping two packs of wolf hounds — one at Dublin, the other at Dunboyne, and yielding a certain number of wolf heads, 311. INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 497 YOUGHAL, ancient (English) inhabitants driven out by the English rebels in 1644, 283. 3,000 deserted houses there pulled down by the English soldiery for firing, ib. the clearing of (A.D. 1649) witnessed and described by Lady Fanshawe, 288. M2 INDEX OF NAMES Figures within Parentheses. The figures within parentheses refer to the Lists of the Adven- turers for the Land and Sea Services, and give the number attached to the Adventurer, and his subscription in that Series. Figures not so distinguished. The figures not so distinguished refer to the page numbers of this vohime. Names in Italics. Names in Italics signify Authors cited. Abbott, Daniel, 199, n. : 216, 254, 320. Acherly, Roger, 54, n. Adams, Robert (226). — Thomas (137). — William (15). Addys, Thomas, 393. Agricola, 9. Ailston, Joseph (166). Ailster, Penning (164). Aitkins, Alexander, 225, n. Alcock, Charles, 392. — Thomas, (422), (1237). — William (185). Alexander, Sir Jerome, 265, 266, n. Alford, James (548). Alice, Countess of Warwick, 18. Alithinologus Eudonius, 110. AUand, Captain, 218. Allen, fFrancis (676), 389. — John (248). — Lady Marv, 119. — Richard, 394, (811), (1298). — Toby (981). — Colonel William, 271, n. — William, 397, (478), (801), (1245). — William and Thomas (599), Allenson, Sir William (132). Allot, Richard (420). Allured, John (1182). Ally, Samuel, 320. Almain, Robert de, 21, n. Almery, George (162), 240, n. Almond, William (193), 392, 394. Ames, John (352). Amyos, John, 392 Anderson, Nathaniel (267). Andrews, Matthews (839). — Thomas (155), (1202), 240, n. Anglesey, Earl of, 168. Annally, Lord, 107. Annesly, Mr., 269. Anthony, Edward (989). Antigonus, 40, n. Antrim, Marquis of, 54, 280. Arcliebold, Stephen (289). Archer, Henry, 343. — Mary, 111, 381. — Thomas, 381. — Walter, 293. Armine, Sir William (1075). Arnold, George (1147). Arnop, Colonel, 276. Arthur, Dorothy, 224, n. — Dr. Thomas, 279, 280, n. Arundel], Henry (34). — William and John (36). Ash, Matthew (885). — Edward, 395. — Francis (143). 499 500 INDEX OF NAMES. Ash, John (3), 395. — Symon (847), 393. Ashley, Sir Anthony (89). — John (490). Ashurst, Henry (418). — Richard (362). Ashton, Michael (798). — Ralph (1098). Ashwell, William (536). Atkins, Benjamin, 396. — John (1126). — Peter, 396. — William (1125). Atkinson, Sir George, 111. — Lady Margaret, 111. Audley, Lord, 41, n. Aunsley, Edward (831). Ausley, Edward (1312). Austin, Edward, or Edmund (908). — Edward, 397. — George (707). Austrey, Elizabeth (74). Avery, Alderman, 386. — Samuel, 240, n. Avesnes, Comte d', 4. Axtel, Colonel, 215, 216, 222, n. ; 223, n.; 270, 291, 292, n. Avres, Thomas (666), 240. Ayycough, Sir Edward (109). Babb, William (262). Babington, Abraham (272), (1216). — Michael (498). — Thomas (945). Bagnal, Col. Walter, 68. 288. Baily, Thomas (875). Baker, John (190). — Katharine (35). — Mary (1056). Balam, 'William (199). Ball, Samuel, 397. — William (439), (673). Ballard, John (423). — Thomas (969). — William (393). Bamford, Patrick (607). Bancks, Thomas (717). Banks, John (396). Banister, Benjamin (745), 253, n. Barber, Mr., 173. — Chirurgeons Co. of (188). — Gabriel (833). Barefoot, Robert (10), (690), (1191). Barg, Vincent (1068). Barker, Edward, 396. — George (100). Barker, John (125), 250, n. — Joseph (552). — Mrs. Mary (1133). Barker, Thomas, 397. — William (637). Barnabye, Abraham, 391. Barnard, Dean, 77. Barnard, Richard (967). Barnardiston, Sir Nathaniel (21). — Thomas (207), (1209), 240, n., 393. Barnes, James (30). Barnwalls, the, 106, 115. Barnewall, of Breymore, 209. 20. — of Turvey, 209, n. — Edmond, 322. — George, ib. — John, 313, n. — Margaret, 110. — Nicholas, 114, 119. — Sir Richard, 116. — Richard, 209, n. Barrett, Robert (400). Barrington, Captain, 216. — Alexander, 192, n. — Sir Thomas (20). Barry s. The, 29. Barrv, Daniel, 177. — The Lord, 183. Barton, Symon (549). — William (503). Barwicke, Thomas (457). Basil, William, 59, n. Bassett, William (1112). Bate, John (1217). Bateman, John (699). Bath, Corporation of (1124). Bayley, Colonel, 114. — Ambrose, 222, n. — Mrs. Penelope, 114, 115. — Thomas, 399. Baynton, James (629). Bavntun, Sir Edward (59). Beale, Thomas (941). — Stephen (647), (1266). — WilHam (810), (1297). Beamont, Richard (261). Beard, Maximilian (528). — Robert (346). Beardolph, Samuel (809). — Svmon (1296). Bedel, Bishop, 62, 63, 64. INDEX OF NAMES. 501 Bedingfield, Anthony (82). — Humphrey (145), 391. Beeke, WiUiam (284). Begg, of Navan, 209, n. Begg, Robert, 209, n. Begs, Roger, 321. Beighton, Richard (374). Behield, Anthonv (1158). Bell, Angelo (702). Bellers, Fulke (1092). Benco, Abraham Alexander, 393. Bence, Alexander (81). Bendigo, James (381). Bendish, Sir Thomas (645). Bennett, George, 271, n. — Sir Henry, 292, n. ; 294, n. — Captain John, 131. Bonnvyn, Gabriel (936). Bentley, John (102). Bernard, Richard (79). Betagh, Thomas, 208, n. — William, 209, n. Bettsworth, William (704). Bewley, Thomas, Sen. (518). — Thomas, Jun. (519). Bidle, Christopher (532). Bidolph, Theophilus (606). Biddolph, Theophilus, 394. Bigg, James (1122). — John (1256). — Thomas, 393. Biggs, John (561). — Joseph (303). — Miles (427). Birne, Arthur, 177. — Owen, 322. — Philip, 177. — William, 177. Birch, Thos. (1099). Bird, John (956). Birkenhead, Theophilus, 394. Bisby, William (390). Biscoe, John (686). Bishop, Ephraim (1063), 392. Black, Edmond (1150). Blackborrow, Wtii. (294). Blackett, John, 240, n. Blackiston, John (61). Black well. Jar vis (611). — John (521). — John, Senior, 399. — John, Junior, 399. — Jonathan (556). -- Joseph (556), 398. Blackwell, Samuel, 395. Bladen, William, 214, n. Blague, Nicholas (887). Blake, Elizabeth (1160). Bland, Capt., 113. Blande, Jane, 395. Blate, John (280). Blatt, Edward (353). — James (351), 392. Blenkhome, John, 253, n. Blood, Dean, 182, n. Blount, Charles, 368. Blow, James, 222, n. Blunsdon, Overrington (949). Boate, Catherine, 399. — Gerarde (865), 248, n., 399. — Gerrald (1318). Bodkin, Dominic, 112. Boggeste, Thos. (258). — William (701). Bolton, Gregory, 222, n. — Capt. Wm., 218. Bond, John (1048). — Dennis (130). Bone, Nicholas (688), 389. Bonfield, Bridget, 369. — Catherine, 369. — James, 368, 369. Bonner, Nicholas (246). Brooke, William (1220). Borlase, 56, n.; 62, n. Bosfield, Anthony, 392. Bosville, Colonel William, 391. Botterill, William, 253, n. — William (223). Broughton, Richard, 398. Boulter, Major, 346. Boulton, Everard (444), (1240). — William (402). Boulter, Primate, 325, n. Bourcher, Nathaniel (973). Bourke, Anebel, 372 — Lady Catherine, 871. — Sir David, 371. — Edmund, 371, 374. — Henry, 372. — Sir John, 375, 110, n. — Margaret, 375. — Mary, 375. — Patrick, 371. — Thomas, 375. Bownell, Captain, 216. Box, Henrv, 394. Boxley, Richard, 222, n. 502 INDEX OF NAMES. Boyce, Henry (446), (1242). Boynton, Sir Matthew (537). Boyse, John, 392. Box, Henry (534). Breakinge, Nicholas (1021). Bradley, George (820), (1303). — Mark (818). Bradshaw, Elizabeth (254). Bradj^ Cornelius, 384. Braket, John (256). Bramhall, Primate, 97, 155. Branckstead, John (677). Brand, Joseph (500). Brenly, Mrs. Sarah (1354). Breenagh, Richard, 366. — William, 366, 368. Brennan, Denis, 338. Brentley, Lawrence (856). — Nicholas (857). Brereton, Major, 218. Bryfield, Adinram (840). Buckland, John (1103). Bulkelev, Mrs. Alice, 79. Buller, George (110). Bunce, James (1280). Burcott, Michael or Nicholas (1166). Burgatt, Ann, 372. — Dr. William, 320, n. — William, 210, n. Burgess, Cornelius (508), 390, 400. Burgis, James (1110). Burke, Sir Bernard, 182, n. — Edmond, 153. — Sir John, 110. — Ladv Margaret, 375. — Mayler, 153. — Theobald, Baron of Brittas, 375. Brereton, Sir William (28), 393. — William, 391. Best, Sarah (1054). Bretland, Thomas (575). Brett, John (283), (1219). Brewer, Christopher (867). — J. S., 7, n. Brewster, Sir Francis, 355. - — Samuel and Daniel, 394. Brice, Shadracke (1061). Brickdell, John (1181). Bridges, Jeremy (1350). — John (1090). Brien, Honora ny, 354, n. Briggs, Thomas (740). Bright, John (176), (1205). — Thomas (892). Brightwell, Thomas (504), (1250), 240, n. Brimley, Laurence (1315). — Thomas (859) Briscoe, Thomas (394). Brittas, Lord Baron, 377. Briver, James, 113. Brockett, Thomas ^910). Broderick, Capt., 1 92. n. Broghill, Lord, 90, 91, 108, 147, 189, n. ; 211, 218, 283, n. ; 329, 335, n. Bromeswold, Laurence, 240, n. Bromwich, John (714). Brouker, Thomas (763). Brooke, Gabriell (78). Broomer, Richard (373). Broughton, Andrew, 396. Brown, John, 374. — Patrick, 373. Browne, Richard (711). — Edward, 383. — George (395). — Humphrey (572). — John (88), (117), (751). — Samuel (863), (1317). — Thos. (804), (1291). Bruen, John, 320. Brunskill, Heather, 399. Bruoder, Shorilly ny, 375. Bruster, Edward (591). Bryan, John, 112, 293. — Marv, 293. — Patrick, 292, n., 301, n. Burlace, John (920), (1035). Burnell, Henry, 113. Bussell, Capt., 216. Burroughs, Jeremy (1333). Bust, Tobias, 222, n. Butters, 28, 29, 31, 40, 106. Butler, Elinor, 111, 379. — Esmond, 23. — Giles, 367. — Lord James, 40, n. — John, 368. — Katherine, 367. — Mary, 113. — Pierce, Viscount Ikerrin, 179, 367. — Richard, 113, 367. Button, Mathias (483). Bye, Thomas (294). Bynce, James (710). INDEX OF NAMES. 503 Cacott, Thos. (953). Cads, John, 222, n. Ccesar, 3, 9, 197, n. Caff on, Morish, 363. Caffose, Robert, 376. Cahill, Ellen ny, 369. Cambell, Capt., 216. Cambrensis, Giraldiis, 7, n. ; 10, n.; 73, 272, n. Camillus, 1. Campbell, James (114). Campliield, Capt. Nathaniel (694). Campion, 15, 20, n. ; 40. Candler, Captain, 216. Cannockt, Ann (1042). Canting, Daniel (265). Carew, Anthony, 300, n. Carhampton, Lord, 107. Casey, William, 132. Carleton, Bishop of Chichester, 41, n. Carpenter, John (911). Carrick, Earls of, 179. Carrill, Joseph (860). Carte,?, n. ; 57, n. ; 58, n. ; 62, n. ; 68, n.; 69, n. ; 71, n. — 84, n. ; 85, 86, n. ; 98, n. ; 130, n. ; 134, n. ; 152, n. ; 153, n. — 195, n. ; 167, n. ; 168, n. ; 169, n. ; 189, n.; 201, n. ; 254, n. — 263, n. ; 267, n. ; 274, n. ; 278 n. ; 288, n. ; 292, n. ; 293, n. — 294, n. ; 299, n. ; 300, n. ; 302, n. ; 304, n. ; 333, n. ; 355, n. Carter, John (245). Carter, Edward (514). Carter, Ralph (425). Cartrett, Captain, 216. Cartv, Connor, 368. Carwithin, Nicholas (995). Castle, Richard (322). Castleconnell, Lady Ellen, 374. — Margaret, Lady Dowager, 372, 373. — William, Lord Baron of, 374. Cathn, John (269). Caulier, James (1151). Caulfield, Lord, 63. Cavenaghs, 27. Cavenagh, Major Charles, 112. Chamberlain, Abraham (567). — Thomas (567). — Abraham and Thomas (1258). Chambers, Mr.. 281, n. — Humphrey (866), Chandler, Richard (747). — Thomas, 192, n. Charles I., 47, 49, n. ; 51, 54, 72, n. ; 187, 296, 401. — II., 22, 156, 176, n. ; 185, n. ; 187, 252, 275, n. ; 293, n. ; 299, n. — 315, n.; 316, n.; 330, n. — v., 4, n. Chaveney, Peter, 391. — Hiimphrey (669). ■ — ■ Cheatley, Francis, 196. Cheevers, the, 106, 186. — Mr., 177, 178. — Walter, 176. Cheney, Ann (249). Cheny, Francis (618). Cheswick, James (876), Chatwood, 325, n. Chewning, Thomas (318), 392. Chichester, Sir Arthur, 16, 42, 43, 45, n. ; 46, n. ; 280, 330, n. Chidley, William, 172. Childe, John (940), (1051). — Robert (406). Chillingworth, Robert (922). Christmas, Richard, 383. Clanricard, Lord, 31, n. ; 75, 163, 252. — Marquis of, 35, n. — Marchioness, 152, 254. Clapham, Rawleigh, 395. Clapp, Richard (1006). Clare, Stafford (354). Clarence, Lionel, Duke of, 33. Clarendon, 60, 62. Clarke, Colonel, 205, 216. — John (177), (1206). — Charles, 390. — George, 393, 395, 400, (8), (1190). — Ralph (574), (1183). — Samuel (1010), (1091), 392. Clay, John, 391. — Roger (729). Claydon, John (675). Cleypoe, Captain, 216. Clement, Gregory (850), (1313), 252, 253, n. — Hugh, 402, n. Gierke, Christ. (992). — James (494), (1185). — Robert (930). — James (403). Cliff, Mr. 124, n. ; 190, n. Clifton, Joseph, 391. 504 INDEX OF NAMES. Clodpole, Mr. Justice, 297. Clogy, Alexander, 62, n. Clotworthy, Sir John (1170), 78, 240, n. Clutterbuck, Richd. (314), (1223), 389. Cobb, John (1347). Cobden, Mr., 342, n. Cocke, Thomas (312). Codd, — , 317. Coish, Richard (184). Colbron, Henry (486). Colchester, Osmond (240). Coles, the, 151. Cole, Francis (1164). — Henry, 22, n. — Peter (539). — Thomas (53). Coleman, Captain, 338. — John (683). Coles, Henry (288). Collect, Richard (9). Collins, — , 31, n. Collins, Francis (625), (1262). Collis, Captain, 216. Collyer, Joseph (944). Coombs, Ambrose (377). Coomb, John (901). Coomb, Thomas (977). Combe, Thomas, 391, Comyn, Lady Catherine, 104. — Gennel, 369. — Sir Nicholas, 104. Conde, Prince of, 87, 88. Connery, Daniel, 89. Connor, Charles, 190, n. Conroy, Michael, 364. Conway, Marshal, 69. — Secretary, 401, n. Cooke, Cornelius (904). — Edward (464). — Elizabeth, 392. — Mr. James, 253, n. — Mr. Justice, 170, 171, 175, 275, n. ; 316, 317, 318, 319. — Thomas (€84). Coop, William (1302). Cooper, Colonel, 324. — Marv, 68. — William (819), 157, n. ; 1.58, n. — Samuel (659). Cootes, the, 151. Coote, Sir Charles, 58, 90, 102, 121, 111, n. ; 125, n. ; 145, 152, 154, 159, 162, 163, 189, 200, 215, 225, 303, 384. — Col. Chidley. 218. — Col. Richard, 218, 225, n. Coppinger, John, 171, 365, 367. — Robert, 167, n. ; 168. — Stephen, 171. Corbally, Patrick, 177. Corbane, Donagh, 365. Corbet, Miles (122), 97, n. ; 108, 110, n. ; 206, n. ; 208, n. ; 319, 381, 382, 383. Corke, John (480). Cornish, John (1123). Cornock, Captain, 216. Cory, Thomas (217). Costello, Col. Dudley, 352. Cosgrave, Handle, 6, n. Coughlan, Colonel, 352. — Daniel, 45, 46. — Francis, 252. — Mrs., 253., 254. — Terence, 252, 253, n. Coulson, John (855). Coventry, Sir H., 297, n. Cowden, Mori sh, 365. Cowley, 37, n. ; 38, n. Cox, J. (696). — Richard (769). Cox, Sir Bichard, 29, n. ; 48, n. ; 55, n. ; 154, n. ; 353, n. Coxon, Clement (555). Coysh, Richard (1208). Crandley, Captain Richard (1340). Crawley, Robert, 398. Creagh, Anthonv, 369. — Gabriel, 369.' — Gennett, 369. — James, 369. — Piers, 378, 112. Cressy. Simon, 399. Crew, Arthur (790). — John (94). — Ranulph (1188). Crickmore, WiUiam (178). Crispe, Sir Nicholas (138), (1199), 240. — Nicholas, 241. — Richard (1257), (563). — Samuel (1197). Croane, Henry (585). Croker, T. Crofton, 329, n. : 350, n. Cromwell, Henry, 89, n. ; 92, 137, 163, 198, 216, 237. INDEX OF NAMES. 505 Cromwell Oliver, (72), (1194), 54, 75, 117, 124, 149, 156, 163, 167, 169, 175, 176, 177, 182, 188, 185, n. ; 188, 189, 191, 192, 194, 210, 11. • 227, 228, 238, 235, 236, 248, n. '■ 256, 260, 271, 275, 279, 288, 289, 292, 300, 317, 332, 339, 340, 349, 386. — Thomas, 41, n. Crook, Charles (239), 391. — Andrew, 267, n. Crossing, Philip (991). Crow, Richard (869). Crowley, Robert (225). Crowther, Samuel (931). Crumpon, Owen, 363. Cuffe, Sir James, 151. Cullane, Honnora ny, 373. Cullen, Morgan, 177. — Murtagh, 276. — Richard (898). — Thady, 177. Culme, Lady, 111. — Mary, 384. Culmere, Richard (1161). Culpepper, Sir John (80). Cunningham, Thomas (1351). Cuppage, Major, 216. Curie, John (1114). Currigan, James, 226, n. Curtise, John, 394. Curtis, John and Thomas (1106). Cusack, Justice, 37. — 106, 114. — Margaret, 113. Cushin, Mrs., 112. Cussine, David, 373, Dacres, Sir Thomas (95), 240, n. Daise, Mary, 390. Dalton, Thomas, 222. Dancer, Thomas, 196. Daniel, W. (144). — Honora nv, 376. — Mary, 376. — Susan and Thomas, 398. Darcy, James, 154, n. Darley, Bryan, 115. Darneley, Richard (454). Dashwood, Ensign Richard, 193. — Francis (243). Daton, James, 363. Davenport, Henry (305). Daves, John (451). Davey, Thomas (438), Davis, Sir John, 14, 15, 16, 17, 19, 21, n; 23, 27, 34, 40, 42, 43, 136, 287. — Jasper (340), (1233). — Thomas (486). Davy, William (1080). Davves, Richard (300). Dawson, John, 392, 395. Day, Henry (235), (1213). — Henry, 399, 400. Deacon, Richard, 399. Deards, Nathaniel (244). Deathicke, John (550). Debbe, Samuel (186). De Burgos, 28, 29, 48. De Clare, Richard, 17. De Fuentes, Count, 87, n. De Lacys, 26. Delany, Peter (768). De le Roche, Robert, 21, n. De Mandeville, Geoffrey, 18. Dempsey, Captain Barnaby, 68. Dennis, Thomas, 390. — Silvester (463). Dent, Giles (527). Deoran, Margaret, 372. — Madlen, 373. Derinzy, 46. De Riddlesford, Walter, 18, n. Derrick, John, 232, n. De Singera, Sibella, 18. , Deskeene, Abraham (440). Desmonds, The, 41. Desmond, Earl of, 31, 32, 39, 41, 119, n. De Wilton. Lord Grey, 75, 116. Digges, William, 212, n. Diline, Phillip (718). Dillons, The, 106. Dillon, Lord Robert, 195, n. — James, 331. Dingley, Elizabeth (1043). Disney, Captain, 216. ~ Thomas (1146). Ditton, Mary (890). Dobson, Isaac, 178. Dodd, John (389). Dogherty, Edmund, 121, n. Domvile, Mr. Nicholas, 196. Donnell, Thomas, 364. — ■ Sarah, ny, 354, n. Dover, Geo. (358). — Daniel, Senior (1082). — ■ Daniel, Junior (1085). Doyle, Donogh, 206, n. 506 INDEX OF NAMES. Doyle, Blind Donogh, 337, 338. Dornelly, Richard (227). D'Ossunia, Count, 87, n. Dowdal, Captain, 332, n. — Catherine, 23. Dowers, Morish, 367. Dowler, Samuel, 224, n. ; 22-5. Dowleing, John, 398. Downing, Dr. Calebutt (835). Dowse, Anthony (404). Dowys, Robert (214). Doyelv, Edward, 147, n. Doyly, R., 178. — Charles (397). Drake, Sir William (77). — Francis (121). — Dr. Roger, 399. — Roger (897). Draper, Mathew (837). Draycott, Sir John, 209, n. Drench, Matthew, 45. Dringe, Anthony (472). — Robert (434).' Driscol, James, 376. Dryden, Sir John (123). Ducane, Benjamin (278). — John (278). — Peter (277). Duke, Francis (33). DuUanie, Gillpatrick, 332, n. Dun, Simon (215). Dunboyne, James, Lord, 23, 105. — Lady, 163. Dungan, Sir Walter, 88. — Sir John, 209, n. Dunluce, Viscount, 280. Dunsany, Lord, 255, 256, 257, 258, 330, n. Dunsany, Lady, 254. Dupree, Daniel, 443. Dutton, Captain, 218. Dwyer, Catherine ny, 374. Dwyer, Edmund, 88. Dyke, Lewis (1352). — William (646). Eades, Captain, 218, Eames, Samuel (734). Earle, Sir Walter (57). East, Edward (685). Eastwick, Stephen (589). Eaton, John (697). Eden, Thomas (24). Edlin, Samuel (32). Edmonds, Francis, 331, n. LJ Ln Edukins, Alexander, 226, n. Edwards, John (1165). Edward, I., 21, n. ; 22, 28. Edward III., 32, 7, 25, n. ; 33, n. ; 35, n. ; 287, 48. Edward IV., 23, 25, n.; 298, 335, n. Edward VI., 39, 323. Edward, William, 147, n. Edwards, Mr. T., 224, n. Eldred, Henrv (1359). — Robert, 389. Elderby, Daniel (405). Elder sey, Margaret (724). Elie, Robert (649). Elinston, Henry, 389. Elizabeth, Queen, 15, 29, 30, 39, 40, 50, 56, 73, 87, 116, 142, 165, 182, 231, 258, 313, 319, 329, 345, n. ; 352. Elliott, Thomas, 209, n. — Samuel (326). Ellis, Sir Henry, 45, n. — Robert (1266). EUiston, John (1136). Elphin, Bishop of, 62, 63. Elsynge, Christopher, 192, n. Ely, Bishop of, 6, n. Emes, John (1094). Empress, Henry Fitz, 296. Enderbe, Daniel (38). Essex, Earl of, 76, 352, 401. Etherett, Thomas, 22, n. Eustace, Sir Maurice, 176, 318. -- Christopher, 185. — Thomas, 178. Evans, Richard (1018). — John (1062). Evatt, Thomas, 125, n. Evelin, Sir John (52). Everard, Matthew, 299, n. ; 300, n. Evillin, Elizabeth (1041). — Ewelin, John (105). Ewer, George (946). Exeter, Corporation of, 389. — Mayor, Commonalty, &c., of, (1034). Eyre, 21, n. Eyres, Thomas, 389, Fahy, Edmund, 331. Fairfax, 227. Falkland, Lord, 45. Fane, Anthony (1040). INDEX OF NAMES. 507 Fanning, Walter, 367, Fanshaw, Lady, 288. Farlo, Captain John, 169. Farr, Hugh, 236. Farrel, Richard, 102, n. Farrell, Richard, 347, n. — Lieut. -General, 313, n. Farrington, William (206). Farwell, Sir John (308). Fenton, Sir W., 267, 279. — John (286). Feny, David, 171. Fetherston, Henry (557). Fewster, William (1261). Ff alder, Henry (231). Ffallon, Morish, 364. — Patrick, 364. Ffanow, John, 224, n.; 225, n. flarmer, George (622). ffarington, Caldwell (210). ffarthing, Thomas (907). ffawn, Luke (401). Ffenton, John, 400. Ffensome, William, 224, n.; 225, n. fFewster, William (624). fferris, Samuel (1358). ffielde, John (779). ffig, Valentine (200). ffisk, John (880). — William (879). ffinch, Francis (363). ffisher, James (264). Fitzgerald, Ladv, 154. — Sir Luke, 154. — Margery, 338, 339, 370. — Henry, 339. — Maurice, 339. — Mary, 339, 370. — Bridget, 339. — John, 365, 370. — Ellen, 370. — Elleanor, 370. — Edmund, 370. — Joan, 370. — David, 370. ffissenden, George (912). Ffloyd, Robert, 225, n. Ffoulkes, Alderman, John, 399. Ffollowe, Darby, 364. — Patrick, 365. Fforsett, John, 231, n. ffowler, John (604). fFox, Charles (948). Ffrancis, Ann and Elizabeth, 394. ffrench, William (799). ffyenns, Nathaniel (97). Fidey, Henry, 222, n. Fincii, Francis, 391. Fisher, Mr., 173. — Ion, 391. Fitzgeralds, 29, 40, 106, 117. Fitzgerald, Thomas, 37, 247, 364. — • Lord Thomas, 106. — Philip, 153. — Sarah, 370. — Eliza, 370. Fitz John, Thomas, 366. — Morish, 368. Fitzmorish Gerald, James, 367. Fitz Nigel, Bichard, 6. Fitzpatrick, Daniel, 133. — Florence, 332, n. — Colonel John, 68, n. ; 288. — Mrs., 288. Fitzsimons, William, 322. Fitzsymons, Finlough, 321. Fitz Thomas, John, 26. — - James, Hon., 365. Fitzwilliam, George Gold, 171. Flanagan, Onora, 366. Fleetwood, Charles, 110, n. ; 121, n.; 224, n. ; 229, 230, n.; 233, n.; 249, n.; 262, 267, 268, 319. Flesher, William (228), (1211), 382, 383. Fletcher, Edward (304). — Thomas (304). — John (320). — James (329), 398. — Paul (578). -- William (546). Folev, John, 338. Folliott, Daniel (1027). Foote, Thomas (469), (1243). — Robert (1328). Forbes, Lord, 74, 75, 304, n. Ford, Father James, 315. Forde, James, 366. Ford, Francis (1109). Foster, John, 355, n. — Christopher, 394. — Isaac (1145). Foidk, Colonel, 107, n. Fountaine, Thomas (66). — John (167). — Mary, 253, n. Fowke, John (152), 240, n. Fowkes, Colonel, 198. Fowler, Robert (1024). 508 INDEX OF NAMES. Fowler, John (604). Fox, Benjamin, 222, n. Frampton, Henry, 222, n. Francis, John (1127). — Dr. Philip, 197, n. Franklin, Sir John (42). Freeman, Thomas (492). French, Most Revd. Nicholas, 155 n. — Nicholas," 315. — Nicholas oge, 112. — Patrick, 152, 153. — Robert, 304. — George, 304. — William (1288). Frere, Tobias (1184). GJallile, Thomas (1140). Galton, JeofiPry (192). Galwave, John, 167, n. — Patrick, 171. Gambon, Connor, 365. Gardiner, Captain, 216. — Robert (644). — Samuel (1174). Gardner, Richard (6S). — John (783). Garland, Mary or Robert, 389. Garnall, Richard (1096). Garnar, Sir Robert (598). Garrett, Captain, 216. Garth, George (1039). Garstrell, Joseph (1067). Guv, Nicholas (485). — John (1119). Gearing, John (531). Gipps, Richard (l4l). Gay, George (151). Giraldus, 8, n. ; 11, 136, 137. Gisborne, Sir Guy, of, 6. Goad, Christ. (1323), (1155). Goddard, William (757). Godsden, Henry (171), 399. Godfrey, Joseph (736). Gooch, William (882). Good, Mr., 132. — Ellis (652). Goodard, Jonathan (668). Goodier, Moyses (1345). Goodwen, Arthur, 62. — Robert, 121, n. Garroldes, The, 41. Geralden, Nicholas, 299, n. — • Andrew, 300, n. Geraldines, the, 119, n. ; 298. Gerrard, Sir Gilbert (29). Garrard, Sir Jacob (136). Gitting, Maurice (416). Gething, Richard, 283, n. Gettings, Edward (1279). Gittings, Ed. (677). Gibbon, 10, n. ; 347. Gibbons, Captain, 216. Gibbs, William (146). — Humphrey, 321. — Christopher (913). Giffard, Colonel, 193. Giles, Mascal (972). Gill, Alexander (337). Goodwin, John (355). — John and Robert (106). Goodg, Thomas, 222, n. Gookin, Vincent, 88, n.; 99, 100, 134, 136, 137, 143. Gordon, Gen. Patrick, 134, n. Gores, the, 151. Gorman, Thomas, 368. Gormanstown, 54. Gormesdon, William (1342). Goswell, John (985). Gouge, Thomas (661). Gough, James, 171. — Thomas, 367. Goulburn, Lieut., 223. Gould, John. 87, n. — James (1020). — Isaacke (428). Goulding, Nicholas, 212, n. Gouing, John (1171). Gower, Thomas, 394. Gowrdon, John (41). Grant, Henry (491). Grace, Colonel Richard, 328. Grady, Catherine, 375. Graham, Hans, 257. Grange, Walter, 368. Grannow, Nathaniel (376). Grant, Jasper, 299, n. ; 300, n. Grantham, William (680). Graves, William (350). Graves, Richard (674). Greatrex, Cornet, 322. Greenhill, William (1277), (705). Greenoway, Henry, 147, n. Greensmith, John, 240, n. (844). — Paul (1346). Greenwell, Robert (538). Gregson, George (292). Gregson, Nicholas (293). — Thomas, 320. INDEX OF NAMES. 509 Grev, Lord Leonard, 190, n. — J., 192, n. (rrey, Dr. Zachary, 318, n. Griffin, Edward, 310, n. Grocer, John (883). Grove, Hugh (179), (1207). Guidobald, Don, 99, n. Gulson, Henry (671). Gumbleton, Richard, 222, n. Gunn, John, 255. Gunston, William (730). Guxton, John (1235). Guy, Thomas, 398. Haddilove, Richard, 392. Hagh, Teige, 376. Hagerty, Donogh, 320. Hainault, Count of, 4. Hales, Robert (566). Hale, Sir Edward (104). Haliday, Charles, 214, n.; 274, Hall, Thomas (234). — John, 389. — Nathaniel (516). — Godfrey (748). Hallows, Nathaniel (4). Halpin, Dermod, 370. Halsey, Justice, 170, 171, 173, 175, 276, n. Hamerton, Lady Mary, 105. Hamilton, Sir George, 98, 168. Hamon, Robert, 393, 400. Hammond, Mr. Robert, 243, n. Hampden, John (44). Hampson, Henry (610). Hampston, William (616). Hampton, Thomas (725). Hanwell, Henry, 253, n. Harcourt, Sir Simon, 57. Ilardiman, James, 33, n.; 304, n. Hardinge, W. H., 80, n. Harding, Alice (636). — Giles (634). — Thomas (633), (1138). Hardening, William (635). Hardy, Nathaniel (959). Hardy, T. B., 18, n. Harlnett, Samuel (805). Harmon, Richard (27). Hanley, Joseph, 241, 223, n.; ' 24, n. Hasley, Sir Thomas, 376. — Mary, 376. Harsnett, Samuel (1252). Harrington, Lady Jane (870). — John (1102). Harrington, James (873). — William (874). Harris, , 42, n., 47 n. — John (821), (1304). — Thomas (533), (545). Harrison, Mr., 249. — William (99), (560). — Edmond (630). — Sir John (98). Harryman, William (181). Hart, John, 394. Harte, George, 225, n. — Amuel (1025). — Samuel (593). — Sarah (594). Hartford, Heretage (1046). Hartle, Samuel, 248, n. Harwell, Henry (744). Harvy, Captain Edmond (1214). Hastings, Henry (339). Hatt, John (330). — Simon, 195, n. — Martha, 195, n. Hatton, Thomas (760). Haughton, Robert (727). Haule, George (562). Haward, Nicholas (370). Hawes, John (259), 397. Hawkes, Henry (915). Hawking, William, 240, n. Hawkins, William (709). Hawsted, Laurence (154). Hayden, Richard, 390. Hayes, James (311). — Robert (542). — James (397). Hazlewood, William, 313, u. Hazleburt, Peter (1803). Hazlerigg, Sir Arthur (76), (1195). Hardiman, James, 302, n. Heally, Margaret, 369. — John, ib. Hearne, Jeremiah (739), (1232). Heathecocke, Grace (795). Heathcoke, Grace, 396. Heathcotte, William (577). Heather, William, 399 (964). Helsham, Captain, 216. Henley, George (569), (1029). — Robert (570). Henman, William (56). Henry II., 1, 6, u. ; 9, 17, 28. 510 INDEX OF NAMES. Henry III., 28. — VI., 23, 37, n. — VIII., 10, n.; 28, 30, n. ; 31, n.; 36, 37. — IV., of France, 87. Henson, Edward (765). Henery, Daniel, 366. Henry, brother of Earl of Inchi- quin, 166. Herbert, Thomas, 285, 379. Here, Mathew, 364. — Martin, ib. Heme, Jeremiah (338). Herrage, Thomas (535). Herring, Nicholas, 396. — WilUam (843). — Michael (1312). Hetherington, Mr. Edward, 133. Heveningham, Mr., 253, u. Hevenginham, William (22), (23). Hewson, Colonel, 78, 160, 108, 280, 207, n.; 386, 334, 335, 338. Hiccocke, William (1320), (933). Hickey, Mr. Galatius, 132. Hickman, Henry (540). Hicks, Thomas, 93, n. Highgate, Captain, 216. Higgins, John (884). — Richard (929). Hildesley, Mark (356). Hill, Richard (541). — Roger (1168). — Sir William, 209, n. — William, 222, n. — Rowland, 389, 390. — Simon, 332, u. — Richard, 394, (1336). — Thomas, 321. Hincham, Captain, 218. Hinde, John (375). Hippesley, Edward (1108). — Thomas (1105). — Richard (1107). — John (1128). Hitchcock, William (65). Hoare, Robert (998). — Mr., 173. — Capt. Lieut., 232, n. — William (687). Hobbert, Sir John, 1037. Hobson, William (691), (951). Hodilow, John (435). — Richard (456). Hodder, Colonel John, 192, n. Hodges, Thomas (327). Hodgson, Edward (643). Hodnett, Margaret, 388. — William, 367, 368. Holcroft, Charles, 147, n. Holland, Cornelius (96). — Lord, 48. — John (163). Holman, Robert (615). — Jeoffrey, Captain, 216. Honnor, John (713). Honnywood, William (845) Hooker, Thomas, 178. Hoolohan, Thomas, 68, n. Hopping, Charles (974). Horace, 197, n. Hore, Edmund, 363. — John, 363, 364. — Bridget, 363. — Luke, 299, n. ; 300, n. — Mary, 363. — Margaret, 363. — Mathew, 363. — Patrick, 364. — Philip, 185. — Molly, 185. — Michael, 367. Hotham, Sir John, 65. Hotchkiss, Thomas (1143). Houghton, Robert (1281). House, Thomas (270). How, Thomas (218). Howard, 24, n. — Nicholas, 397. Howell, 6, n. ; 40, n. — William, 172. — Hogan (605), (1262). Hoyle, Thomas (128). Hoxton, John (216). Hubbard, William (746). Hubbert, Mary, 399. Hublon, James (274), (275). — Peter (279). Huclibras, 33, n. ; 118, n. ; 328, n. Hudson, George (460). — Peter (817). — Thomas (903). Hughes, George (721). Hugh, James, 212, n. Hukins, William (1278). Hull, Richard (168). Humphreys, John (943). — Nathaniel (461). Hunt, Richard (229), (830), (1212). INDEX OF NAMES. 511 Hunter, John, 397, (479). Hurley, Sir Morish, 375, 376. — Elizabeth, 376. — Dame Lettice, 376. Hurste, John (466). Huson, Colonel, 232, n. Hussev, Thomas (505), (1327), (1251). — William (1176). Hutchinson, Alderman, 132. — Deputie, 240, n. — Richard, 383 (825), (1306). (1306). Hutchins, Thomas (544). Hyland, Samuel (955). Hynane, John, 369. Ibbetson, Robert, 141, n. Ikerrin, Pierce Lord Viscount, 105, 112, 180, 181, 182, 381. — Lady of, 180, 181, 382. Inchiquin, Earl of, 100, 166, 167, n.; 168, 170, 189, n. ; 191, 192, 283. Ingoldsby, Colonel Henry, 90, 98, 121, 149, 215, 216, 279. Ingram, the Lady, 393. Irens, Richard (296). — Thomas (295). Ireton, Lord Deputy, 114, 124, n.; 190, n.; 230, 234, n. ; 261, 298, 317. Irwin, Alexander, 212, n. Isaacke, Nicholas (894), (1319). Ivatt, Thomas (900). Iveagh, Lord, 328. Ivery, Samuel (595). Ivorie, Capt., 216. Irvin, Captain, 216. Jackson, Abraham (189). — Alexander (150). — Thomas, 392 (836). James I., 16, 23, n.; 39, 40, 41, 43, n.; 47, 48, 50, 51, 73, 154, 247, n.; 252. Jaques, Lieut., 344. — Joseph, 395 (895). Jeffreys, John (459). Jenkins, Movses (383). — Moses (1234). Jenner, Thomas (1177). Jenny, Christopher (511). — William (509). Jeoffries, Robert, 196. Jephson, Major-General, 279, 160. — William, 162. — Major Alexander, 267, n. Jesson, John (127). — William (788). Jones, John, 276, n. — Christopher, 212, n. ; 54, 61, n. — Dr. Henry, 123, 315. — • Major Henry, 344. — James, 209, n. — John, 97, n.; 110, n. ; 208, n. ; 319, n. ; 382, n. ; 382, 383. — Colonel, 189, 335. — Lieut.-Col., 218. — Corporal John, 212, n. — Captain Lewis, 212, n. — Col. Michael, 188, 274, 315, 334. — ■ Richard, 212, n. — Alexander (467). — John (861). — Owen (301). Johnson, William, 222, n. — Thomas (1078). — John (1095), 91. Jordan, Captain, 218. — Lidiagh (1030). Joseph, Robert (450). Juriu, Abraham (431). — Isaack (430). ~- John (429), (1238). Juxton, Arthur (410). — John (411). — Thomas (412). Kavanagh, Major Charles, 345, 346. Keane, John, 370. Kearney, James, 320, n. — Mary, 373. King, Nath. (653). Kedderminster, Edward (456). Keeffe, Daniel, 225, n. Keegan, Robert, 338. Kellys, the, 302. Kelly, Laughlin, 343. — Thomas, 364. — Edmond, 364. Kenagh, Murtagh, 368. Kendrick, Alderman John, 393. — John (453). Kennedy, W., 336, n. — Daniel, 343. 512 INDEX OF NAMES. Kenned}', John, 367. Kenny, Anne, 367. — William, 367. — Sara ny, 376. Kentish, Thomas (770). Kernane, Thomas, 366. Kerroan, Richard, 112. Kilby, Thomas (271). Kildare, Earls of, 20, n. ; 28, 37, 38, 41. — Marquis of, 20, n. ; 41, n. Kilmore, Bishop of, 320. King, Robert, 162. — Sir Robert, 160. — Major John, 212, n. — Major, 218. — Benjamine (266). — Dr. John (147). — John (224), ^476), (774), (1135), (1275). — Thomas (862). — Margaret (939). Kirkfoot, John, 222, n. Kingston, Lord, 297, n. — A., 402, n. — ffelix (627). Kinsell.igh, Gerald, 346. Kinnage, Thomas, 396. Kircombe, Robert, 397. Kirkam, Robert (345). Kirwan, Most Rev. Francis, 303, n. Kettlebutler, Richard, 400, 393. Knapp, Nicholas (103). Knight, Christopher (1026). — John (965), (1079). — Thomas (64), (71). Knightley, William (1064). Knowles, James (1047). Keynes, John (872). Lacey, Richard, 400 (692). — Nathaniel, 400. — Richard and Nath. (1276). Lake, John (344). 396. Lamb, Thomas (359). Lambelle, Gilbert, 393. Lambell, Robert (596), (1259). — Gilbert (792), (1287). Lambert, Roger (424), 397. — William (762), 397. Lamott, John (202). Lane, Thomas (14). — Sir George, 316, n. — Joane (17). Lane, John (506), (1252). Langham, Samuel (470). — Henry, 392. Langley, Peter (764). Langton, 286, n. — Michael, 288. — Nicholas, 289. Le Poer, John fitz John fitz Robert, 296. L'Archer, Friar John, 26, n. Lascelles, Rowley, 135, n. Lazinbye, Roger, 395. Lawrence, Colonel Itichard, 99, 318, 317, 316, 308, n.; 384, 349, n.; 379. — Henry, 374. • Lazinly, Roger (864). Lea, John (298), 365. Leader, Richard (1325). — Mr., 90, 91. Lear, Roger, 392. Leaver, Robert (1137). Ledwiche, Richard, 209, n. Lee, Nicholas, 299, n. ; 300, n. — Lee, William, 300, n. — Captain, 345, n. — John (784). — Captain Thomas, 352, n. — Walter (6). Leete, William (583). Le Hunte, Colonel, 236. — Richard, 258. ■ — Captain Peyton, 196. Leigh, James, 343. — Colonel W., 278. — Colonel, 321. Legatt, William (626). Lenane, Robert, 375. Lenihan, Maurice, 279, n. ; 280, n. Lenthall, Thomas (493). Lesley, Bishop of Raphoe, 51. Levallyn, John, 171, 172. — James, 171. Levering, John (996). Levitt, James (1050). — William (367). Lewellen, Robert (1241), (445). Lewin, Daniel (754). Lewis, Daniel (201). — John, 222, n. — Evan, ap, 222, n. Liddy, Mary ny, 369. Liffkens, Henry (522). Ligh, Thomas (735). INDEX OF NAMES. 513 Lilb rn, Colonel, 228. Lincoln, James, 299, n. ; 300, n. — Tuomas (881). Ling, Joseph (512), 394. Lipplate, Christopher (530). Lisle, John (47). Litmaker, Edward (290). Littler, Richard (812), (1296). Littleton. Edward, Lord (134). Llovd, Arthur (641). — Abigail, 389. — Charles (554). — Richard (388). Locke, John (12). Lockier, Nicholas, 232. Lode, Joan, 373. Loftus. Dudlev, 276, 381. — Sir Arthur, 283, n. — Captain Adam, 343. Londesborough, Lady, 260, n. London, Chamber of (1186). London, Custom House of (1187). Loue, William (970). Long, Walter (111). — Col., 196. — William (1115). Lordell, John (432). Lorraine, Adolphus, Duke of, 331, n. Loupe, William (815), (1299). Low, William (222). Lowth, Dowager Ladv, 111, 379. — Lady, 163. Lorrard, John (1.330). Jjorriiig, William (515). iioton, Richard (334). Loughall, Samuel (1244). Lound, John and Ann, 398. Loughlaii, More ny, 37l. Lucas, Richard (379). — John (660). Ludlow, Colonel Edward, 176, 177, 215, 216. 276, n.; 293, 303, 319, n. Fiuniley, Martin (92). Liinncrv, vSimon, 391. I -11 1 troll, Jolin, ;M0. — - Tliomas, 10S, 119. Liiurh, W., 33, n. Liiiich, R"v. .John, r,2, n. ; 303, n.; ,347. Lynctt, Pcetcr, 300, ii. livnocks. Captain, 210. Lyon, Thomas (78J). N2 Maberly, Thomas (954). Mac Gilmore, Ivor, 22, n. Mac Guthmund, Phillip, 22. Macworth, Humphrey (1100). Mac Otere, Maurice, 22. Macomber, Thomas (982). Madden, Dr. Richard, 278. Madox, 6, n. Magrath, Edmond, 154, 382. Magner, Ellen, 367. Mallock, Richard (1023). Maly, Shryilly, 375. Mahony, Joan ny, 374. — Anv nv, 375. Maltas, Robert (408). Man, Thomas, and Sir Henry Row (600). — John, 395. Manning, Mauria, 370. Mannydowne, W. W. (631). Manton, Nathaniel, 400. — Mr., 243, n. Mappe, Garrett, 208, n. Markham, Colonel, 111, n. — Captain, 218. — H., 178. Marlow, Michael (701). Markworth, Humphrey, 253, n. Margets, Thomas, 232, n. Marriott, John, 253, n. Marriott, John (252). — Thomas (253). Marryot, John and Sam. Cooper (1215). Marshall, J. (987). Martel, Philip, 167. Martin, Henry (115). — James (553). — John (385). — Richard, 302. Martimere, John (S5S). Ma.sham, Sir William (91). ]\lasscv, Robert (l(l52). Mastall, John (313). Matlunv, Roger (133). — Roger (891). — Thomas (lOKi). Miitliews, George, 210, ii. ; 216, 223, n. — LioutcnanI CliiisI opher, 22'1, n.; 225, n. - Joan, u iddow (3J9). — Thonnts (.396). — James, 31(5. Mathiers, Robert, 399. 514 INDEX OF NAMES. May, Thomas (1173). Mayiiard, John (571). Mayne, Richard (997). Mayo, Viscountess, 163. — Col. Cliristopher, 87. M'Brien, Terlagh, 376. M' Car thy, Donough, 370. Meare, Barnabas (419). McCrowe, Donell, 372. McDonogh, Dermond, 371. McDonnell, John, 372. McMahon, Daniel, 373. Meagh, Patrick, 171. Meade, William, 374. Meaghlen, Hogan, 367. McTerlagh, Edmond, 332, n. McGeown, Hugh, 321. M'Gilmore, Ivor, 295. — John, 295. — Gerald, 296. Meggot, George (935). McKeogh, Teige, 374. — Dermot, 374. McKernan, Tliomas, 320. McCreagh, John, 368. M'Guise, Martin, 177. M'Gmorek, 331, n. McMelaghlin, Daniel, 374. McMahon, Deormot, 372. McNaniara, Honor, 104. — Ann nv, 370. McPhilip, John, 365. McShyder, Donnell, 374. McQuien, Dermot, 373. McShane, Donogh, 376. — William, 371. McTheige, Donnogh, 375. McTerlagh, Murtagh, 373. M'William, Morris, 310, n. Meade, Thomas (7.38). Measey, Michael (896). Mehan, C. P., 303 n. ; 319, n. Melhuish, Thomas (1282). Mercer, Daniel (950), (1321). Meredith, Walter, 74, n. — William, 199, n. STeregagh, James, 367. Mcridetli, Edward (619). — Christopher (602). Merick, George, 373. Mernicke, ('1iristo])Ticr (602). -— John (758). INlervyn, Captain, 62. ^fethoukl, William (853), (1314). Michell, Edward (203). Michelet, 4, n. Mickletwait, Nathaniel (473). Middleton, Simon, 399. Milborne, Ellen, 240, n.; 241, 388. — James, 225, n ; 226, n. . — John, 240, n. Miles, Gabril (160). :\Iileston, Edward (161). Miller, Abraham, 394. — George (590). Miller, Tempest (414). Mills, Peter (608). — Thomas (343). — H., 336, n. Minor, Ralph (834). Mitchell, Edward (773). Moane, Bryan, 368. Molesworth, Hon. Robert, 267, n. Molins, William (251). Monk, Colonel. 188, 189, 195. — General, 237. Montrose, 67, 68, n. Moodv, Samuel (174), (1204). Moore, Thomas, 389, 390. — Lord Viscount, 156, n. — Colonel William, 197. — Mi-s. Dorothy (712). — Giles (999), 391. Moraii, Bev. Dr. Patrul F., 315, 316, n.; 320, n. Moreton, William, 262, n. Morgan, Captain Thomas, 91. — Major, 123, ,308, 311, 345, 320. — Valentine, 300, n. — Captain, 216. Morison, F, Maurice, 90, 99, n. Morrin, James, 21, n.; 296, n. Morris, John (905). Morgan, Anthony (689). Morlev, Herbert (49) — Sir William (118). Morrall, Richard (148). Morris, Hugh (208). — Captain, 220. — Dame Catherine, 105. Moiifion, Friar Mairricr, 185, n. Morris.see, William, 365. Morrocliar. Murtagh, 364. Mortimer, Sergeant, 157. 181, 287, n. ' Morton, Elizal)cth (938). — I'honuis (471). — Ellice, 224, n. INDEX OF XAMES. 515 Mosyer, John, 398. Mosia, John (1163). Mounsoii, William, Lord (1157). Mountjov, Lord, 353. Mould, Captain, 218. Monntgarret, Lord, 179, 275, 328. Mouutagne, William (380). Mountney, Richard (336). Mountjoy, Lord, 76. Mountrath, Earl of, 152, u. Moutrey, Cornelius and Stephen (1230). Mourve, Daniel, 367. Mover, Samuel (213), (1210). Mulcahv, Ellen, 366. — Daniel, 344. — Margaret, 366. — ■ Giles, 366. — Donagh, 366. — EUinor, 366. MuUony, Mahowne, 373. Mulrain, John, 373. Mulrery, Morish, 366. MiUshinogue, Dr. Anthony, 279. Mumford, Sir Edward (26). Munro, Greneral, 69, 80. :Mnnckton, Ensign Michael, 193, 11. Murphy, Edmund, 353, n. Murcot, Mr. John, 131. Murrow, James, 171. Murphv, James, 364. Muskerry, Lord, 87, 87, n. ; 328. Mynn, Colonel, 166. Mytton, Colonel, 67. Munday, Thomas (1111). ^lurdocke, Joseph (852). Musgrave, Philip. 391. — Pliilip (979). — William, 978. Xnlson, Dr., 59. 312, n. Nagle, John, 365. Napier, 68, n. Napper, Captain, 216. Nashe, WidoAv, 232, n. Neal, Simon, 333. n. — John, .369. Nelson, Colonel, 132. — JoTin, 199, n. — Lieut. -Colonel, 345. Newman, Francis (7). Nethuish, Thomas (728). Netterville, Patrick, 116. — Ladv, 119. N2 Netterville, Alison. 177. — Father Christopher, 316. Nettle, William (1017). Nettleship, Hugh (260). Newman, Francis (1189). Newton, Richard (299). Newtowne, Richard, 392. Nichol, Richard (37). Nicholls, Captain, 218. Nicholson, Christopher (297). — Christopher (357). Nobbs, John (960). Noble, Mark, 198, n. Norris, Sir John, 87. North, Dudlev, 91. — Martin, 397. — Richard (1118). Norcott, Sir John (120). — ■ Samuel, 390. — Joshua, 397. Norton, Nicholas (947). NosAvorthv, William (1033). Nugent, Mr. Richard, 164. — Father, 316, 318. Nunn, Captain, 216. Nutkins, William (700). O'Boghan. Murtagh, 368. l/'Brien, Connor, 68. — Derby, 366. — Donagh, 367. O'Bruoder, Daniel, 375. O'CoUane, John, 372. — David, 372. — Donell, 372. O'Costigan, Dermott, 333, n. O'Daly, Friar Dominic Rosario, 319, n. O'Derrig, Blind Donogh, or Doyle, 336. 0' Derrick, Donogh, 206. 243. O'Dohertv, Sir Cahir, 43. O'Donneil, Earl of Tvrconnell, 43. ^ O'Dovan, Connor, 314. O'Donovan, John, 335, n. O'DuUanv, Donogh, 333, n. O'Dwyer, Coloiiel Edmund, 312, n. O'Farrelly, Daniel, 372. — Connor, 368. Offelahan, Moris, 364. O'Feraill, Donal M'Gerald, 47. — of Clayrad, 47. O'Felan, Donogh, 332, n. 516 INDEX OF NAMES. O'ffeeld. John. 394. Official. William (755). Offernaii, John, 366. Offley. Stephen (341). O'Glassine. John. 376. O'Glissane, Connor, 376. O'Gripha. John. 371. O'Gowan, Turlough, 321. O'Hanlon. Art, 354, 355. O'Hanlon. Redmond. 352, 353. 354. O'Hara, Teig, 156, n. O'Hea, Alahowne, 373. O'Hugh, Philip (O'Neill), 112. O'Hultarie. Donogh, 366. O'Keefte, Daniel, 353, n. O'Keirnane, Connor, 366. — Dermod, 366. O'Kellv. Maiv, 353, 354, n. — John. 364. 366. O'Kerwick, Donogh, 367. Oldfield, John (237). O'Meagher. Thomas, 332, n. O'Moane, Tiege, 368. O'Morrissee, Slorish, 364. — John, 365. — Margaret, 365. O'Mullor, Mahon, 373. O'Mnlroonev, Connor, 23. O'Neill. Hugh. EarV of Tvrone, 41, 43. 76, 77, n., 87. — Sir Phelim, 45, 56, 63, 64, 112. — Owen. 274, 331, n. — Philip, 258, 259. Onslow, Sir Richard (116), 395. O'Phelan. Daniel Ro, 332, n. — Daniel. 367. Orange. Prince of, 87. Orchard. Thomas (191). Ormond. James, Duke of, 7, n.; 37. 40. n. : 54. 57, 58, 62, n. ; 66. &c. Ormsbvs. the, 151. Ormsby,' Major, 152, 163, 218. O'Rorke. Margaret, 21, n. Ossorv. 68. n. O'Sullivan.' Bere, 52. O'Terrine. Teige, 372. O'Ternv. Mehoune, 373. O'Tuscan. William. 364. Ottyer, Abraham (409). Overing. Edward (499). Overton. Henry (368). Owen. Henrv. 54. — Philip (70). Owen, Mathew (236). — Thomas (255). — Margaret nv. 371. — Colonel John, 389. — John (749), (1283). Owfeild, Sir Sam (75). Owener, Edward (889). Parker, Antony (886). Parsons, Sir John, 280. Parret, John (547). Parris, Thomas (988). Parsons, Francis (324). I — Henrv (1003). (1014). 1 Pate. Thomas (501). I Partheridge, Sir Edward (119). I Partridge, Alexander (449). i Parry, Nicholas (238). Patrick, Baron of Lixnaw's son, 31, n. Pakenham, Captain, 216. Packer, John (87). Page. Thomas (31). — Mary, 390. — AVilliam (706). — Edmund (1148). Padle, Thomas, 22, n. Paine, George (868). Pallin, John (448). Paris, Henrv, 368. Palentine. Thomas (39). Palmer, Devereux (793). Panter. John (372). Pargiter, Thomas (11). Parker, Mr., 252, r. — Edward (787). — George (496). — Gregorv (597). — John (183), (584), (1069). — John and Charles (1179). Parkhurst, John (1162). — Sir Robert (46). Parker, Sarah (497). Pav, John (1015). Payton. Sir Thomas (1074). Peacock, Lawrence, 393. — William (1141). — Laurence (1154). Peake, William (766). Pearce, Thomas (1012). Pearson. Robert (926). Pedder, Mathew (65). Peel. Sir Robert, 306, n. Peers, Edmund (573). Peisley, Major. 254. INDEX OF NAMES. 517 Pelham, Captain, 218. Perm, Admiral, 92. Penington, Isaacke (113). Pennover, Sam. (1229). — William (1228). Pennyfather, Captain, 216. Pepvs, Richard, 206, n. — Cliief Justice, 320. Perket, William (723). Pearce, Samuel (1357). Pembrooke, Philip, Earl of (135). Perrv, John (558), (1255). Petti t, Henry (609). Petty, Sir Williain, 44, n.; 79, n.; 88, n.; 182, 199,' n. ; 201, u. ; 225, 206, 207, n.; 220, n. ; 224, 225, 226, n. ; 234, n. ; 235, n. Pevmoyer, William (332). Phair, Colonel, 216. Phaire, Colonel Robert, 130, 197, n.; 211, 199, n. Pheasant, Jasper (180). — Stephen (750). Phillips, James, 397. — Thomas (785). Pickering, Sir Gilbert (108). Piers. Captain Edward, 311. Pierce, Robert, 320. Pearce, Joshua ajid Caleb, 390. Pigott, Richard (1332). Pike, Edmund (263). Pitches, Lambert (1356). Pitts, John, 258. Pirn. John (1), (67). Pinn, Samuel (928). Pinchion, Lieut. -Colonel, 216. Piner, John, 222, n. Pinner, Edward (221). Pirquet, John, 365. — Robert, 365. Pitt, John (1(J31). Pitcher, William (737). Pitts, John, 392. — Benjamin (1113). Piatt, Jane, 224, n. — George, 224, n. Plaver, John (1180), 394. — Thomas (849). PJinius, C. secN/iri'i/.s, 3. Plucknett, George (743). Plunket, Sir Nicholas, 151, n., 33, n.; 300, n. ; 301. Plunket, Nicholas, 68, n. -— Oliver. 315. ii. : 316. )). : 320, n. Plunket, Robert, 112. — Cicely, 113. — of Balrath. 209, n. — of Castle, 208, n. — Christopher^ 209, n. — Father Christopher, 33t», n. — Christopher, 331, n. Plutarch, 40, n. ; 284. n. Poer, Colonel, 352. Polsted, Henrv (205). Polsteed, Henrv, 211. Poole, Perryam (1019). Polybius, 11, N. Poole, Sir John (1008). Poore, Walter, 300, n. Pordage, John (230). Porter, Richard (642), 126-J). Popeham, Alexander, 394. Porter, Matthew, 299, n. ; 300, Poulet, Colonel, 166. Pott, Edmund (16). Potts, Sir John (2). Potter, Benjamin (695). Poulter, John (40)! Powell, Hugh, 232, n. Power, John, Lord Baron. 11. Powel, Evan, 320. Power, Richard, 297. — Nicholas, 344, 364. — Philip, 365. — Thomas, 365. — Walter, 364. — James, 367. — John, 368. Povey, Baron, 68. Powyse, Derby, 365. Poyntz, Sir John, 254. Popham, Sir Francis (1101). Powell, George (1169). Prendergast, Ellen, 366. Prendergast, John P.. 291. n. — Maurice, 321. — Sir Thomas, 263, n. Prestly, William (1144). Preswick, Mrs. 282, n.' Preston, 124, n. — General, 298. Prettie, Colonel. 215, 218, 225, — Perrv Grine (510), 394. Priaulke, William (559). Price, Walter (1134). — George (1038). — Rol)ert. 392. Jane. 2S1, n. 131, 206, n.: 345. 518 INDEX OF NAMES. Fiini, John G. .1., 2S6, 11.; 289, n. Prince. Thomas (1224). — Peter (;il6); (1225). Proctor. Henry (366). Protector, the Lord. 114, 154, ISl, 182. n. ; 191). 193. 218. 237, 248. 305'. Pryer. George (771). - PifUer, Abraham (854). Punchv. John, 374. Purcell. Philip. 69, 152. Purv. Thomas (893). Pye^ Sir Robert (19). Pvne. Henrv, 125, ii. Pye. Mr., 253. n. Pynnar, NichoJus, 42. n. ; 55, n, Pyrrhiis, 2. Quien. Margaret ny, 376. Qnin. Marv. 3U4. — Mathew. 304. Quiny. Richard (741), 253, n. Radclifte. Peter, 392. — Hugh. 392. — Anthony. 399. Raie, George (194). Raiiisborongh. Thomas and Wm. (715), (1280). Rand. James (51). Randall. Thomas (426). Randolph. Tobias (963). Ratcliff. Hugh (5). — AnthonA- (63). — Peter (1001). Rathbaiid. William (663). Rayment. John (447). Ravmoun. John. 395. Reade, John (961). Read. Dr. Samuel (657). — Ellis (1028). Redterne, John (1049). Redmon. Nicholas Geraldin, 300, n. Redmond. Major, 343. Reene. Godfrey (287). Regiment. Ahasneriis. 390. Regmerter. Dr. Ahasuerus (169). Reginald the Dane. 296. Rendall. William (848). Risbv. William (212). Reynold. William (165). Reynolds. John (307). — Sir John, 198. Reyiiell, Richard, 158, n. Reynolds, Cominissary-Geii. John, 189. n. ; 218, 384. Reynold, Robert (1192). — John (971). . Reynolds, Anthony (1131). — Robert (18). It'ich, Buriiahtj, 314. Richard II., 30, 52, n. : 247. Richards, Colonel Solomon. 157, 233, n.,- 368. — Captain, 216. — Thomas (842). Richardson, Thomas. 111. n. — Major. 218. — William, 393. — Richard (378). — William (613). Ridgeo, William (319), 390. — Alderman. 389, 399. Roach, Henry (1272). Robins. Elislia (1267). Robbins. William (1120). Roberts, Sir Walter (1130). — Edward, 119, n. — Charles. 389. — Elias, 400. Robins, Robert (543). Robinson, Mr., 110. — Justice, 24, n. Robrough. Henrv (1348). Roch. William, 364. — Colonel David, 328. — Ellen, 376. — Morish, 365. Roche, Lord, 164, 182, 183. 184, 194. 361, 339. j — Viscountess, 183. I — Anstace, 340. n. j — Kate, 339, 340, n. — Christian. 339. 1 — John, 339. 340, n. ' — Jordan, 359, 340, n. ! — Ellen, 374. I — Lucie (623). Rochfort, of Kilbride, 208, n. I Rodbeard. Thomas (648), (1265). ' Rogers. Richard (310), (1222) ; — William, 393. - Richard, 397, - Francis (101). - Humphrey (1097). - William (621). ! — Thomas (195). (394). 1 Role. John (93). IXDEX OF NAMES. olO 343, Role, Sir Samuel (43K Eumwne, James. 366. — Morish. 366. Rootli, Patrick. 7U. Roles, Saanuel. 252. n. • — Join.. 252. n. Rose, Jolm. 113. RosweU. Sir Henry (902). Rosswell. Anthonv (772). Roth. Patrick. 171. Bathe. 314. n. Rothe, Sir Robert, 293. Rothwell. John (399). Round. Thomas (196). — John il97). Rovins. Elisha (650). Row. Sir Henrv and Thomas Man 600). — Thoma> (80S). Roulstoii. Robert (1326). Rowlestone. Lieut. Francis, ;346. Royle.v. Theophilus (1344). Rue, DaA'id. 225. n. Rumney. Samuel (1156). Rushley. Jeremy (925). Russell. Patrick. 365. — Sir W.. 352. — John (968). — Mary. 365. — Sir Francis. 198, n. Ruthoriie. Josei^h. 394. Ruttor.. MattheM". 390. Rutler. Robert. 222. n. Ryan, Daniel. 210. n. Ryan, Derniod. 343, 337. Symer. 14. n. BiishrvfrtJi . 4^. n.: 72. 74 227. I-.: 311. n. Sadler, John (742). 253. u. Sadleir. Col. Thomas. 119. 130. 132, 145. 163. 218. 305, n. : 325', n. Sadler, George (382). Sainthill. see St. Hill. Peter (899j. Salhvey, Richard (156). Salmon, Henry (1117). Samor.. John. 222. n. Samuell. Rowland. 262. n. Sanders. Laurence (731). Sandon. Jolm (916). Sands, Lieutenant. 1.32. Sankev, Col. Hierome, 147, 160, 162." 182, 218. 237. 238. 392, 393. Santhy. 275. n. Sarsfield. Dominic-k. 171. — Chief Justice. 280. Savill. Edward (780). — John (775). Saunders. Colonel. 317. Scarlett, Israel (581). Scott, Francis (323). — George (601). — Sir Edward (1071). — Lawrence, 222, n. — Lieut. -Colonel. 231. — Richard. 390. Scott, Sir Walter, SS, n. Seager. John (994). — John (976). 391. Seagrave. Captain, 218. Seale, William (291). Seare. Robert (639). Searle, Christopher (957), (1322). — John (1011). — Robert (1004). — William (10(»5). Sedgewicli, Stephen (722). Seed. John. 393, (586). Seignejurall. George (285). Sellick. Mr.. 90, 91. Sentleger. 10. n. Sexton. wSir George. 280. Shaffe, William, 343. Shakespeare. Mary (678). — Margaret. 396. Shane. Thomas. 366. Sheares. William. 396. Sheen. Sir James. 402. Shepcott. Anne. 390. Shaw, Captain. 111. n. Sheaf e, Edmund (698). Sheares. William (1088). Sheffield. Sampson (157), (1203). Sheppard. William (942). — Major Samuel. 212, 216. 236. — Thomas. 322. Shepp.v. William (525). Sherbrooke. Richard (54). Sherlock, Sir Thos.. 274, 275. n. — Paul, 275, n. — William (302). Shee. Richard, 292. 301. n. Shea. Dermot, 373. Shenee. Honiiora nv, 373. Shiel. William. 321." Sliingler. Richard (433). 520 INDEX OF NAMES. Shoriie, Maior David, 344. Shortt, Sarah, 390. Shortal, Mr. Thomas. 164. Shur^is, Robert (1149). Shute, Thomas (1121). — Richard (437), (1239). Shiittleworth, Ricliard (126). Sibley, John (1159). — Joseph (369). — Solomon (620). Sidney, Sir Henrv, 31, n. Sillobv, Marv, 13o3. Silver, Mr., 171, 172, 173. Simpson, ]\[athew (703). Skinner Augustine (131). — • Captain. 216. Skippon, Major-General Philip (824), (1305). Skippon. Colonel. 228. Skrimshawe, William, 397. Slane, Lord, 34. Sleigh, p]dmond (242). — Edmd. and Captain Edmd. Harvey (1214). Smiter, William (917). Smith, Major Bran, 123. — Edward (281). — Ephraim (lOoo). — Erasmus, 395. — Francis (158). — James (565). — Henrv (871). (1087). — John (468), 154, n. : 157. — Town-Major John, 193. — Joseph (582). — Katherin (846). — Sir Piercy. 913. — Richard and John (614). — Robert and Richard (1248). — Sir Roger (1(J86). — Robert Richard (489). — Thomas (219), 222, n. — ■ Svmon (365). — Mr. Edward, 146. Snell, George (387), 389. Snelling, George (906), (1286). — John (455). Snow, Thomas (364). — John (182). Snj'tall, Edmund (993). Soame, Dame Elizabeth (628). — John. .396. — Sir Thomas (60). Solsted, John (159). Somer, 232. u. South, George (517). Southwell, :\lr. Robert. 172. Sowden, John (1000). Sparow, John (175). Speller, John (777). Spencer, Michael (524). jS'pe"5cr, Edmund. 1. n. : 14, n.; 15, 35-40, 76, 118, n. ; 260, 116, 313, 264, n. ; 335. n. — William, 116. Spring, Edmund (1084). — Mr. Edward. 132. Springer, Anthony (786''. Springett, Thomas (966\ Spunner, Artliur, 320. Spurston, William (50). Squire, William, 390. St. George, Captain, 21"^. — George, 224, u. Sugar, Christopher, 172. St. George, Sir George, 225, n. St. William, 320. St. Hill, Peter (899). St. John, Oliver (58). St. Leger, Sir AVilliam. 154, 274. St. Leger, Colonel, 166. Stackhouse, Roger (325). Stackpoole, Ignatius, 104. — Katherine, 1(J5. Staine, Thomas (638). Stane, W. (1329). Sfanihurst, 16, 35, n. Stanlev. Major Thomas. jo2. 257, 320. ■ • Starkev, Philip (170). — Richard (632). Star. Bernard (984). — George (800). Starshirrs, George. 39S. Staunton, Rev. Dr. SJmund (1044). — Robert (1201). Stedde, William (932). vStedderman, George (11 ^'r). Steele, John (347). Steming, John (806). Stephens, Lieut. -Colonel, 2(;9, n. : 210, 222, n. Stephenson, John (306). Stipe, John ('442). Stint, Thomas (1060). Stork, Thomas, .394. Stock, Thomas (495), (1249). Stoker. John (1104)'. Stone. John. 250. n. INDEX OF NAMES. 521 Stone. Tiiuiuas (328). (1226). — Ctiristabell (980). — Samuel (716). Storv. Ecbvard (807). — James (803). (1290). — Rev. W., 356, n. Stougluoii, Nicholas (662). Strafford. Lord, 47, 48, 52, 53, 54. 55^ n.: 70, 137. n. ; 159, 204. Strange. John (1254). — Thomas (526). Stratton. Thomas (348). Strickland. Sir William (124). Stroud. William (107). (1196). Stubber. Colonel. 215. Stubbers. Colonel, 216. Stubber. Peter (257). Stubbing. Thomas (209). Sturdv. John (475). Sturniy. Joshua (1053), 392. Sumner, William (782). Sumpter, Giles (733). Sutton. Robert (112). Swan. John (117i . Sweete, Richerd (1022). Swiiinocke. Robert (564). Swanley. Captain, 67. Sweetinge. John, 253. n. Swinnick. Elizabeth and Sarah, 398. Sword. William, 232, n. Sydney. Sir Henry, 50. S;\nnon>. Richard. 395. Svmes. Georse. 222, n. Taatte. Lord. 192. Tabor. Christopher (1.342). — John (452). Talbot. Colonel Richard, 292, n. — Sir Robert. 98, 384, — Ladv Grace, 163, 384. -385, — Lord, de Malahide. 108. — Lady Alison, 119, — Captain, 216. — John. 108. 159. Tarlton. John (9.34). Tartle. Ralph (250). Tarrant. Leonard (921). Taylor, Edward (1066). .396. Teelin, Colonel. 312. n. I'eige. Honnora. .37.3. Temple, Sir Thomas, 57. — John tl()89), — Sir William, 297. ' Tennant. Marmaduke (1.35-5). I Tendring. Mrs. (658). I Terrill, John (720). ; Terrv, Robert (927). i Thewel, John (268). ' Thierry, Ainadce, 3. ■ Thomas, Ensign Arnold, 208. 209, n. : 222, n. : 223. I — Captain, 218. , — Anna, 210, n. ' — Jeoffrev (441). : — Robert (1058). : Thompson, George (384). — Isaack (198). i — Maurice and George (335), : (1231). I — John (1334). ; — Robert (1335). ; — William (.331). (776). Thomlinson, Matliew, 224. n. ' Thomond. Earl of, 279. Thornton, Richard, 224, n. : 225, in. ! Thornburie. William, .399 Thorpe, Marv, 113, 380. — Francis (1132), Thoroughgood. George (.392). Thorould. Thomas (187). Thrale. Richard (592), 394. Thurles. the Ladv, 254, 255. Tibbs, William, 393. Ticknee, Peter (1032). Tichborne, Sir Henry. 63. — Captain Robert (o51). Tiffen, Grace (1057), iillaslye, William. .397. Tillett, Leonard (789). Tillasl.ve. AVilHam. .397 'iimoleon. 284. Tipping. Thomas (1065). Tobin. Henrv, 364, 376 Toft, John (1081). Tomlin, Captain Edward, 15S, 309. n. ' Tomlinsoii. Colonel. 204. Toole. Riiliard. 310. u. Toomev. Thomas. 169, 170 Towley. Thomas (877). Towne, Humphrev, 391, 393. Townsend, Colonel R., 192 n — Giles (513), (12.53). Towse, John (139). — Christopher (679). .■i90. Trelawny. Robert (87S). ,396. Trelnwiu'y. John. 396. 522 INDEX OF XAMES. Trenchavd. John (84). Trimble, Colonel, 196. Trimleston, Lord. 114, llo, 116, 152, 153, 159, 186, 380. Trimlett, Barnard (732). Triplett. Katherine (1167). — Ralph (502). Trotman, Thro^morton (708). Tncker, James (1009). Tnffenaile, Elizabeth (937). Tnite, James. 338. — Richard, 322. — Thomas, 322. Tiinbridge. Josiae (778). Turbington. John, 397. Turgis, Thomas (488). (1247). Turlington, AVilliam (823). — John (321). Turner. Murtagh. 338. — Methusalah. 243, n. — Captain, 218. Samuel (415). — Sir James, 80. — Arthur (462). — Richard (421). (1236). Tuttv. Ann (360). — William (474). Tvler, Richard, 398. — John and Thomas (1285). Tym, John (759). Tvrconnel, Countess of, 114. Tyrone, Hugh Earl of. 16, 39, 42, 77. 166, 353. ITuderwood, Benjamin, 397. — George, children of. 397. — Alderman William. 397. — Edward (482). — Rose (477). — William (31)9). (1221). Ussher, Archbishop. 77. Valentine, Thomas, 392. Vane, Sir H.. 65. Vassel, Samuel (85). Vaughan. Edward (826), (1307). — Evans, 312, u. — Charles (827), (1308). — Joseph (828). — Nicholas (983). — William (829), (1309;. Venables, General, 129, 216. — Lieut. -Colonel, 232, n. Vennor. Richard and Alcxav.der (767), (1284). Vernon. Captain John. !I0. — Richard "(317). Viner, W^illiam (529). Vincent. Thomas (282), ;1218). Viner. Thomas (142). Vijiston, Richard (802). Voice, Gamaliel (914). Vye, John (1002). Wade. Richard (233). — William (651). Wnddington. Henry. 3(i5, n. Wagner, Michael, 185. n. Wagstaffe, Anthony and John (794). — Sergeant-Major (813), (1297). — Edmund (797). — Ellen (796). — William (417). Waldo, Daniel (756), 395. Wale, Edmond. 332, n. Wall, Moses (73). — Garrett, 293. Wallace. AVilliam. 251. Waller. Sir Hardress. 123, 160, 162, 216, 270. 267, 384. — Sir William (45). Wallin, Patient (851). Wallington, John (1349). Wallis. Robert, 399. — Thomas, 390. — Ralph. 157. — Robert (1172). — AVilliam (1343). AValmsley, Thomas (523). Walsh, F. Peter. 183. u. ; 30, n. ; 339, 11. AValcott, Richard (580). Walter. Henrv (888). Walters, Major. 218. Waltham, Captain, 216. AVarden, Colonel, 193. AVardell. John (204). Ware, Bohert, 317, n. — Sir James, 15, u. ; 317, n. AVarner, John (153). — Samuel (331), (1227). AA'arren. George (391). AVarring. Richard (487), (1246). AVaters, Thomas (458). Watson. AA^illiam (952). AVatts. AVilliam, 389. INDEX OF NAMES. 523 Wiiterhouse. Thomas (665). Watkius, Sir David (25), (1193). — Vincent, 222, n. Weak, Job (173). Weaver, William, 222, n. — R., 97, n. — John, 276, n. — J., 293, n. Webb, ffrancis (656), (1268). — William, 240, n. Webster, Thomas (681). — James (579), 395. — William (386), (726), 389. Weeks, Obadiah (1045). — Nathaniel and Tom (39S). Wells, Matthew (1076). Wenman, the Lord (86), 252, n. West, Henry (603). — ffrancis (719). Westrow, Thomas (1073). Wharton, Lord, 74. — Dame Philadelphia (1142). Wheatley, John (371), -.92. Whitcom, Benjamin and Richard, (1337). Wliite, Anne, 112. — Bartholomew, 391. — Edward (1152). — • Francis, 300, n. — Henry (962). — James (990). — Jasper, 263. n. — John (975). — Nicholas, 364. — Don Ricardo, 87. — Richard (1007). — Stephen (273). — Thomas, 398. — William (693). Whiteing, John (761), (1360). Whitehall, Roger, 391. — Robert (1036). Whitekett, Christopher (407). WhiteJuck, livbtrmle (48), 73, 121, 279, 228, ii. Wliitston, bVancis ('17(5), (1324). Wliittakcr. Hciirv (1200). Wliillingliam, Kd'ward (1153). AVidiiam, Lient. -Colonel .lolin. \m, 194. Wilcox, ]{i(liard (841). — Robert (109:5). Wikle, John (13). Wildiugc, John (923). Wilkin, Sam (918). Wilkins. A. Walker, 62, n. WiUett, Richard, 832, (1311). Willianis, John (919). — Nicholas (752). Williamson, Sir Joseph, 402. — Captain William, 233, n. Willington, Gilbert (129). Willonghby, AVilliam (672), (1270). Wilkinson, Captain, 216. Wilson, Richard (481). Winkley, John (587). Winkworth, Captain, 237. Winspeare, John, 396. Winston, R. (1289). Winter, Mr.. 281, n. Winwood, Richard (90). Witham, Alderman George, 393. — George (465). — Nathaniel (682), 390). Wogan, Thomas, 26, n. Wolfe, David, 370. W^ollaston, Sir John (140). Wolley, Francis (149). Wood, Robert (or Ricliard), (1341). — Lientenant Edward, 320. — Edward (814). — John (1198). — Thomas (838). Wood, Anthony (131). Wood, Richard (576). — Robert (640), (1059). Woodcocke, Thomas (342). 399. Woodhead, John (1070). Woodgate. Thomas (1331). Woodhouse, William (247). AVoodlev, Thomas, 393. Woodruffe, Abraham (1274). Woods, Edward, 1299. — Richard, 223, n. Woodward, Hezekiah, 395, (568). — Charles (276). Woolfe, Richard (1175). Woolnongh, Josliua (81(5), (1300). Wormelavton, l*'nlk (1273). Worth, Zadiariab, 304. Wray, William, .'5(55. Wreiin, ('aplain, 2](). Wriglit, Mr., 2(50, ii. — (ieofge (612). — Ursnla (1129). Wvmer, William (1077). Wyan, Tlionms (69). Wyse, 'J'homas, 368. 524 INDEX OF NAMES. ^ard, Geoi'ge (986). Yannouth Corporation, 391. Yates, John (220). Yeates, Jaines, -389. Yearmody, Ellen ny, 376. Velding, William, 222, n. Veomans, Mr. llobert. Young, Thomas (507). — John (172). — Matthew (507). Young, Arthur, 13, n, Younge. Thomas (822). 00. TIIK KM). f user id: 21 761 0023621 6001 title :The Cromwell ian settleinen author iPrendergast, John P. (Joh item id:31761008902439 due: 26/9/2005, 23: 59 DA 944 .4 F74 1922 cop. 2 Prendergastj John Patrick The Crorawellian settlement of Ireland, 3d ed.